Towards Integrated Management and Sustainable Development ... · MAP 1(B) Major Uses of...

i Zanzibar ICAM

TOWARDSINTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

ANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

OFZANZIBAR�S COAST

INITIAL FINDINGS FOR AN ACTION STRATEGYIN THE CHWAKA BAY-PAJE AREA

Prepared by:

Department of EnvironmentInstitute of Marine SciencesSubcommission for ForestrySubcommission for Fisheries

Integrated Planning Unit

TecTecTecTecTechnical Assistancehnical Assistancehnical Assistancehnical Assistancehnical Assistanceand Fundinand Fundinand Fundinand Fundinand Funding prg prg prg prg prooooovided bvided bvided bvided bvided by:y:y:y:y:

United Nations Environment ProgrammeEast African Regional Seas Programme

Priority Action Programme / Regional Activity CentreFood and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations

Regional Economic Development Support Office for East and Southern AfricaCenter for the Environment / Bureau for Global Programs

U.S. Agency for International Development

Coastal Resources CenterUniversity of Rhode Island

ii Zanzibar ICAM

ICAM TEAM MEMBERS

Abdulrahman S. Issa Department of Environment (COLE)

Asha A. Khatib Department of Environment (COLE)

Haji M. Ali Department of Environment (COLE)

Mlenge H. Juma Integrated Planning unit (COLE)

Omar S. Faki Subcommission for Fisheries (CNR)

Salim M. Mohammed Institute of Marine Sciences (UDSM)

Shufaa K. Mohammed Department of Environment (COLE)

Suleiman M. Nasser Department of Environment (COLE)

Thabit M. Sinani Subcommission for Forestry (CNR)

ElectrElectrElectrElectrElectronic Vonic Vonic Vonic Vonic Vererererersion ofsion ofsion ofsion ofsion of this Document this Document this Document this Document this DocumentThis publication may be obtained on-line from the Coastal Resources Center�s World-Wide Web site <http:/brooktrout.gso.uri.edu> or by anonymous ftp at<brooktrout.gso.uri.edu/pub>.

i i i Zanzibar ICAM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Zanzibar ICAM team owes debts of gratitude to the individuals by whose participation,contributions, guidance and support made the process of developing this document possible.The joint effort of many people enabled this work to be successful, but the special input of thefollowing is acknowledged.

Special thanks goes to the Heads of Institutions who allowed their staff to fully participate inthe work, and hence form the core Zanzibar Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM)team. Those institutions are: The Institute of Marine Sciences; the University of Dar es Salaam;the Commission for Natural Resources; and, the Commission of Lands and Environment.

Collaboratively, the Zanzibar ICAM team wishes to extend thanks to the following for theirvaluable assistance: The South and Central Districts authorities, for their support andcollaboration in letting the team work directly with the villagers. The Shehas of the eightvillages (Uroa, Marumbi, Chwaka, Ukongoroni, Charawe, Michamvi, Paje and Bwejuu) withinthe planning area, and other villagers who worked tirelessly with the team to undertake thisexercise.

Many thanks to the participants in the four ICAM workshops�Technical Staffs Workshop,Directors Workshop, Investors Workshop and the National Workshop on Integrated CoastalManagement, held at the Reef Hotel, Zanzibar, from 12-13 March, 1996�whose contributions,comments and suggestions enabled the team to update and correct the draft.

Many thanks also to the University of Rhode Island�s Coastal Resources Center, which providedthe technical support through its coastal management experts, Mr. Mark Amaral and Ms.Lynne Z. Hale. Additional thanks to Mr. Paul Akiwumi of OCA/PAC of the United NationsEnvironmental Programme (UNEP), and Mr. Dixon Waruinge of the Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO), Nairobi, who participated in nearly all of the missions.

This project is being planned within the framework of the Zanzibar Environmental Policyand Programme. Concomitantly, it is conducted within the framework of the Eastern AfricanAction Plan, under the auspices of the Regional Seas Programme of UNEP. Funding for thisprogram has been provided by the FAO, UNEP, the Eastern African Trust Fund (within theproject entitled, �Protection and Management of the Marine and Coastal Areas of the EasternAfrican Region�), the United States Agency for International Development�s (USAID) RegionalEconomic Development Services Office for East and Southern Africa, and the USAID GlobalEnvironment Center, Office of Environment and Natural Resources. We wholeheartedly thankthese institutions for their support.

iv Zanzibar ICAM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS i vi vi vi vi v

LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES,,,,, BO BO BO BO BOXES AND TXES AND TXES AND TXES AND TXES AND TABLESABLESABLESABLESABLES vvvvv

LIST OF MAPSLIST OF MAPSLIST OF MAPSLIST OF MAPSLIST OF MAPS v iv iv iv iv i

LIST OF ACRONYMSLIST OF ACRONYMSLIST OF ACRONYMSLIST OF ACRONYMSLIST OF ACRONYMS v iv iv iv iv i

PREFACEPREFACEPREFACEPREFACEPREFACE v i iv i iv i iv i iv i i

CHAPTER 1: THE NATIONAL CONTEXTCHAPTER 1: THE NATIONAL CONTEXTCHAPTER 1: THE NATIONAL CONTEXTCHAPTER 1: THE NATIONAL CONTEXTCHAPTER 1: THE NATIONAL CONTEXT 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Importance of the Zanzibar Coastal Zone 11.2 Zanzibar�s Coastal and Marine Resources 31.3 The Increasing Pressure on Coastal Areas and Resources 41.4 The need for ICAM and Government Policy Commitment 51.5 The Chwaka Bay-Paje Area: A Step Towards ICAM

in Zanzibar 5

CHAPTER 2: THE CHWCHAPTER 2: THE CHWCHAPTER 2: THE CHWCHAPTER 2: THE CHWCHAPTER 2: THE CHWAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAAAAAYYYYY-P-P-P-P-PAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREA 92.1 Introduction 92.2 The Coastal Resource Base 10

2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats 102.2.2 Resource Base Information 12

2.3 Improving and Sustaining Village Economies 152.3.1 Artisanal Fishing 152.3.2 Seaweed Farming 212.3.3 Managing Use of Mangroves and Coastal Thickets 23

2.4 Managing the Growth of Tourism 312.4.1 Tourism in the Chwaka Bay-Paje Area 312.4.2 Current Management Practices 322.4.3 Environmental Degradation due to Development 332.4.4 Social and Economic Changes 352.4.5 Increasing Pressure on Economic Resources 35

2.5 Addressing Use Conflict 362.5.1 Existing Use Conflicts in the Area 362.5.2 Management Process 39

2.6 Institutional and Legal Framework 392.6.1 Institutional Capacity and Structure 392.6.2 Overlapping Government Agency Jurisdictions 402.6.3 Existing ICAM Legislation 402.6.4 Community and Non-governmental Inititatives 40

CHAPTER 3: TOCHAPTER 3: TOCHAPTER 3: TOCHAPTER 3: TOCHAPTER 3: TOWWWWWARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRATED COTED COTED COTED COTED COASTASTASTASTASTAL MANAL MANAL MANAL MANAL MANAAAAAGEMENTGEMENTGEMENTGEMENTGEMENT IN THE CHW IN THE CHW IN THE CHW IN THE CHW IN THE CHWAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAAAAAYYYYY-P-P-P-P-PAJE DEMOAJE DEMOAJE DEMOAJE DEMOAJE DEMONSTRANSTRANSTRANSTRANSTRATIOTIOTIOTIOTION AREAN AREAN AREAN AREAN AREA 433.1 Introduction 433.2 Institutional Framework for Implementation 44

3.2.1 Area Designation 443.2.2 Planning and Management Committee 44

3.3 Strategies for Addressing Coastal Management Issues at the Area 453.3.1 Chwaka Bay-Paje Integrated Coastal Management Plan 453.3.2 Short and Medium Term Action Strategies 48

ANNEXANNEXANNEXANNEXANNEX 50

REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES 53

v Zanzibar ICAM

LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES

Page

Figure I-1 Number of Tourist Arrivals 2

Figure I-2 Passenger Arrivals into the Port 3

Box I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal Habitats 4

Figure SI-1 Village Population 9

Box SI-1 Village Views about Their Future 10

Box R-1 Literature Related to the Area 14

Table SI-1 Relative Importance of Economic Sectors in Villages 15

Figure F-1 Primary Fisheries in the Chwaka Bay-Paje Area 16

Figure F-2 Types of Fishing Vessels 17

Figure F-3 Chwaka Bay-Paje Village Fisheries 18

Figure F-4 Landings in Area 19

Table M-1 Human Uses of Chwaka Bay Mangroves 24

Box M-1Observation from the Field 26

Box M-2Example of Informal Mangrove Management 29

Table T-1 Tourism Zoning Plan 31

Figure T-1 Expected Tourist Population 32

Table B-1 Department of Environment Environmental Guidelines for Investors 35

Table B-2 Shorefront Erosion, Development, and Setbacks 36

Table C-1 Existing Use Conflicts in the Area 38

Box L-1 Sectoral Management of Coastal Resources 41

Box L-2 Current Legislation that Affects Coastal Zone Management 42

Box C-1 Recommended Members for the CRMC 45

vi Zanzibar ICAM

LIST OF MAPS

Page

MAP 1(A) Zanzibar Islands ix

MAP 1(B) Major Uses of Zanzibar�s Coast - Pemba 7

MAP 1(C) Major Uses of Zanzibar�s Coast - Unguja 8

MAP 2 Chwaka Bay-Paje Area 11

MAP .3 Critical Coastal Habitats 13

MAP 4 Major Fishing Areas 20

MAP 5 Seaweed Farms 22

MAP 6 Mangrove Areas 27

MAP 7 Mangrove Conflict Areas 30

MAP 8 Tourism Areas 34

MAP 9 Use Conflicts 37

LIST OF ACRONYMS

COLE Commission for Lands and Environment

CNR Commission of Natural Resources

CRMC Coastal Resource Management Committee

DOE Department of Environment

FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation

GEF Global Environmental Facility

ICAM Integrated Coastal Management

IMS Institute of Marine Sciences

IPU Integrated Planning Unit

NEP National Environmental Policy

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

UDSM University of Dar es Salaam

ZANEA Zanzibar East African Company

ZASCOL Zanzibar Agro-Seaweed Company

ZFDP Zanzibar Forestry Development Project

ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency

ZILEM Zanzibar Integrated Lands and Environment Management

vii Zanzibar ICAM

PREFACE

The purpose of this document is to begin a dialogue in Zanzibar about how government, in partnershipwith local communities and the private sector, can carry out integrated planning and management forcoastal resources and regions. It is meant to serve two purposes:

To prTo prTo prTo prTo prooooovide a starvide a starvide a starvide a starvide a startintintintinting point fg point fg point fg point fg point for addror addror addror addror addressinessinessinessinessing the urgg the urgg the urgg the urgg the urgent coastal issues facinent coastal issues facinent coastal issues facinent coastal issues facinent coastal issues facing theg theg theg theg theChwChwChwChwChwaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Bay-Paje Ary-Paje Ary-Paje Ary-Paje Ary-Paje Areaeaeaeaea. It is hoped that the strategy outlined in this document�developed throughan open, participatory process�will provide a basis for avoiding and resolving problems at the site.

To enricTo enricTo enricTo enricTo enrich and infh and infh and infh and infh and inforororororm the discussion on hom the discussion on hom the discussion on hom the discussion on hom the discussion on how to addrw to addrw to addrw to addrw to address incress incress incress incress increasineasineasineasineasingggggllllly urgy urgy urgy urgy urgentententententcoastal manacoastal manacoastal manacoastal manacoastal managggggement prement prement prement prement problems nationoblems nationoblems nationoblems nationoblems nationwidewidewidewidewide. It is hoped that the ChwChwChwChwChwaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Bay-Pajey-Pajey-Pajey-Pajey-Paje ArArArArAreaeaeaeaea canserve as a model for other areas and help us move forward on a national approach to coastal manage-ment.

This document has been developed by an Interagency Planning Team led by the Department ofEnvironment and consisting of individuals from the Tanzanian Subcommissions of Fisheries and Forestry,Commission of Lands and the Environment, and Institute of Marine Sciences. The planning team beganwork in September, 1994 and has been engaged in reviewing information and holding consultation withvillage residents, hoteliers, and local and national agencies to clearly identify pertinent issues, reachconsensus on management objectives, and begin to develop strategies to address the issues. Key eventsin this process have included:

� Review of existing written materials and rapid field appraisals of the area�sc o a s t a lmanagement issues by the team.

� Preparation of a profile of the area and its coastal management issues.

� Review of the profile and discussion of management objectives and strategies at a series ofstakeholder meetings with village leaders and members, government agency directorsand their technical staffs.

- The first village meeting was held in Chwaka for the area�s Shehas and their councils.Two additional meetings were conducted in Chwaka and Bwejuu for local stakeholderssuch as fishermen, seaweed farmers, man grove cutters and hotel employees. Thesethree meetings facilitated the participation of approximately 150 villagers.

- Following the village meetings were two separate meetings for gov-ernment stakeholders. The first meeting brought together directors from key gov-ernment sectors including tourism, forestry and fisheries; women and children; and,social welfare and district officers. The second meeting provided a forum for thetechnical staffs of these agencies to comment on the draft document.

viii Zanzibar ICAM

� Revision of the draft strategy for distribution to the stakeholders and discussion at aZanzibar national workshop. The national workshop provided national level policymakers an opportunity to discuss the integrated coastal area managementstrategy for the area, outline mechanisms for implementation, and discuss nextsteps.

We are gratified by the participation to date of all parties. It is only through continued dialogue anda firm commitment to action and implementation that we can achieve the bright future to whichwe are all committed.

i x Zanzibar ICAM

MAP 1A - ZANZIBAR ISLANDSMAP 1A - ZANZIBAR ISLANDSMAP 1A - ZANZIBAR ISLANDSMAP 1A - ZANZIBAR ISLANDSMAP 1A - ZANZIBAR ISLANDS

Zanzibar ICAM 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTION

Zanzibar�s coastal region (Map 1A) is of criti-cal importance to the nation. It is expected tomake a significant contribution to the nation�sfuture development, while continuing to sustainthe traditional coastal activities that have pro-vided the necessities of life to coastal residentsfor generations. While information is scarce andthere are locally overused and degraded areas,Zanzibar�s coastal and marine resources are re-garded as largely intact and in good to excellentcondition, especially when compared to thecoastal resources of neighbouring countries.Coastal resources are, however, coming underincreasing pressure. Recognising this situation,the government has started to move towards de-veloping an integrated coastal area management(ICAM) strategy.

1.1 IMPOR1.1 IMPOR1.1 IMPOR1.1 IMPOR1.1 IMPORTTTTTANCE OF THEANCE OF THEANCE OF THEANCE OF THEANCE OF THEZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBAR COAR COAR COAR COAR COASTASTASTASTASTALALALALAL

Z O N EZ O N EZ O N EZ O N EZ O N E

About 45 percent of Zanzibar�s total 1993population of 745,299 live in the 63 villages andsettlements found along the coast (Map 1B). Zan-zibar�s current growth rate is three percent andmuch of this growth will be along the same coast.Zanzibar�s economy is coastal-dependent, andthis reliance on coastal resources is likely to in-crease as tourism continues to grow.

Major coastal uses include:

TRADITIONAL VILLAGESTRADITIONAL VILLAGESTRADITIONAL VILLAGESTRADITIONAL VILLAGESTRADITIONAL VILLAGES. Inhabitantslargely depend on the natural resource base fortheir livelihoods. They engage in a combinationof fishing, mangrove and coastal thicket har-vesting, and subsistence agriculture and live-

stock. Traditional activities are by far the mostcommon use of the Zanzibar coast today. Theprimary village-dependent uses include:

FishingFishingFishingFishingFishing. In 1994, the total fish landings inZanzibar totalled 11,329 metric tons. Almost allfish are caught by artisanal fishermen and providean important food and income source for local vil-lages. It is estimated that fishing is a source of in-come for about 25 percent of Zanzibar�s people(Jiddawi, et al, 1995).

Mangrove and coastal thicket harvestingMangrove and coastal thicket harvestingMangrove and coastal thicket harvestingMangrove and coastal thicket harvestingMangrove and coastal thicket harvesting.Mangroves are primarily harvested for poles usedin construction. Although estimates of total pro-duction and value are not documented, this activ-ity provides significant income opportunities.Coastal thickets are harvested for fuelwood, char-coal making and lime burning. In addition tomangrove cutting, other activities in the mangroveareas include beekeeping and crabbing.

SeaSeaSeaSeaSeawwwwweed fareed fareed fareed fareed farminminminminminggggg. About 3,652 tons of dryseaweed were exported from Zanzibar in 1994 witha value of 279 million Tanzanian shillings (Tsh).Although this activity is relatively small in termsof gross value, it does provide village women withimportant supplemental income. There is no con-sensus on the current amount of income per indi-vidual per month. According to a socio-economicstudy done by Zainab of the Institute of MarineSciences (pers. comm), the monthly income per in-dividual is 2,210 Tsh. According to a 1995 reportfrom the Subcommission of Fisheries, the monthlyincome per individual is 1,550 Tsh. Data given byEklund and Pettersson (1992) indicate that incomeranges from 5,000 to 6,500 Tsh per household permonth.

AgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgriculture. Many villagers maintainsmall plots for farming. The scale and importanceof farming largely depends on soil fertility andland availability.

Rope makingRope makingRope makingRope makingRope making. Using coconut husks thathave been treated with saltwater, ropes are madeby women in many of the coastal villages. Before

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

THE NTHE NTHE NTHE NTHE NAAAAATIOTIOTIOTIOTIONNNNNAL COAL COAL COAL COAL CONTEXTNTEXTNTEXTNTEXTNTEXT

2 Zanzibar ICAM

the introduction of seaweed farming, rope mak-ing was an important source of supplemental in-come to village households.

A combination of these activities comprisethe village household income, with the relativeimportance of each activity varying by village andhousehold.

TOURISM DEVELOPMENTTOURISM DEVELOPMENTTOURISM DEVELOPMENTTOURISM DEVELOPMENTTOURISM DEVELOPMENT. By far the fastestgrowing sector of the economy, tourism is cur-rently concentrated on Unguja Island and in-cludes three sectors:

TTTTThe fhe fhe fhe fhe fororororormal sectormal sectormal sectormal sectormal sector..... This includes hotelsand resorts as specified in the tourism develop-ment plan and licensed through the Zanzibar In-vestment Promotion Agency. As of February1994, 94 such establishments have been permit-ted, 54 are under construction and only a few largeones were operational.

TTTTThe infhe infhe infhe infhe infororororormal sectormal sectormal sectormal sectormal sector. This includes a grow-ing but unquantified number of small-scale guesthouses and villas, spread throughout the coast ofUnguja.

DaDaDaDaDay touristsy touristsy touristsy touristsy tourists. . . . . This includes visitors fromcruise ships and the mainland, who are arrivingin Zanzibar in increasing numbers.

Although information is incomplete, be-tween 1982 and 1992 tourism had an averagegrowth rate of 18.5 percent per year, with the paceof growth accelerating each year (Figure I-1). Asof 1994, there were 60 hotels and guest housesopen, providing 1,500 beds. By the year 2015, asmany as 15,000 beds may be available (Commis-sion for Lands and Environment, 1993).

The Commission for Tourism reports thattourism creates 2,600 direct jobs through hotelsand tour operations. For every one direct job, itis estimated that two to three indirect jobs are cre-ated (Department of Environment, 1994). In addi-tion to the job creation, the growth effect of tour-ism to the local economy has begun to be seen inincome generation, markets for local products,improvements in infrastructure facilities and theacquisition of new skills by the labour force. Visi-tor access to Zanzibar is also increasing as GulfAir and Kenya Airways now have direct routes

Zanzibar ICAM 3

linking Zanzibar with Europe and Asia. Tourismgrowth is being encouraged by governmentpolicy that encourages high-class tourism. It islikely that Zanzibar�s national tourism industrywill continue to expand as international tourismcontinues to increase, and if Zanzibar maintainsits competitive advantage over neighbouring des-tinations.

PORPORPORPORPORTS AND SHIPPINGTS AND SHIPPINGTS AND SHIPPINGTS AND SHIPPINGTS AND SHIPPING..... Zanzibar provides anexcellent deep water port facility. It provides serv-ice to both container freight and passenger traf-fic. Between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar alone,over 72,000 tons of freight passed through the portin 1994. Passenger traffic through the port hasalso been increasing as tourism and overall busi-ness on the island increases (Figure I-2).

INDUSTRINDUSTRINDUSTRINDUSTRINDUSTRYYYYY..... Zanzibar�s coast supports a smallindustrial sector that is scattered throughout thecountry. Industrial activities include productionof soap, aluminum utensils, sheet metal and co-conut oil. To increase industrial capacity, Zanzi-bar has created an Export Zone in the Fumba area

of Unguja Island.

COMMERCIAL MARINE FISHERIESCOMMERCIAL MARINE FISHERIESCOMMERCIAL MARINE FISHERIESCOMMERCIAL MARINE FISHERIESCOMMERCIAL MARINE FISHERIES. . . . . Onlyone commercial fishing company operates in Zan-zibar. It has four boats working the waters offUnguja and Pemba, which primarily use purseseines to target pelagic fish. In cooperation withthe Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),Zanzibar is looking to increase the utilisation ofoffshore marine stocks in the future.

1.2 ZANZIBAR�S1.2 ZANZIBAR�S1.2 ZANZIBAR�S1.2 ZANZIBAR�S1.2 ZANZIBAR�SCOCOCOCOCOASTASTASTASTASTAL AND MARINEAL AND MARINEAL AND MARINEAL AND MARINEAL AND MARINE

R E S O U R C E SR E S O U R C E SR E S O U R C E SR E S O U R C E SR E S O U R C E S

Zanzibar is fortunate to be endowed with adiversity of coastal and marine habitats. Althoughthere is little documentation on the status andcondition of these resources, it is widely agreedthat the resource base is in good condition. Criti-cal marine and coastal habitats include coral reefs,

4 Zanzibar ICAM

mangroves, seagrass beds and beaches (Box I-1).The need for expanded information on theextent, condition and use of these habitats iscrucial.

Zanzibar has started the process to protecta few of its most extraordinary marine and coastalhabitats, such as Misali Island. While the idea ofa conservation trust to manage these areas hasbeen tabled, the extent of marine conservationmeasures to date has been quite limited.

1.3 THE INCREASING1.3 THE INCREASING1.3 THE INCREASING1.3 THE INCREASING1.3 THE INCREASINGPRESSURE OPRESSURE OPRESSURE OPRESSURE OPRESSURE ON CON CON CON CON COASTASTASTASTASTALALALALALAREAS AND RESOURCESAREAS AND RESOURCESAREAS AND RESOURCESAREAS AND RESOURCESAREAS AND RESOURCES

As coastal areas become more populated andactivities become more intense, it is increasinglylikely that the natural resource base will be de-graded. Because of Zanzibar�s high dependencyon a quality coastal environment, pressures fromdevelopment and over-utilisation can have sig-nificant impacts on the nation�s economy and so-cial fabric.

Box I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal HabitatsBox I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal HabitatsBox I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal HabitatsBox I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal HabitatsBox I-1 Zanzibar�s Critical Coastal Habitats

Coral rCoral rCoral rCoral rCoral reefseefseefseefseefs cover an area of 218,596 sq. km. and surround much of the shoreline of both majorislands, as well as the nation�s many islets. Reef size ranges from very narrow on the protectedwest side of Unguja to reefs that are one to two km. wide on the exposed east coast. Coral reefsprovide protection from the erosive force of waves, habitat for the nation�s rich artisanal fisher-ies and an attraction for tourists. While there are few scientific surveys of Zanzibar�s reefs, theyare thought to be relatively pristine and to have among the highest biodiversity of reefs in EastAfrica. Reef degradation is limited to areas near population centers like Zanzibar Town, and onthe major fishing grounds where destructive fishing gear has been used.

ManManManManMangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve fe fe fe fe forororororestsestsestsestsests cover about 16,000 hectares and are found on both major islands, withPemba having the largest stands. This important habitat forms a bridge between terrestrialsystems and the more ecologically fragile coastal systems. By trapping nutrients and sedi-ments, mangroves help provide ideal environments for offshore reefs and seagrass beds.Mangroves also stabilise shorelines and decrease coastal erosion by reducing the energy ofincoming waves and currents, and by holding the bottom sediments in place with their roots.The mangrove ecosystem is a nursery and spawning ground for many species of fish andcrustaceans, providing food and shelter for their juveniles. There is a strong correlation be-tween productive coastal fishing grounds and the proximity to mangrove swamps. Unlikemany countries with mangroves, there has been relatively little mangrove habitat loss in Zanzi-bar. However, overexploitation is widespread, resulting in reduced economic opportunities,resource degradation and losses in biodiversity.

SeaSeaSeaSeaSeagggggrass bedsrass bedsrass bedsrass bedsrass beds are typically found in the shallow waters inside Zanzibar�s fringing reefs andbays. The extent of this habitat in Zanzibar is unknown and the value of this important fishnursery and habitat is not widely recognized. There has been recent pressure in tourist areas toremove the seagrass adjacent to hotels to provide �clean� swimming areas.

SandSandSandSandSandy beacy beacy beacy beacy beachesheshesheshes. Approximately 80 km. of sandy beaches are found along Zanzibar�s coast.Traditionally, beaches adjacent to villages are used as fish landing and boat storage sites, forrelaxation and recreation, coconut retting and for garbage disposal. Other beaches are impor-tant sea turtle nesting sites. More recently, these same beaches serve as the magnet for tourismdevelopment, with the number of hotels and beaches used by tourists and hoteliers increasingeach year.

Zanzibar ICAM 5

The pressure is coming from over-utilisationand intensified use caused by increasing popula-tions; poorly sited and executed private sectorcoastal development; poorly coordinated secto-ral government programs and activities; and fromthe rapid pace of development, which is proceed-ing at a faster rate than the effective governancestructures and strategies that are needed for theirmanagement. If this situation continues, signifi-cant and widespread resource degradation andenvironmental destruction is likely to occur.

Currently, the population which will be mostaffected by coastal resource degradation and de-clines�the residents of traditional coastal commu-nities�are not full partners in planning the type,amount or the conditions under which develop-ment will proceed in their areas. As degradationincreases, the resources on which they depend forsurvival will show reduced productivity. Re-source degradation will also affect the tourismindustry. High-quality tourists, which Zanzibaractively seeks, demand excellent environmentalquality. Damaged reefs and degraded water qual-ity will not draw their interest.

1.41.41.41.41.4 THE NEED FOR ICAMTHE NEED FOR ICAMTHE NEED FOR ICAMTHE NEED FOR ICAMTHE NEED FOR ICAMAND GOVERNMENTAND GOVERNMENTAND GOVERNMENTAND GOVERNMENTAND GOVERNMENT

POLICY COMMITMENTPOLICY COMMITMENTPOLICY COMMITMENTPOLICY COMMITMENTPOLICY COMMITMENT

Zanzibar has made a policy commitment toattempt to use an ICAM approach to work to-wards a new but sustainable balance of uses forthe coast as development proceeds.

To address these issues, and effectively man-age the coastal environment to minimise resourcedegradation and promote the sustainable devel-opment and human use of coastal environs, anintegrated policy framework is needed. The over-all objective is to provide for the best long-termsustainable use of the nation�s coastal resourcesand to maintain Zanzibar�s high quality coastalenvironment. ICAM provides an inter-sectoralapproach to management and could provide thenecessary framework to address national coastalmanagement issues.

The National Environmental Policy, whichwas adopted in 1992, includes a section on coastalmanagement. The policy�s aim is to �...develop aprogramme of Integrated Coastal Zone Manage-ment, within the framework of the overall landuse plan.� The Department of Environment (DoE)has formulated environmental legislation, onecomponent of which is coastal management.

These important first steps provide a frame-work and impetus for national and local coastalmanagement initiatives. The challenge now is forgovernment, in partnership with the people whodepend on the resource base for their livelihood,to put into operation and effectively apply thesebroad policy guidelines both locally, in areas fac-ing significant coastal issues; and nationally,through the national development plan.

1.51.51.51.51.5 THE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWAKA BAAKA BAAKA BAAKA BAAKA BAYYYYY-----PAJE AREA: A STEPPAJE AREA: A STEPPAJE AREA: A STEPPAJE AREA: A STEPPAJE AREA: A STEPTOTOTOTOTOWWWWWARDS ICAM INARDS ICAM INARDS ICAM INARDS ICAM INARDS ICAM IN

Z A N Z I B A RZ A N Z I B A RZ A N Z I B A RZ A N Z I B A RZ A N Z I B A R

To build momentum towards national ICAMand to develop necessary experience in coastalmanagement, a pilot coastal management initia-tive was started. This modest experiment focuseson a small part of Zanzibar�s coast�the coastalstrip encompassing Chwaka Bay and the Pajeshoreline. It was chosen as the demonstrationarea for a number of reasons:

- The Chwaka Bay-Paje coastal resourcesare important both at the local andnational level for fisheries, tourism,seaweed farming and coastal thicket andmangrove harvests.

- The area is confronted by the most criti-cal coastal issue that is found in manyother areas of Zanzibar�incorporating arapidly expanding international tourismindustry within an area comprised of tra-ditional villages in a manner that benefitsthe people of the place and the nation.Management approaches and techniquesdeveloped here will be useful in otherlocations.

6 Zanzibar ICAM

- There is local demand for the project.One major impetus in the selection of thearea was that eminent local peoplerecognised that changes were occurringand envisaged problems unless necessaryactions, defined in full consultation withlocal people, were taken.

Addressing these issues in one small area al-lows resource managers to gain critical experiencein coastal management that can, with time, beapplied more broadly.

In Chapter Two of this document, the coastalsituation in the demonstration area is analysedand issues identified. In Chapter Three, a strat-egy for addressing these issues at the area andbuilding from this strategy to a national approachis put forward.

Zanzibar ICAM 7

8 Zanzibar ICAM

MAP 1C - MAJOR USES OF ZANZIBAR�S COAST -MAP 1C - MAJOR USES OF ZANZIBAR�S COAST -MAP 1C - MAJOR USES OF ZANZIBAR�S COAST -MAP 1C - MAJOR USES OF ZANZIBAR�S COAST -MAP 1C - MAJOR USES OF ZANZIBAR�S COAST -PEMBA ISLANDPEMBA ISLANDPEMBA ISLANDPEMBA ISLANDPEMBA ISLAND

Zanzibar ICAM 9


Zanzibar�s ICAM demonstration area is lo-cated on the southeast side of Unguja Island about20 kilometres from Zanzibar Town. It encom-passes the coastal area of Chwaka Bay and theMichavi Peninsula as far south as Paje (Map 2).There are seven small villages in the area with atotal resident population of about 10,300 (FigureSI-1). Basic socio-economic data on the area�s resi-dents are lacking.

The economy of Chwaka Bay and the South-east Coast is expanding from near total relianceon fishing, mangrove and coastal thicket harvest-ing, and marginal agriculture to new economicactivities including tourism development, sea-weed farming and the expansion of small-scalebusiness. This change presents new opportuni-

ties, as well as threats to the people and resourcesof the Chwaka Bay and Southeast Coast region.Both traditional and new activities depend on theregion�s coastal resource base.

Tourism is growing rapidly in the area. In1994 only six hotels were operating. By the year2000, the number could reach 19. This will pro-vide approximately 3,500 tourist beds, which isan increase of about 90 percent above what is cur-rently available. This rapid growth will createnew opportunities, such as direct employment byhotels, new markets for fish and agriculture prod-ucts, and indirect employment by tourist-depend-ent small businesses. Tourism growth will alsoplace new demands on the natural resources, andcompete with villagers for land, potable waterand sea space. These forces will likely result inan increased role of tourism in the local economy.


THE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWTHE CHWAKAAKAAKAAKAAKABBBBBAAAAAYYYYY-P-P-P-P-PAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREA

FFFFFiiiiigurgurgurgurgure SI-1 Ve SI-1 Ve SI-1 Ve SI-1 Ve SI-1 Villaillaillaillaillaggggge Populatione Populatione Populatione Populatione Population

10 Zanzibar ICAM

Box SI-1Villagers� Views About Their Future

People from different villages along the eastcoast seem to have similar views about theirfuture. Many of those who were interviewedexpressed concern for the lack of developmentin their villages. Older villagers pointed outthe constant migration of young people to thecapital. They attribute this to the lack ofopportunities in the villages. When it waspointed out to them that new economicactivities introduced to the east coast, such asseaweed farming, could lead to economicemancipation in the area, they were quick torespond that seaweed farming has done littleto stem the flow of young people from thevillages. This is despite the fact that seaweedfarming has greatly increased the earnings ofthe villagers.

With regard to development of the tourism in-dustry in the area, it is welcomed by many ofthe younger generation. However most youthscomplained that the jobs available to them inhotels are mainly menial, and they have nochance of progressing to better-paying jobswithin the industry. This acceptance existsdespite the fact that they are very concernedabout the introduction of alien cultures to thearea and the erosion of age-old traditions.Others believe that hotel development in theirarea has resulted in competition for resources,such as fishing areas, and has to some extentrobbed them of free access to some beaches.Many villagers expressed the wish that thesehotels be better regulated so as to provide di-rect benefit to the villages concerned.

2.2 THE CO2.2 THE CO2.2 THE CO2.2 THE CO2.2 THE COASTASTASTASTASTALALALALALRESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASERESOURCE BASE

2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats2.2.1 Critical Coastal Habitats

The Chwaka Bay-Paje area contains criticalcoastal habitats including mangroves, seagrassbeds, coral reefs, beaches, coastal thickets, watersources, cultural areas and palm fringe. Thesehabitats are closely linked and require integratedmanagement as a single ecological unit.

The area�s critical coastal habitats (Map 3)include:

ManManManManMangggggrrrrrooooovvvvveseseseses. Chwaka�s mangrove forestis the largest mangrove stand on Unguja Islandand is essential to the productivity of Chwaka Bay.Between mangrove-dependent fishing and otheruses, about 49 percent of the area�s householdincome is attributed to the presence of the man-grove ecosystem in Chwaka Bay (Nasser, 1994).

Coral rCoral rCoral rCoral rCoral reefseefseefseefseefs. The area has an extensive fring-ing reef along the coastline. The reef extends sea-ward approximately one to two kms. This reefplays several important roles. It attracts andallows for a high species diversity of flora andfauna. This is especially important to the reef-dependent fishery. The reef dissipates wave en-ergy built up over a long fetch, thus it protects

Villagers face this new future with both op-timism and concern (Box SI-1). The challenge ofworking towards a future for the area that ben-efits both the people of the place and the nationas a whole requires:

- Maintaining the resource base on which the economy depends.- Sustaining and enhancing village economies.

- Mitigating environmental and socio- economic impacts from tourism.

- Reducing conflicts among uses and users.

- Enhancing local participation in planning and management activities.

- Acquiring and using information for good management decisions.

Zanzibar ICAM 11

MAP 2 - THE CHWMAP 2 - THE CHWMAP 2 - THE CHWMAP 2 - THE CHWMAP 2 - THE CHWAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAAAAAYYYYY-P-P-P-P-PAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREAAJE AREA

12 Zanzibar ICAM

the shoreline from erosion. It also is important tothe tourism business, providing opportunities forsnorkelling, diving, sport fishing and sightseeing.

SandSandSandSandSandy Beacy Beacy Beacy Beacy Beachesheshesheshes. The area is known for itssandy beaches, especially along the exposed eastcoast. One species of marine turtle�green turtle�has been reported in the area, with nestingbeaches existing along much of the shore.

SeaSeaSeaSeaSeagggggrassesrassesrassesrassesrasses. Seagrasses cover extensive ar-eas of Chwaka Bay intermixed with different spe-cies of algae. They are an important componentof the nearshore system and provide feedingspace, breeding grounds and shelter to a widerange of marine animals. Healthy seagrass bedshelp grip sediments together by their extensiveroot system, which helps prevent erosion.

Coastal thicketsCoastal thicketsCoastal thicketsCoastal thicketsCoastal thickets. Despite the continuouspressure on the coastal forest, a reasonableamount of plant and animal diversity remains.The important wild animals enjoying bush cam-ouflage include duikers and wild pigs. Coastalthickets also provide an important source of fuelwood for villages.

WWWWWater sourater sourater sourater sourater sourcescescescesces..... All villages in the Chwaka-Bay Paje area depend on caves and groundwaterfor potable drinking water. Hoteliers also dependon the same sources. There is no information onthe status of the watershed in the area.

Cultural arCultural arCultural arCultural arCultural areaseaseaseaseas..... The area has a number ofgraves, caves and shrines which are important inmaintaining village culture.

Palm frinPalm frinPalm frinPalm frinPalm fringggggeeeee..... The area has extensive palmfringe along the coast lines. Palms provide coco-nuts and construction materials and also help toprotect against erosion.

These habitats are found in close proximityto each other and there is a close relationshipamong them. Because of these natural linkages,it is essential that the habitats be viewed andmanaged as a system. Current habitat manage-ment is done by sector. The Forestry Subcom-mission is responsible for mangrove and thicketmanagement and the Fisheries Subcommissionconcerns itself with coral reefs only as a fisheryresource. No agency has coastal habitat manage-

ment responsibilities, nor does any agency haveresponsibility for coastal ecosystems as a whole.The major ecological units in the pilot area are:

- Uroa-Chwaka Bay. The area�s major fishing ground, Uroa-Chwaka Bay is an

integrated estuarine system characterisedby fringing mangroves in the inner bayand beaches on the sides. Streams andsand banks are characteristic of theshallow areas. Seagrass beds are foundthroughout the Bay, and the Bay�s outeredge is defined by a fringing coral reef.

- Paje-Michamvi. The Paje-Michamvishoreline is a continuation of the Zanzi-bar east coast beach and reef system thatruns all the way from Makunduchi toNungwi. The shore is characterised bysandy beaches. The reef in this section ischaracterised by a relatively broad tidalflat and tidal lagoon. The tidal flat ismainly covered by sand and seagrasses,and it is in this area where shell collectiontakes place. The reef�s foreshore has asteep slope which quickly drops off todeep water.

2.2.2 Resource Base Information2.2.2 Resource Base Information2.2.2 Resource Base Information2.2.2 Resource Base Information2.2.2 Resource Base Information

The resource base is under severe pressure.Moreover, information about these critical habi-tats is quite limited. Better information is neededboth to assess the current situation and as a base-line from which change can be measured.

Baseline data on the region�s resources is notavailable. In 1992, the Institute for Marine Sci-ences began a series of ecological studies withinChwaka Bay, focusing on nutrient dynamics.Rapid assessments of reef condition, water qual-ity and/or other habitat status are in the earlieststages of implementation (Box R-1).

The mangrove system, although not reducedin acreage, has been degraded somewhat in qual-ity. Coastal water quality data are not availablefor the study area, but the team found no obvi-ous indicators of degradation.

Given the development pressure in the re-gion, it is a concern that conditions will changefor the worse. Experience throughout the worldhas shown that the prevention of damage is byfar more effective and less costly than the cost ofmitigation and restoration.

Zanzibar ICAM 13

MAP 3 - CRITICAL COMAP 3 - CRITICAL COMAP 3 - CRITICAL COMAP 3 - CRITICAL COMAP 3 - CRITICAL COASTASTASTASTASTAL HABITAL HABITAL HABITAL HABITAL HABITAAAAATSTSTSTSTS

14 Zanzibar ICAM

Box R-1 Literature Related to the AreaBox R-1 Literature Related to the AreaBox R-1 Literature Related to the AreaBox R-1 Literature Related to the AreaBox R-1 Literature Related to the Area

Anders, I. 1995. Environmental Factors Asso-ciated with Growth in Manufacturing of theExotic Red Algae Eucheuma spinosum inEastern Zanzibar. pp. 31.

Alugland and Londstrorm. The Importance ofMacro-Algae for Removal of Nutrients fromSewage Water in East Africa.

Collen, J., M. Mtolera, K. Abrahamsson, A.Semesi, M. Pedersen. 1995. Farming andphysiology of the red algae Eucheuma:growing commercial importance in EastAfrica. Ambio, 24 (7-8): 497.

Eklund, S., and P. Pettersson. 1992. Mwani isMoney�The Development of Seaweed Farm-ing On Zanzibar and its Socio-Economic Ef-fects on the Village of Paje. Department ofSocial Anthropology, Stockholm Univer-sity.

Flower, M., and A.M. Mochi. 1995. Market-ing Frustrations and Conflicts. SwedmarReview, Nov.: 17-21.

Mohammed, S. M., and R.W. Johnstone. 1995.Spatial and temporal variations in watercolumn nutrient concentrations in atidally dominated mangrove creek:Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. Ambio, 24(7-8):482.

Msuya, F.E. 1993. Seaweed farming in Zan-zibar: an amazing story. ALCOM News,Nov. 11: 11-16.

Msuya, F.E., T. Dickson and A. Whittick. 1994.Community in Transition, The Impact of Sea-weed Farming on the Women of Paje, Zanzi-bar, Tanzania. Video production, Instituteof Marine Sciences, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Msuya, F.E., M.A.K. Ngolie and J.P. Shunula.1995. The Impact of Seaweed Farming on theMacro-Fauna and Macro-Flora of the EastCoast of Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania.pp. 42.

Ndaro, S. G. M., S. Sjoling, E. Olafsson. 1995.Small-scale variation in major meiofaunaltaxa and sediment chemistry in tropicalsediments. Ambio, 24(7-8): 470.

Pettersson, P. and Lofquist. The Developmentof Open Water Algae Farming in Zanzibar: Re-flections on the Socio-Economic Impacts.

Tarbit, J. 1976. Demersal Fisheries Research, Ter-minal Report 1974-79. Eamfro Annual Re-port, Zanzibar.

Tarbit, J. 1985. Inshore fisheries of the Tanza-nian coast. Proceedings of the NORAD Tan-zania Seminar to Review the Marine FishStocks and Fisheries in Tanzania. p. 29-44.

Zanzibar ICAM 15

2.3 IMPROVING AND2.3 IMPROVING AND2.3 IMPROVING AND2.3 IMPROVING AND2.3 IMPROVING ANDSUSTSUSTSUSTSUSTSUSTAINING VILLAINING VILLAINING VILLAINING VILLAINING VILLAAAAAGEGEGEGEGE

E C O N O M I E SE C O N O M I E SE C O N O M I E SE C O N O M I E SE C O N O M I E S

The local economy of each village includesa mix of traditional activities such as fishing,mangrove harvesting, agriculture, beekeepingand rope making with the mix being different ineach village (Table SI-1). In most of the villages,fishing is the dominant activity. The integrationof the traditional village economy with the cul-tural and religious life of villages has been a hall-mark of Zanzibari life for centuries.

2.3.1 Artisanal Fishing2.3.1 Artisanal Fishing2.3.1 Artisanal Fishing2.3.1 Artisanal Fishing2.3.1 Artisanal Fishing

2.3.1.1 V2.3.1.1 V2.3.1.1 V2.3.1.1 V2.3.1.1 Villaillaillaillaillaggggge fisheries are fisheries are fisheries are fisheries are fisheries are ve ve ve ve variedariedariedariedariedand largand largand largand largand largelelelelely ry ry ry ry reef-dependent.eef-dependent.eef-dependent.eef-dependent.eef-dependent.

Fisherfolk use traditional fishingFisherfolk use traditional fishingFisherfolk use traditional fishingFisherfolk use traditional fishingFisherfolk use traditional fishingtectectectectechniqueshniqueshniqueshniqueshniques,,,,, and the and the and the and the and they ary ary ary ary are localizede localizede localizede localizede localized

within the rich, and nationallywithin the rich, and nationallywithin the rich, and nationallywithin the rich, and nationallywithin the rich, and nationally

imporimporimporimporimportant fishintant fishintant fishintant fishintant fishing gg gg gg gg grrrrrounds ofounds ofounds ofounds ofounds ofChwaka Bay and the SoutheastChwaka Bay and the SoutheastChwaka Bay and the SoutheastChwaka Bay and the SoutheastChwaka Bay and the Southeast

Coast arCoast arCoast arCoast arCoast area. Most fish haea. Most fish haea. Most fish haea. Most fish haea. Most fish havvvvve beene beene beene beene beenlanded and sold localllanded and sold localllanded and sold localllanded and sold localllanded and sold locallyyyyy,,,,, b b b b but theut theut theut theut the

commercommercommercommercommercial markcial markcial markcial markcial market is eet is eet is eet is eet is expandinxpandinxpandinxpandinxpandinggggg.....

A variety of fisheries are present in each vil-lage. Men fish with nets, hand lines and traps,either on foot close to shore, or from small boatson the reefs. These are typically dugout and out-rigger canoes (Figure F-1). There are very fewboats with motors in the area which can fish sea-ward of the reef (Figure F-2).

Women are mostly collectors. They combthe nearshore for clams and other shellfish, crabsand octopus. Most villages have a common an-choring and/or landing site. The number of fish-ermen and the gear used by each village is sum-marized in Figure F-3.

The area�s villagers fish to some extentthroughout the ICAM demonstration area, al-though each village has a core fishing ground

TTTTTable SI-1 Relatiable SI-1 Relatiable SI-1 Relatiable SI-1 Relatiable SI-1 Relativvvvve Impore Impore Impore Impore Importance oftance oftance oftance oftance of Economic Sector Economic Sector Economic Sector Economic Sector Economic Sectors in Vs in Vs in Vs in Vs in Villaillaillaillaillagggggeseseseses

16 Zanzibar ICAM

Line FLine FLine FLine FLine Fisherisherisherisherishery:y:y:y:y: Lines, fixed with one to three baited hooks, are used both by fishermen onfoot and from boats in shallow water areas with sand, seagrass beds and coral bottoms. Daa(worms), which are dug from intertidal beach areas, are one of many types of bait used.Other baits are squid and octupus. Fish species commonly caught include emperor fish(Family: Lethrinidae), groupers and snappers (Family: Lutjanidae).

Set GillnetsSet GillnetsSet GillnetsSet GillnetsSet Gillnets: Small mesh (typically one- to three-inch) nets are commonly used in intertidalreef areas and streams to block fish passing through the streams during ebb tide, fromreturningto the sea. Common fish caught include Rabbit fish (Family: Siganidae), Black-spotted emperor (Lethrinus harak) and silver bid (Family: Gerridae). The gear is mosteffective during spring tides. Large mesh gillnets (>5 in.) are used to catch sharks and rays.

SeinesSeinesSeinesSeinesSeines. Beach seines, because they disturb the bottom and harvest juvenile fish (mesh sizeis typically 0.5 in.), are illegal in Zanzibar. However, beach seine use occurs within theChwaka Bay. Boat seines are allowed in non-coral areas; however, illegal use of this gearalso occurs in coral reef areas of Chwaka Bay. Seines target species that move in schools,such as travelly (Family: Carangidae); fusiliers (Family: cesionidae) and barracuda (Family:Spnyrenidae).

Dema trapsDema trapsDema trapsDema trapsDema traps: These are static, baited traps typically set in sandy or algal patches within thereef. Common baits used include seaweed, crabs, octopus guts and brittle stars. Commonfish caught are reef dwellers such as parrotfish (Family: scaridae), rabbitfish (Family:Siganidae) and goatfish (Family: Mulidae).

Octopus fishingOctopus fishingOctopus fishingOctopus fishingOctopus fishing (with spears): Octopus fishing is carried out by both men and women.Women fish in the intertidal area; men skin dive for octopus in relatively shallow water.

Shell collectionShell collectionShell collectionShell collectionShell collection: Women collect a variety of shells, notably cowries, cockles, clams andoysters in the intertidal areas of reefs. The meat of the larger shellfish (e.g., cowries andclams) is eaten, and the shells sold to middlemen. Small shells, especially cowries, are driedin large piles prior to sale. These drying shells give off strong odors, and are hence placedoutside of villages.

FFFFFiiiiigurgurgurgurgure F-1 Primare F-1 Primare F-1 Primare F-1 Primare F-1 Primary Fy Fy Fy Fy Fisheries in the Chwisheries in the Chwisheries in the Chwisheries in the Chwisheries in the Chwaka-Paje Araka-Paje Araka-Paje Araka-Paje Araka-Paje Areaeaeaeaea

Zanzibar ICAM 17

where it is most active. The region�s two fishinggrounds are Uroa-Chwaka Bay and Paje-Bwejuu.Uroa-Chwaka Bay is the area�s major fishingground, accounting for over 95 percent of the to-tal catch.

Paje-Bwejuu is a continuation of the Zanzi-bar east coast reef that runs all the way fromMakunduchi to Nungwi. This section of reef ischaracterized by a relatively broad tidal flat andtidal lagoon. Map 4 shows important fish andshellfish grounds, octopus collection sites andanchoring and landing areas for fishermen. Stud-ies by the Institute of Marine Sciences, observa-tions made by the Department of Fisheries andthe ICAM team on the fish at local markets,indicate that most of the fish landed are reef-associated species.

All fish caught in the region are landed andsold in these two key fishing areas. Chwaka isby far the most important landing and auctionsite, serving as the primary marketing point forall the other villages located in the Bay. Fishcaught in Paje and Bwejuu are landed and soldlocally.

2.3.1.2 Reef fish populations and2.3.1.2 Reef fish populations and2.3.1.2 Reef fish populations and2.3.1.2 Reef fish populations and2.3.1.2 Reef fish populations andcatches appear to be declining. Thecatches appear to be declining. Thecatches appear to be declining. Thecatches appear to be declining. Thecatches appear to be declining. The

once important sea cucumber fisheryonce important sea cucumber fisheryonce important sea cucumber fisheryonce important sea cucumber fisheryonce important sea cucumber fisheryhas almost disappearhas almost disappearhas almost disappearhas almost disappearhas almost disappeared due to aed due to aed due to aed due to aed due to a

stocstocstocstocstock collapsek collapsek collapsek collapsek collapse. T. T. T. T. The rhe rhe rhe rhe relatielatielatielatielativvvvvelelelelely ney ney ney ney newwwwwererererer,,,,,though significantly less importantthough significantly less importantthough significantly less importantthough significantly less importantthough significantly less important

pelagic fisheries, appear to bepelagic fisheries, appear to bepelagic fisheries, appear to bepelagic fisheries, appear to bepelagic fisheries, appear to beholdinholdinholdinholdinholding steadg steadg steadg steadg steadyyyyy. T. T. T. T. The status ofhe status ofhe status ofhe status ofhe status of other other other other other

fisheries, such as shellfish and crabs,fisheries, such as shellfish and crabs,fisheries, such as shellfish and crabs,fisheries, such as shellfish and crabs,fisheries, such as shellfish and crabs,is not known.is not known.is not known.is not known.is not known.

The Subcommission of Fisheries collects sta-tistics on fish landings throughout Zanzibar.While these data are imperfect, they support vil-lage perceptions that fish catches are declining,as is fish size and the quantity of fish per boatlanded (Figure F-4). In addition, some formerlycommon species such as milkfish, goatfish, eaglerays, travelly fish, mwanje and paramamba havedisappeared.

Fishing for pelagic fish is relatively new, andbecause it occurs beyond the reef crest in Chwaka

FFFFFiiiiigurgurgurgurgure F-2 Te F-2 Te F-2 Te F-2 Te F-2 Types ofypes ofypes ofypes ofypes of F F F F Fishinishinishinishinishing Vg Vg Vg Vg Vesselsesselsesselsesselsessels

18 Zanzibar ICAM

Bay, participation is limited to the relatively fewmotorized boats that are found in Chwaka. Thepotential sustainable harvest of this fishery is notknown.

Throughout Zanzibar, it is governmentpolicy to encourage offshore fisheries. The gov-ernment is just beginning a major new marinefisheries development program in cooperationwith FAO. Residents of the Chwaka-Paje areamay qualify to take advantage of loan funds forboat and gear purchases for fishing in deeperwater. Larger and more efficient gear has beentargeted on offshore stocks. The impact of this onthe already declining nearshore fishery has notbeen evaluated, but needs to be.

2.3.1.3 T2.3.1.3 T2.3.1.3 T2.3.1.3 T2.3.1.3 The curhe curhe curhe curhe currrrrrent decent decent decent decent decline in rline in rline in rline in rline in reefeefeefeefeef fish fish fish fish fishpopulation is thought to rpopulation is thought to rpopulation is thought to rpopulation is thought to rpopulation is thought to result fresult fresult fresult fresult fromomomomom

overfishing and the use of illegaloverfishing and the use of illegaloverfishing and the use of illegaloverfishing and the use of illegaloverfishing and the use of illegalgggggearearearearear. T. T. T. T. Therherherherhere is a ge is a ge is a ge is a ge is a grrrrrooooowinwinwinwinwing concerg concerg concerg concerg concern thatn thatn thatn thatn that

this prthis prthis prthis prthis problem will goblem will goblem will goblem will goblem will get wet wet wet wet worororororse as in-se as in-se as in-se as in-se as in-crcrcrcrcreasineasineasineasineasing demand fg demand fg demand fg demand fg demand for fisheries pror fisheries pror fisheries pror fisheries pror fisheries prod-od-od-od-od-

ucts and access to moructs and access to moructs and access to moructs and access to moructs and access to more efficient ge efficient ge efficient ge efficient ge efficient gearearearearear

will put ewill put ewill put ewill put ewill put evvvvven moren moren moren moren more pre pre pre pre pressuressuressuressuressure on thee on thee on thee on thee on therrrrresouresouresouresouresource; and that as tourismce; and that as tourismce; and that as tourismce; and that as tourismce; and that as tourism

dededededevvvvvelopment prelopment prelopment prelopment prelopment proceedsoceedsoceedsoceedsoceeds,,,,, habitat and habitat and habitat and habitat and habitat andwater quality degradation willwater quality degradation willwater quality degradation willwater quality degradation willwater quality degradation will

further contribute to fisheries de-further contribute to fisheries de-further contribute to fisheries de-further contribute to fisheries de-further contribute to fisheries de-clines.clines.clines.clines.clines.

Villagers and fisheries officials believe thatoverfishing has resulted because an increasingnumber of fishermen using more efficient gearcontinue to concentrate their effort in the samelocation. This concentration of effort is caused,in part, by the limited range of the small, non-motorized boats which village fishermen have.However, it is not known if there are additionalunexploited stocks that would be accessible tofishermen if they had expanded their range.

The Zanzibar Fisheries Act makes it illegalto use certain gear that causes either habitat de-struction or target juvenile fish. Prohibited gearincludes dynamite, poisons, monofilament netsand beach seines. In addition, spear guns are onlyallowable under special permit; and certain legal

Zanzibar ICAM 19

gear�such as dredges�cannot be used in reef ar-eas. Within Chwaka and Uroa there is wide-spread, unauthorized use of spears and beachseines. Use of seine nets within coral reef areas,which is prohibited, is also common.

As tourism development proceeds, there isconcern that habitat and water quality degrada-tion will further contribute to fishing declines.Tourism-related concerns include physical dam-age to reefs from the recreational activities of visi-tors, and water quality degradation from the dis-posal of improperly treated sewage from touristhotels and residential villas.

2.3.1.4 Demand for locally harvested2.3.1.4 Demand for locally harvested2.3.1.4 Demand for locally harvested2.3.1.4 Demand for locally harvested2.3.1.4 Demand for locally harvestedfish is rising.fish is rising.fish is rising.fish is rising.fish is rising.

Historically, fish caught in the area are soldat auction, primarily for local consumption. Sinceroad access between Zanzibar Town and Chwakawas improved in 1992/93, the sale of fish to fishmongers for consumption outside the region has

increased significantly. This has been accompa-nied by an increase in fish prices, resulting in bothhigher income to fishermen and higher costs tolocal buyers. Hotels and guest houses are alsoproviding a new market for locally caught, high-value species such as squid, octopus, crabs andkingfish. Hoteliers may buy directly from fisher-men rather than at auction. In one case, a hotel-ier operates his own boat. The impact of this ex-panding commercial market on either the priceor the availability of fish is not known.

New markets are also developing for spe-cies previously not harvested or harvested at verylow levels. For example, coral harvest (which isprohibited by the Fisheries Act) is beginning tooccur. In Bwejuu, limited harvests of coral blocksfrom the reef crest for use in constructions of coralblocks have occurred. There is also beginning tobe small-scale collection of ornamental coral fordecoration of guest houses and villas, and sou-venir sale. Shell collection, also for souvenirs, isincreasing.

20 Zanzibar ICAM

Zanzibar ICAM 21

2.3.1.5 The legal authority for the2.3.1.5 The legal authority for the2.3.1.5 The legal authority for the2.3.1.5 The legal authority for the2.3.1.5 The legal authority for themanagement of fisheries in Zanzibarmanagement of fisheries in Zanzibarmanagement of fisheries in Zanzibarmanagement of fisheries in Zanzibarmanagement of fisheries in Zanzibar

rrrrrests with the Subcommission ofests with the Subcommission ofests with the Subcommission ofests with the Subcommission ofests with the Subcommission ofFisheries. Although rules andFisheries. Although rules andFisheries. Although rules andFisheries. Although rules andFisheries. Although rules andrrrrreeeeegulations egulations egulations egulations egulations exist,xist,xist,xist,xist, g g g g gooooovvvvvererererernmentnmentnmentnmentnment

enfenfenfenfenforororororcement has been minimal. Tcement has been minimal. Tcement has been minimal. Tcement has been minimal. Tcement has been minimal. Therherherherhereeeeeis interis interis interis interis interest both within gest both within gest both within gest both within gest both within gooooovvvvvererererernmentnmentnmentnmentnment

and the villaand the villaand the villaand the villaand the villaggggges to ees to ees to ees to ees to explorxplorxplorxplorxplore hoe hoe hoe hoe howwwwwcommunity-based managementcommunity-based managementcommunity-based managementcommunity-based managementcommunity-based managementapprapprapprapprapproacoacoacoacoachesheshesheshes,,,,, w w w w whichichichichich bh bh bh bh build fruild fruild fruild fruild fromomomomomcustomary practices, can becustomary practices, can becustomary practices, can becustomary practices, can becustomary practices, can be

effeffeffeffeffectiectiectiectiectivvvvvelelelelely used to addry used to addry used to addry used to addry used to address a vess a vess a vess a vess a varietyarietyarietyarietyarietyof fisheries and habitat issues.of fisheries and habitat issues.of fisheries and habitat issues.of fisheries and habitat issues.of fisheries and habitat issues.

There is broad consensus within Zanzibarthat the current approach to fisheries manage-ment requires modification. Given the lack ofcompliance to existing fisheries rules and regula-tions, and the nation�s limited financial resources,expanding resources for enforcement is not prac-tical. Community-based management, wherefishermen actively participate in defining andimplementing management measures, is seen asa promising approach for addressing a numberof the fisheries issues which exist in the demon-stration area.

There are a number of customary, village-based fisheries management practices which ex-ist within the area. These include:

Some control of access to fishing groundsSome control of access to fishing groundsSome control of access to fishing groundsSome control of access to fishing groundsSome control of access to fishing grounds.Non-residents who travel to Chwaka Bay to fishmust obtain permission from the village to camp.Outside fishermen include individuals fromMatemwe, Pwani and Mchangani to the north,and from Bwejuu and Makunduchi to the south.Visits range from two weeks to three months de-pending on wind and fishing success.

Open and closed seasons for octopus andOpen and closed seasons for octopus andOpen and closed seasons for octopus andOpen and closed seasons for octopus andOpen and closed seasons for octopus andprawnsprawnsprawnsprawnsprawns. Limited attempts at closed seasons foroctopus were made in Paje and Bwejuu. How-ever, closing and opening times were not uni-form between the villages, resulting in increasedfishing effort in the open village and conflicts be-tween the villages.

2.3.2 Seaweed Farming2.3.2 Seaweed Farming2.3.2 Seaweed Farming2.3.2 Seaweed Farming2.3.2 Seaweed Farming

2.3.2.1 Experimental seaweed2.3.2.1 Experimental seaweed2.3.2.1 Experimental seaweed2.3.2.1 Experimental seaweed2.3.2.1 Experimental seaweedfarfarfarfarfarminminminminming wg wg wg wg was firas firas firas firas first intrst intrst intrst intrst introduced tooduced tooduced tooduced tooduced to

Zanzibar in 1983 and commerZanzibar in 1983 and commerZanzibar in 1983 and commerZanzibar in 1983 and commerZanzibar in 1983 and commercialcialcialcialcialprprprprproduction in the Chwoduction in the Chwoduction in the Chwoduction in the Chwoduction in the Chwaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Bay-y-y-y-y-

Southeast Coast arSoutheast Coast arSoutheast Coast arSoutheast Coast arSoutheast Coast area in 1989. Tea in 1989. Tea in 1989. Tea in 1989. Tea in 1989. Therherherherhereeeeeararararare cure cure cure cure currrrrrentlentlentlentlently about 170 hectary about 170 hectary about 170 hectary about 170 hectary about 170 hectares ofes ofes ofes ofes of

seaweed plots adjacent to mostseaweed plots adjacent to mostseaweed plots adjacent to mostseaweed plots adjacent to mostseaweed plots adjacent to mostvillages. Although the total value ofvillages. Although the total value ofvillages. Although the total value ofvillages. Although the total value ofvillages. Although the total value of

the harthe harthe harthe harthe harvvvvvest is small,est is small,est is small,est is small,est is small, it pr it pr it pr it pr it prooooovidesvidesvidesvidesvidesrrrrreeeeegular cash income to fargular cash income to fargular cash income to fargular cash income to fargular cash income to farmermermermermersssss

(c(c(c(c(chiefhiefhiefhiefhiefllllly wy wy wy wy women),omen),omen),omen),omen), and has a r and has a r and has a r and has a r and has a relatielatielatielatielativvvvvelelelelelyyyyylarglarglarglarglarge impact on household incomese impact on household incomese impact on household incomese impact on household incomese impact on household incomes.....

Seaweed (Euchema spinosum and E. cottonni)is grown in intertidal areas off beaches and inshallow lagoons. Because of the labour-intensivenature of seaweed farming, plots must be locatedas close to villages as possible. While seaweedfarming takes place year-round, farmers experi-ence problems during the high wave period ofthe southeast monsoons ( July and August) be-cause seaweed is uprooted; the hot season (De-cember through February); and during the heavyrain season (March through May), when salinitychanges occur in the shallow ponds and bleachthe seaweed. The most extensive seaweedgrounds are found in Paje, Bwejuu and Uroa, withsmaller areas under cultivation in all Chwaka Bayvillages except Michamvi (Map 5).

While registered seaweed farmers includemen and women, most of the seaweed farmingactivities are carried out by women. Men helpwith certain activities, and in Paje and Bwejuusometimes become more fully involved in theindustry, depending on its profitability relativeto fishing.

All seaweed harvested in the area is sold toeither Zanzibar Agro-Seaweed Company or Zan-zibar East African Company. Information on thecurrent value of the seaweed harvest to the areais not available. However, a 1991 study of theindustry in Paje (Eklund and Pettersson, 1992)found that income from seaweed farming in 1991

22 Zanzibar ICAM

Zanzibar ICAM 23

in Paje (purchase price of 60 Tsh/kg) ranged fromabout 5,000 to 6,500 Tsh per household per month.The 1995 price to the producer was about 75 Tsh/kg, which is the highest since seaweed farmingwas introduced. While villagers believe the priceis low compared to the labour involved, the in-come derived, which remains largely under thecontrol of the women, is typically used to sup-plement purchases for the household and chil-dren, and is highly valued.

2.3.2.2 It is government policy to2.3.2.2 It is government policy to2.3.2.2 It is government policy to2.3.2.2 It is government policy to2.3.2.2 It is government policy toencourage seaweed farming; howeverencourage seaweed farming; howeverencourage seaweed farming; howeverencourage seaweed farming; howeverencourage seaweed farming; howeverneither seaneither seaneither seaneither seaneither seawwwwweed areed areed areed areed areas nor indieas nor indieas nor indieas nor indieas nor individualvidualvidualvidualvidual

plots arplots arplots arplots arplots are desie desie desie desie designated. Tgnated. Tgnated. Tgnated. Tgnated. The fhe fhe fhe fhe futuruturuturuturutureeeeeexpansion of the industry dependsexpansion of the industry dependsexpansion of the industry dependsexpansion of the industry dependsexpansion of the industry depends

both on price and the availability ofboth on price and the availability ofboth on price and the availability ofboth on price and the availability ofboth on price and the availability ofsecursecursecursecursecureeeee,,,,, suitable sites suitable sites suitable sites suitable sites suitable sites.....

Current practice is that individuals simplyoccupy seaweed farm sites on a first-come, first-used basis. The size of individual plots variesfrom place to place, but plot size and the numberof plots cultivated by an individual or family istypically limited by the number of lines that anindividual farmer or family can maintain. InUroa, however, the expansion of the industry islimited by availability of suitable sites. Conflictsabout the use of sites adjacent to hotels has beena problem in the past, which can be expected toincrease. It is difficult to predict the potentialgrowth of seaweed farming. The industry is veryprice-sensitive, with both the extent of plots andthe number of individuals engaged in farmingshifting as prices rise and fall.

The government has no program to eitherofficially designate seaweed farming zones orrecognize individual use rights for specific plots.This situation makes tenure on specific plots in-secure. Given other development in the region,expansion may be precluded by other uses. Thereis also potential to displace seaweed farming withother activities without villagers having any le-gal recourse.

2.3.2.3 Although seaweed farming is2.3.2.3 Although seaweed farming is2.3.2.3 Although seaweed farming is2.3.2.3 Although seaweed farming is2.3.2.3 Although seaweed farming issmall-scale, it may be having somesmall-scale, it may be having somesmall-scale, it may be having somesmall-scale, it may be having somesmall-scale, it may be having someenenenenenvirvirvirvirvironmental impacts on the aronmental impacts on the aronmental impacts on the aronmental impacts on the aronmental impacts on the area.ea.ea.ea.ea.

According to an environmental impact studyconducted by Msuya in 1995, seaweed farminghas the following impacts:

� Causes decrease in amount of sea urchinsin the areas. This may be due to:

- Killing of the urchins by farmerswho are afraid of them.

- Escape of urchins because of possi-ble harmful chemicals producedb y farmed seaweeds and distur-bances by the farmers.

- Removal of the urchins by thefarmers as they are grazers of theirseaweed plots.

� Causes decrease in amount of seagrasses.This may be due to:

- Uprooting of the plants by thefarmers during planting andweeding of the seaweed farm.

- Death caused by chemicals pro-duced by the farmed seaweed.

- Death due to shading by farmedseaweed.

� Causes accumulation of toxic substances,such as haloamines, in the sediment di-rectly under the seaweed farms, resultingin reduced meiobenthos population den-sities.

2.3.3 Managing Use of Mangroves2.3.3 Managing Use of Mangroves2.3.3 Managing Use of Mangroves2.3.3 Managing Use of Mangroves2.3.3 Managing Use of Mangrovesand Coastal Thicketsand Coastal Thicketsand Coastal Thicketsand Coastal Thicketsand Coastal Thickets

2.3.3.1 Chw2.3.3.1 Chw2.3.3.1 Chw2.3.3.1 Chw2.3.3.1 Chwaka manaka manaka manaka manaka mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve fe fe fe fe forororororest,est,est,est,est, the the the the thelarglarglarglarglargest on Unest on Unest on Unest on Unest on Unguja Island,guja Island,guja Island,guja Island,guja Island, pr pr pr pr prooooovidesvidesvidesvidesvides

the primarthe primarthe primarthe primarthe primary soury soury soury soury source ofce ofce ofce ofce of income f income f income f income f income for twor twor twor twor twoooooof the six Chwaka Bay villages. Forof the six Chwaka Bay villages. Forof the six Chwaka Bay villages. Forof the six Chwaka Bay villages. Forof the six Chwaka Bay villages. For

the rthe rthe rthe rthe remaininemaininemaininemaininemaining fg fg fg fg four villaour villaour villaour villaour villagggggeseseseses,,,,, the the the the themanmanmanmanmangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve fe fe fe fe forororororest prest prest prest prest prooooovides anvides anvides anvides anvides an

imporimporimporimporimportant sourtant sourtant sourtant sourtant source ofce ofce ofce ofce of supplemental supplemental supplemental supplemental supplementalincome.income.income.income.income.

24 Zanzibar ICAM

The Chwaka Bay mangrove forest is 1,624hectares and represents about 47 percent of themangroves on Unguja Island. It largely occupiesthe Central District, with a small area located inthe South District. Although data are scarce, it iscommonly agreed that many area residents areeither partly or fully dependent on mangrove re-source exploitation for their subsistence and in-come needs. Uses include wood cutting for polesand fuel wood, mangrove fishing, beekeeping andtanning production (Table M-1).

2.3.3.2 W2.3.3.2 W2.3.3.2 W2.3.3.2 W2.3.3.2 While Chwhile Chwhile Chwhile Chwhile Chwaka manaka manaka manaka manaka mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvveeeeeffffforororororest has rest has rest has rest has rest has remained constant in sizeemained constant in sizeemained constant in sizeemained constant in sizeemained constant in size,,,,,

the quality ofthe quality ofthe quality ofthe quality ofthe quality of the man the man the man the man the mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve tre tre tre tre treeseeseeseesees,,,,,and hence the rand hence the rand hence the rand hence the rand hence the relatielatielatielatielativvvvve ve ve ve ve value ofalue ofalue ofalue ofalue of the the the the the

harharharharharvvvvvested prested prested prested prested productsoductsoductsoductsoducts,,,,, is dec is dec is dec is dec is declininlininlininlininlininggggg.....

The major harvesting technique in Chwakais selective felling, which does not decrease theamount of area of mangrove forest, but does af-fect the quantity of good quality mangrove treesproduced. Observations show that when a man-grove stand is opened for harvesting, the high-quality trees are removed rapidly for poles andrafters (Box M-2). In the Chwaka Bay mangroveforest, the high-quality trees were removed withinfour years of its opening in 1990. When an area isfirst opened for harvesting, many people are at-tracted as poles can be harvested with relativelylow labour input. This creates a situation wherethe area can be worked only for few years beforeit is exhausted. Once depleted, many wood har-vesters may shift to other activities (Box M-1).

Zanzibar ICAM 25

Overcutting causes changes in both geneticand species composition. As trees that are goodfor poles are rapidly removed, the deformed treesand species only desirable for fuel wood remainto repopulate the area. Those trees with less de-sirable characteristics have a greater chance toproduce seeds and eventually dominate the area.Most of the villagers interviewed mentioned thatthey leave �mother� trees for seeding, but a thor-ough observation revealed that trees which areleft for seed production are actually large-sized,crooked trees.

2.3.3.3 The adopted management2.3.3.3 The adopted management2.3.3.3 The adopted management2.3.3.3 The adopted management2.3.3.3 The adopted managementstratestratestratestratestrategy fgy fgy fgy fgy for manor manor manor manor mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvves is ineffes is ineffes is ineffes is ineffes is ineffectiectiectiectiectivvvvveeeeein haltinin haltinin haltinin haltinin halting a decg a decg a decg a decg a decline in manline in manline in manline in manline in mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve tre tre tre tre treeeeeeeeee

quantity and qualityquantity and qualityquantity and qualityquantity and qualityquantity and quality. F. F. F. F. Factoractoractoractoractorssssscontributing to this include: poorcontributing to this include: poorcontributing to this include: poorcontributing to this include: poorcontributing to this include: poor

enfenfenfenfenforororororcement bcement bcement bcement bcement by the gy the gy the gy the gy the gooooovvvvvererererernment; lacnment; lacnment; lacnment; lacnment; lackkkkkof community participation; a lowof community participation; a lowof community participation; a lowof community participation; a lowof community participation; a low

carcarcarcarcarrrrrryinyinyinyinying capacity ofg capacity ofg capacity ofg capacity ofg capacity of the r the r the r the r the resouresouresouresouresource; andce; andce; andce; andce; anda lack of site-specific knowledge ona lack of site-specific knowledge ona lack of site-specific knowledge ona lack of site-specific knowledge ona lack of site-specific knowledge on

manmanmanmanmangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve re re re re reeeeegggggeneration.eneration.eneration.eneration.eneration.

The Chwaka mangrove forest is designateda forest reserve under Chapter 120 of the �ForestReserve Decree of 1950.� Under this decree, theCommission of Natural Resources has a mandateto exercise control over the exploitation, manage-ment and development of mangrove resources inZanzibar. This is exercised through the use of anumber of management techniques:

- Closing and opening the areas on 10- year rotations, regardless of the quantity of poles that the forest can produce (allowable cut). The purpose of opening the forest for 10 years was to confine cutting to one area while the closed area regenerates.

- Issuing of cutting licences to tree planting cooperatives for access to harvest mangrove poles from the forest. This strategy attempts to reduce haphazard cutting by individuals.

- Restrictions on use of mangrove wood for lime burning and bark collection.

- Field patrolling to enforce the rules.

These measures have not been sufficient tohalt resource degradation. The reasons for thisinclude:

POOR ENFORCEMENT BY THE GOVERN-POOR ENFORCEMENT BY THE GOVERN-POOR ENFORCEMENT BY THE GOVERN-POOR ENFORCEMENT BY THE GOVERN-POOR ENFORCEMENT BY THE GOVERN-MENT DUE TO:MENT DUE TO:MENT DUE TO:MENT DUE TO:MENT DUE TO:

Licencing practicesLicencing practicesLicencing practicesLicencing practicesLicencing practices. Observation and dis-cussions with local cutters indicate that the man-grove cutting business is not operating as coop-eratives but as an �employer and employee� sys-tem. The so-called mangrove cooperatives atChwaka and Charawe simply employ people tocut and extract mangrove poles from the forest,instead of the licence-holders themselves doingthe job. This results in all the mangrove cuttersemployed by the cooperative being consideredmembers of the cooperative. This makes it im-possible for enforcement officers to differentiatelegal cutters that belong to cooperatives fromthose that do not. Villages suggest that the cur-rent licencing system be revised to issue licencesto individuals, rather than to cooperatives.

Inadequate patrInadequate patrInadequate patrInadequate patrInadequate patrollinollinollinollinollinggggg..... There is a singlemangrove enforcement officer working atChwaka and no field patrol officers. Meaningfulmonitoring and enforcement is simply not possi-ble. One boat was purchased by the ZanzibarForestry Development Project to assist patrolactivities, especially in closed areas, to minimise

MANGROVE SALESMANGROVE SALESMANGROVE SALESMANGROVE SALESMANGROVE SALES

Due to the poor quality of mangrove polescurrently harvested from Chwaka Bay,prices for poles are low compared to im-ported poles. For example, a score ofbuilding poles from Chwaka Bay are soldbetween 4,000 and 5,000 Tsh, as comparedto 9,000 and 10,000 Tsh for poles importedfrom the mainland. In places likeMichamvi, Bwejuu and Paje, hoteliers areseeking alternate sources of buildingpoles, such as Casuarina, largely becausethe existing tree stock cannot producepoles that meet their requirements.

26 Zanzibar ICAM

encroachment. This boat is not in good workingcondition and is not operating. Recently, a newboat was offered by the GEF Biodiversity Projectto carry out fisheries conservation and mangrovepatrol at Chwaka Bay.

Outdated legislation.Outdated legislation.Outdated legislation.Outdated legislation.Outdated legislation. The penalties calledfor in the Forest Reserve legislation are not in re-lation to the current economic benefit to be gainedby illegal cutting. The penalties are outdated.Maximum penalties are 2,000 Tsh or imprison-ment for a term not exceeding six months.

Improper resource management.Improper resource management.Improper resource management.Improper resource management.Improper resource management. Restric-tions over the use of mangrove for firewood, char-coal burning and bark extraction has changed themangrove forest species� composition, throughallowing colonization by Xylocarpus granatumand Rhizophora mucranata.

CARRCARRCARRCARRCARRYING CAPYING CAPYING CAPYING CAPYING CAPAAAAACITY OF THE RESOURCESCITY OF THE RESOURCESCITY OF THE RESOURCESCITY OF THE RESOURCESCITY OF THE RESOURCESIS LOIS LOIS LOIS LOIS LOWWWWW. The harvesting area currently open isMapopwe (Map 6), which has been open since1990. In the four years after the area�s opening,there was intense cutting, leading to rapiddepletion of the resource. This is due to higherdemand for mangrove poles beyond what theforest could produce. Today, the number ofcutters has declined from 1990 because theresource has been quickly overexploited. Mostof the trees that remain standing are of loweconomic value.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF MANGROVESCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF MANGROVESCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF MANGROVESCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF MANGROVESCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF MANGROVEREGENERAREGENERAREGENERAREGENERAREGENERATIOTIOTIOTIOTION IS MISSINGN IS MISSINGN IS MISSINGN IS MISSINGN IS MISSING. There is verylimited information about the ecology of theChwaka Bay mangrove system. This lack ofknowledge inhibits the ability of decisionmakersto base new management policy on sound scien-tific understanding of the area. Although Chwaka

Box M-1 Observations from the FieldBox M-1 Observations from the FieldBox M-1 Observations from the FieldBox M-1 Observations from the FieldBox M-1 Observations from the Field

Some elders of Charawe and Ukongoroni said that the quantity of wood harvested per daywas relatively higher in the past than now. This was being facilitated by the concentration ofhigh-quality mangrove per unit area, which made cutting and extraction activities much easier.

The villagers of Chwaka, Ukongoroni and Charawe had the opinion that colonisation ofXylocarpus granatum has contributed much to the decline in the quantity of suitable mangrovefor poles.

According to the past experience of villagers, there was a general consensus that mangrovequality has declined over years.

Some respondents from Bwejuu mentioned that the diameter of rafters (boriti) is smaller com-pared to the past.

Observers at Ukongoroni, Charawe and Chwaka note that the quality of the mangrove har-vested is very low in terms of crookedness and size compared to Simbauranga poles, whichare imported from mainland Tanzania. Despite the low quality of poles, the wood sellers atChwaka said that they have no problem with the existing market demand.

Field observation revealed that mangrove poles at Chwaka landing are generally of poor qual-ity compared to poles seen in Zanzibar Town. The explanation given by wood cutters is thatthere are many more pole harvesters now as compared to the past.

According to the past experience of the respondents, the quality of mangrove poles has de-creased tremendously. In the past, villagers used to harvest good quality straight and largepoles. Now, due to overharvesting, they are no longer getting good quality poles.

Zanzibar ICAM 27

28 Zanzibar ICAM

Bay has been selected as a site for scientific studyby the Institute of Marine Science and StockholmUniversity, research on mangrove regenerationhas not yet been conducted.

2.3.3.4 The right of specific villages2.3.3.4 The right of specific villages2.3.3.4 The right of specific villages2.3.3.4 The right of specific villages2.3.3.4 The right of specific villagesto harvest exclusively withinto harvest exclusively withinto harvest exclusively withinto harvest exclusively withinto harvest exclusively within

porporporporportions oftions oftions oftions oftions of the Chw the Chw the Chw the Chw the Chwaka manaka manaka manaka manaka mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvveeeeeffffforororororest is gest is gest is gest is gest is generallenerallenerallenerallenerally ry ry ry ry recoecoecoecoecognized bgnized bgnized bgnized bgnized byyyyy

manmanmanmanmangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve cuttere cuttere cuttere cuttere cuttersssss,,,,, ho ho ho ho howwwwweeeeevvvvver therer therer therer therer there ise ise ise ise isneither consensus on the prneither consensus on the prneither consensus on the prneither consensus on the prneither consensus on the preciseeciseeciseeciseecise

boundaries ofboundaries ofboundaries ofboundaries ofboundaries of villa villa villa villa villaggggge tenure tenure tenure tenure tenure nor doe nor doe nor doe nor doe nor docurcurcurcurcurrrrrrent manaent manaent manaent manaent managggggement practices bement practices bement practices bement practices bement practices builduilduilduilduild

on the villaon the villaon the villaon the villaon the villaggggge tenure tenure tenure tenure tenure system.e system.e system.e system.e system.

All six villages in Chwaka Bay believe thatthey have village �rights� to certain mangroveareas near their village. However, there is notconsensus among villages on where the bounda-ries are (Map 7). When all mangrove forests weredesignated as forest reserves in 1965, the villageswere relieved of any official management author-ity. This eliminates the ability of the villages toimplement traditional management initiatives, al-though some village management does occur. Anexample is in Michamvi, which restricts commer-cial exploitation from its mangrove patch of for-ests (Box M-2). Yet permits are issued by govern-ment officers without prior consultation with vil-lagers. This negates the effect of the local restric-tion. Furthermore, as the Chwaka Bay mangroveforest is the only legally open mangrove forest inZanzibar, permits are issued to outsiders to har-vest in the area without the villages� consent.

2.3.3.52.3.3.52.3.3.52.3.3.52.3.3.5 Potential new opportunitiesPotential new opportunitiesPotential new opportunitiesPotential new opportunitiesPotential new opportunitiesararararare not ye not ye not ye not ye not yet ret ret ret ret recoecoecoecoecognized fgnized fgnized fgnized fgnized for economicor economicor economicor economicor economic,,,,,

non-consumptive uses of thenon-consumptive uses of thenon-consumptive uses of thenon-consumptive uses of thenon-consumptive uses of themanmanmanmanmangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve fe fe fe fe forororororest,est,est,est,est, r r r r related to theelated to theelated to theelated to theelated to thedededededevvvvvelopinelopinelopinelopineloping tourism industrg tourism industrg tourism industrg tourism industrg tourism industryyyyy.....

Currently, the only uses of the mangroveforest are consumptive. There has been no dis-cussion about using the mangrove forest for non-consumptive activities. The interesting and unu-sual flora and fauna of the mangrove community,

particularly the birds which feed or shelter inthem, provide opportunities for tourism, scien-tific studies and education. This opportunity isenhanced by the mangrove creeks opened by theloggers to transport poles and other productswhich could provide attractive sites for canoeingby tourists.

2.3.3.6 Coastal thic2.3.3.6 Coastal thic2.3.3.6 Coastal thic2.3.3.6 Coastal thic2.3.3.6 Coastal thickkkkkets arets arets arets arets are beine beine beine beine beingggggincrincrincrincrincreasineasineasineasineasingggggllllly cut. Wy cut. Wy cut. Wy cut. Wy cut. While the onlhile the onlhile the onlhile the onlhile the onlyyyyy

allowable use of coastal thickets isallowable use of coastal thickets isallowable use of coastal thickets isallowable use of coastal thickets isallowable use of coastal thickets isfffffor aor aor aor aor agggggriculturriculturriculturriculturricultureeeee,,,,, in practice in practice in practice in practice in practice,,,,,

sisisisisignificant argnificant argnificant argnificant argnificant areas ofeas ofeas ofeas ofeas of coastal thic coastal thic coastal thic coastal thic coastal thickkkkketsetsetsetsetsararararare beine beine beine beine being cut fg cut fg cut fg cut fg cut for for for for for fuel wuel wuel wuel wuel wood food food food food for limeor limeor limeor limeor lime

burning, for building material and toburning, for building material and toburning, for building material and toburning, for building material and toburning, for building material and tomark land that has been bought formark land that has been bought formark land that has been bought formark land that has been bought formark land that has been bought for

development.development.development.development.development.

The only legal means for cutting coastalthickets is to receive a permit. The most com-mon agricultural techniques used in the coastalthicket are crop rotation and land-clearing by theuse of fire. Increased population in the area meansthat more agricultural land will be needed forcrop production. For that to occur, a consider-able amount of forest must be cleared.

The clearing of land has contributed to thedrying up of local water sources. Also, as a re-sult of the increasing population, the fallow pe-riod has been reduced. The limited fallow periodreduces the forest�s regenerative capacity. Al-though agriculture is the only permitted use ofthe coastal thicket, increased demand for fuelwood in Zanzibar Town has increased the mar-ket price for this commodity. The rise in pricemakes it profitable for villagers to harvest fuelwood from coastal thickets, placing more pres-sure on this resource. The pressure is intensifiedbecause the use of mangrove wood for firewoodis illegal. Coastal thickets are also being cut togain access to other natural resources, such assand and coral limestone for house and road con-struction. Thicket areas are now also beingclaimed for land speculation. In these cases apermit is obtained for agriculture, the plot iscleared, and then it is held for speculation.

Zanzibar ICAM 29

2.3.3.7. A ne2.3.3.7. A ne2.3.3.7. A ne2.3.3.7. A ne2.3.3.7. A new prw prw prw prw project has beenoject has beenoject has beenoject has beenoject has beenestablished to manage a portion ofestablished to manage a portion ofestablished to manage a portion ofestablished to manage a portion ofestablished to manage a portion ofthe Chwthe Chwthe Chwthe Chwthe Chwaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Bay many many many many mangggggrrrrrooooovvvvve fe fe fe fe forororororestestestestest

and the adjacent coastal fand the adjacent coastal fand the adjacent coastal fand the adjacent coastal fand the adjacent coastal forororororest as aest as aest as aest as aest as aconserconserconserconserconservvvvvation aration aration aration aration area.ea.ea.ea.ea.

In April of 1995, the new Jozani-Chwaka BayConservation Project was established, aimed atimproving the conservation capabilities of theForestry Subcommission in the area. The project,which is under the Ministry of Agriculture, Live-stock and Natural Resources, is supported tech-nically and financially by CARE Austria. Man-agement of project activities is directed by themultidisciplinary management team which in-volves the technical staff from Forestry, Fisher-ies, DoE and the Commission for Tourism. Thisteam was formed to facilitate integration of man-agement activities and effect proper coordinationamong the key institutions working in the area.

Major components of this project are:

- To upgrade the current status of the Jozani Forest Reserve into a conservation area, accompanied by extending the conservation area to include part of the Chwaka Bay mangrove forest and the coastal forest in between.

- To boost the low impact uses of the area with particular focus on ecotourism

activities. This necessitates improving the infrastructure, as well as the visitor handling facilities such as the informa tion centre and improved nature trails, and strengthening the education and information base at the station. At the moment, a temporary information centre has been constructed and new site plans to improve the entire station have been prepared.

- To promote community participation in management and decisionmaking as directed by the new Forestry Policy.

Seven villages around Jozani and ChwakaBay have at this initial stage been able to formconservation committees. The villages are Jo-zani/Pete, Unguja, Ukuu, Charawe, Ukongoroni,Cheju and Chwaka. Bwejuu village, which is con-sidered a support zone to this conservation area,has also been included in the programme al-though the committee is not in full operation. Theidea is to allow each of these villages to producelocal forest management plans which will specifythe management regimes, resource use regula-tions and the allocation of land for different typesof uses, including forest conservation. This is ex-pected to strengthen the conservation of Jozaniby allowing the multiple use of support areas andreduce haphazard clearing of the mangrove andcoral rag forests.

Box M-2 Examples of Informal Mangrove ManagementBox M-2 Examples of Informal Mangrove ManagementBox M-2 Examples of Informal Mangrove ManagementBox M-2 Examples of Informal Mangrove ManagementBox M-2 Examples of Informal Mangrove Management

At Charawe, outsiders are not allowed to carry out any commercial exploitation apart from taking twoto three scores for home consumption. Since Charawe villagers claim that the Mapopwe mangrove istraditionally theirs, they have even managed to restrict people from Mkwajuni from assisting the Chwakaco-operative in harvesting the poles for them.

At Michamvi, no one is allowed to cut mangrove trees for sale because the mangrove area is so smallthat the villagers resist commercial exploitation

30 Zanzibar ICAM

Zanzibar ICAM 31

2.4 MANAGING THE2.4 MANAGING THE2.4 MANAGING THE2.4 MANAGING THE2.4 MANAGING THEGROWTH OF TOURISMGROWTH OF TOURISMGROWTH OF TOURISMGROWTH OF TOURISMGROWTH OF TOURISM

2.4.1 Tourism,2.4.1 Tourism,2.4.1 Tourism,2.4.1 Tourism,2.4.1 Tourism, w w w w whichichichichich has eh has eh has eh has eh has existedxistedxistedxistedxistedintermittently in the region at a lowintermittently in the region at a lowintermittently in the region at a lowintermittently in the region at a lowintermittently in the region at a lowlevel since the 1950s, is now rapidlylevel since the 1950s, is now rapidlylevel since the 1950s, is now rapidlylevel since the 1950s, is now rapidlylevel since the 1950s, is now rapidlyexpanding, bringing unprecedentedexpanding, bringing unprecedentedexpanding, bringing unprecedentedexpanding, bringing unprecedentedexpanding, bringing unprecedented

change to the Chwaka Bay-Pajechange to the Chwaka Bay-Pajechange to the Chwaka Bay-Pajechange to the Chwaka Bay-Pajechange to the Chwaka Bay-Pajearea. Changes today are smallarea. Changes today are smallarea. Changes today are smallarea. Changes today are smallarea. Changes today are small

compared to what will be occurringcompared to what will be occurringcompared to what will be occurringcompared to what will be occurringcompared to what will be occurringin the next two to five years whenin the next two to five years whenin the next two to five years whenin the next two to five years whenin the next two to five years when

the large resort hotels currentlythe large resort hotels currentlythe large resort hotels currentlythe large resort hotels currentlythe large resort hotels currentlyunder construction begin operation.under construction begin operation.under construction begin operation.under construction begin operation.under construction begin operation.

There are three types of tourismThere are three types of tourismThere are three types of tourismThere are three types of tourismThere are three types of tourismdevelopment in the area: resortdevelopment in the area: resortdevelopment in the area: resortdevelopment in the area: resortdevelopment in the area: resorthotels, guest houses and villas.hotels, guest houses and villas.hotels, guest houses and villas.hotels, guest houses and villas.hotels, guest houses and villas.

The Chwaka Bay-Paje area has played hostto tourists, both weekend visitors and holiday-makers, for decades. In Chwaka, Bwejuu and

Uroa there are still remains of Government guesthouses built during the colonial period. As thecountry began opening up in the late 1980s, small-scale guest houses and villas of wealthy Zanzi-baris began to be built. Since then tourism hasgrown rapidly, but in an unplanned, ad hoc man-ner. This area is now particularly attractive fortourism development because it is less than twohours by car on an improved road from ZanzibarTown, and infrastructure improvements are con-tinuing.

In 1993, the government prepared a Tour-ism Zoning Plan to guide the growth of tourismthroughout the nation. Bwejuu and Paje are partof the Southeast Development Zone which is des-ignated for development during Phase I (1993-1998) of the plan. Uroa and Chwaka are also des-ignated as Tourism Areas. The existing andplanned levels of development are shown in Ta-ble T-1 and Figure T-1. The difference betweentourism today, and tourism when all hotels un-der construction are completed will be huge. Withthe expected average occupancy rate of 60 per-cent, by the year 2000, there will be over 2,100

32 Zanzibar ICAM

visitors per day in the area from hotel guestsalone. Given that the entire resident populationis anticipated to only be 10,400, the impact of thismany outsiders will be enormous.

The location of existing tourism develop-ments and those under construction are shownon Map 8. Guest houses are concentrated in Pajeand Bwejuu, while hotels are concentrated in theBwejuu to Dongwe area, and in Uroa, Paje andChwaka. Villas are concentrated in Paje andBwejuu, with a few near Uroa. In late 1995 therewere 287 beds available in hotels, villas and guesthouses. This number is expected to reach 765 bythe end of the year 1996.

2.4.2 Current management practices2.4.2 Current management practices2.4.2 Current management practices2.4.2 Current management practices2.4.2 Current management practicesararararare not effe not effe not effe not effe not effectiectiectiectiectivvvvve in contre in contre in contre in contre in controllinollinollinollinolling theg theg theg theg thepace or location of either large- orpace or location of either large- orpace or location of either large- orpace or location of either large- orpace or location of either large- or

small-scale desmall-scale desmall-scale desmall-scale desmall-scale devvvvvelopment. Similarlelopment. Similarlelopment. Similarlelopment. Similarlelopment. Similarlyyyyy,,,,,current measures do not adequatelycurrent measures do not adequatelycurrent measures do not adequatelycurrent measures do not adequatelycurrent measures do not adequately

mitigate the environmental andmitigate the environmental andmitigate the environmental andmitigate the environmental andmitigate the environmental andsocial impacts of the developments.social impacts of the developments.social impacts of the developments.social impacts of the developments.social impacts of the developments.

Unless measurUnless measurUnless measurUnless measurUnless measures become effes become effes become effes become effes become effectiectiectiectiectivvvvveeeee,,,,,significantly larger impacts can besignificantly larger impacts can besignificantly larger impacts can besignificantly larger impacts can besignificantly larger impacts can beexpected as tourism developmentexpected as tourism developmentexpected as tourism developmentexpected as tourism developmentexpected as tourism development

expands.expands.expands.expands.expands.

The Zanzibar Commission on Tourism wasestablished in 1992 to formulate and implementa national tourism policy. While this policy hasnot yet been formalised, many steps have beentaken. One of the first steps was the completionof a Tourism Zoning Plan in 1993. The plan:

- Designates geographic areas for phased development (both hotels and infrastructure).

- Provides a framework for both regulatory control of tourism development and detailed physical planning.

- Establishes guidelines for hotel siting and construction.

The plan also addresses small-scale tourismdevelopment. At the same time, guest houses and

Zanzibar ICAM 33

villas will be accommodated in the detailed landuse plan. The DOE has also adopted Land andEnvironmental Guidelines for Investors in Tour-ism. The guidelines apply to both resort hotelsand guest houses.

RESORRESORRESORRESORRESORT HOTELT HOTELT HOTELT HOTELT HOTELSSSSS are required to receive a landpermit from the Commission for Lands and En-vironment (COLE) prior to getting approval fromthe Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency. En-vironmental guidelines have been prepared byDOE for incorporation in the hotel review andpermitting process (Table B -1). Currently, guide-lines are seldom followed and permit stipulationsare rarely enforced. There are no sanctions forillegal construction or noncompliance with lease/permit stipulations.

GUEST HOUSESGUEST HOUSESGUEST HOUSESGUEST HOUSESGUEST HOUSES are permitted by the Commis-sion for Tourism. These permits are discussed atthe District level, including consultation with theSheha. If approved at this level, permits go di-rectly to the Commission for Tourism, with noCOLE involvement. Therefore, no conditions areplaced on the building permit. The only othercontrol for small-scale tourist facilities is zoningintended to limit the placement of villas withinexisting villages. However, the villa zoning mapis not being adequately adhered to and villas arefrequently being built within the village properat Paje and Bwejuu. The Integrated Planning Unitis exploring options for effective control of suchdevelopments, but the process has not beenbrought to closure.

There is no formal process to establish clearand positive relationships between local villagesand neighbouring large- or small-scale touristdevelopments. A limited number of individualsare benefiting from employment, new markets orspecific compensation claims. The villages, insome instances, have been benefiting from theconstruction of new infrastructure. Howevermany individuals and villages are not benefitingfrom tourism development. For example, somevillagers are selling their coconut plots to hotelinvestors, only to realise that they have lost animportant source of renewable materials to con-tinue their way of life: resources for buildingthatch, making twine fibre, producing cooking oiland harvesting coconuts. Direct development

activities do not always benefit villages and of-ten reduce the amount of resources available fortheir use.

In return for giving over use of resources todevelopers, villagers believe that investors shouldbe required to make a contribution to the entirecommunity, such as improving infrastructure orproviding such services as building playgroundsor renovating village schools, dispensaries, ormosques. Some agreements are being made be-tween the villagers or village leaders and the in-vestors. However they are almost always onlyverbal agreements. There have been some com-plaints that the investors go back on their attrac-tive promises once they have secured a land lease.It has been claimed that hotel investors do notrespect the authority of the local village unlessthey need something from them, such as accessto fresh water supplies. As a result, antagonisticrelationships are sometimes created between theinvestors and the villagers.

2.4.3 De2.4.3 De2.4.3 De2.4.3 De2.4.3 Devvvvvelopment is curelopment is curelopment is curelopment is curelopment is currrrrrentlentlentlentlentlyyyyycausincausincausincausincausing eng eng eng eng envirvirvirvirvironmental deonmental deonmental deonmental deonmental degggggradationradationradationradationradationwithin the arwithin the arwithin the arwithin the arwithin the area and therea and therea and therea and therea and there is ge is ge is ge is ge is grrrrrooooowinwinwinwinwingggggconcerconcerconcerconcerconcern that as rn that as rn that as rn that as rn that as resoresoresoresoresort det det det det devvvvvelopmentselopmentselopmentselopmentselopmentsbecome operational,become operational,become operational,become operational,become operational, the r the r the r the r the relatielatielatielatielativvvvvelelelelelyyyyy

small-scale degradation nowsmall-scale degradation nowsmall-scale degradation nowsmall-scale degradation nowsmall-scale degradation nowapparapparapparapparapparent will gent will gent will gent will gent will get siet siet siet siet significantlgnificantlgnificantlgnificantlgnificantlyyyyy

worse.worse.worse.worse.worse.

Expanded tourism development, if not care-fully managed, will make the problems whichalready exist in the area significantly worse.

GarbaGarbaGarbaGarbaGarbagggggeeeee. Since there are no proper placesfor garbage collection, items such as used tires,plastics, bottles and other disposable items litterboth village areas and the beach.

Shoreline modification and erosionShoreline modification and erosionShoreline modification and erosionShoreline modification and erosionShoreline modification and erosion. TheChwaka Bay-Paje shoreline is dynamic, especiallythe eastern strip from Pingwe to Paje. While his-toric shoreline change surveys are just being com-pleted by DOE, it is clear that erosion is becom-ing more of a problem in the area. This is mostevident in Bwejuu and Paje (Table B - 2).

34 Zanzibar ICAM

Zanzibar ICAM 35

Sand mininSand mininSand mininSand mininSand mininggggg..... This industry, and to a muchlesser extent coral mining, is increasing as con-struction proceeds. Sand mining is currently un-regulated and typically occurs adjacent to theconstruction site on the beach, causing downcur-rent erosion. Both sand and coral mining are be-coming problems in Michamvi village.

Recreation-associated impactsRecreation-associated impactsRecreation-associated impactsRecreation-associated impactsRecreation-associated impacts. Uses thatimpact on coral reefs, such as anchor damage,trampling and souvenir collection, are not yetproblems in the area, but could become signifi-cant as scuba diving and snorkelling expand asactivities.

GrGrGrGrGroundoundoundoundoundwwwwwateraterateraterater. Water shortages are a majorproblem in the region. The area is short ofgroundwater and the sources which exist�shallowunderground aquifers�easily become salinizedwhen over-pumped. This is already a problemin Uroa.

SeSeSeSeSewwwwwaaaaaggggge disposale disposale disposale disposale disposal. Most of the hotels are us-ing, or plan to use, soak pits for sewage disposal.Because of the porous limestone soils, inad-equately treated sewage can proceed into thegroundwater and into the sea.

IncrIncrIncrIncrIncreased beaceased beaceased beaceased beaceased beach actih actih actih actih activitiesvitiesvitiesvitiesvities. These are occur-ring throughout the region�from hotel construc-tion, to cars and buses driving along the beach.

2.4.42.4.42.4.42.4.42.4.4 Existing levels of tourism areExisting levels of tourism areExisting levels of tourism areExisting levels of tourism areExisting levels of tourism arealready causing social and economicalready causing social and economicalready causing social and economicalready causing social and economicalready causing social and economic

changes that have resulted inchanges that have resulted inchanges that have resulted inchanges that have resulted inchanges that have resulted incultural conflicts, shifts in thecultural conflicts, shifts in thecultural conflicts, shifts in thecultural conflicts, shifts in thecultural conflicts, shifts in theeconomic base of the area andeconomic base of the area andeconomic base of the area andeconomic base of the area andeconomic base of the area and

changes in land ownership patterns.changes in land ownership patterns.changes in land ownership patterns.changes in land ownership patterns.changes in land ownership patterns.

Tourism can create opportunities for cross-cultural exchange in which both residents andvisitors learn from and about each other. Unfor-tunately, the more typical result is cultural con-flict because visitors do not understand the localculture and/or behave inappropriately. The mostcommon problem has been tourists walkingaround villages without being properly dressed.While this problem appears to be under controlfor the moment, other, even more serious conflictshave started to arise. Cultural areas are being lost

or degraded by the influx of tourist facilities. Ex-amples include the destruction of grave sites,blockage of access to the coast for ritual and cul-tural activities, and the invasion of the Chwaka-Zanswede area. Other conflicts can be expectedto occur as tourism expands.

Tourism has created a new economic oppor-tunity. A significant and growing number of vil-lagers are taking advantage of new employmentopportunities. Local residents are being em-ployed for both hotel construction and operation.For example, in the Tamarine Beach Hotel in Uroa,there are about 50 workers, 48 of whom are fromZanzibar, including 20 from Uroa. Local residentstypically have low literacy rates and skill levels.Without training, they will not be able to take fulladvantage of increasing employment opportuni-ties. It is likely that Zanzibaris from outside thearea will be attracted to the area as tourism-re-lated job opportunities expand. There is alsogrowing concern that the cost of goods in the areais increasing due to the high demand for com-modities.

2.4.5 The expanding tourism2.4.5 The expanding tourism2.4.5 The expanding tourism2.4.5 The expanding tourism2.4.5 The expanding tourismindustry is creating increasedindustry is creating increasedindustry is creating increasedindustry is creating increasedindustry is creating increased

demand for infrastructure. There isdemand for infrastructure. There isdemand for infrastructure. There isdemand for infrastructure. There isdemand for infrastructure. There isprprprprpressuressuressuressuressure on the are on the are on the are on the are on the area�ea�ea�ea�ea�s naturals naturals naturals naturals natural

TTTTTable B-1 Deparable B-1 Deparable B-1 Deparable B-1 Deparable B-1 Department oftment oftment oftment oftment ofEnEnEnEnEnvirvirvirvirvironment Enonment Enonment Enonment Enonment EnvirvirvirvirvironmentalonmentalonmentalonmentalonmentalGuidelines for InvestorsGuidelines for InvestorsGuidelines for InvestorsGuidelines for InvestorsGuidelines for Investors

Topics Address:

- The Area - The Social Environment - Water Supply - Energy Supply - Sewage Disposal - Solid Waste Disposal - Construction Materials - Tourism Activities - Workers� Accomodations - Monitoring

36 Zanzibar ICAM

resources, potable water and land.resources, potable water and land.resources, potable water and land.resources, potable water and land.resources, potable water and land.This is beginning to result inThis is beginning to result inThis is beginning to result inThis is beginning to result inThis is beginning to result in

resource depletion, and competitionresource depletion, and competitionresource depletion, and competitionresource depletion, and competitionresource depletion, and competitionand use conflicts between theand use conflicts between theand use conflicts between theand use conflicts between theand use conflicts between the

villagers and hoteliers.villagers and hoteliers.villagers and hoteliers.villagers and hoteliers.villagers and hoteliers.

The onset of tourism is creating a good mar-ket for commodities such as shells, high-qualityseafood such as octopus and lobster, and build-ing materials such as poles, sand and coral. How-ever, this new market is adding to the overfish-ing problem, and putting additional pressure onboth the Chwaka mangrove forest and the area�scoastal thickets.

In this coastal area, freshwater is scarce.Bwejuu already has a potable water shortage.Tourists use far more water than village residentsso shortages are likely to get worse. New suppliesneed to be developed to supply both village resi-dents and the expanding hotel sector. Disputesover potable water have already been reportedin Uroa, where there is a conflict between the vil-lagers and a hotelier.

Some village residents have sold their landbelow market value and without fully under-standing the future consequences. Frequently,former land owners regret the sale of their landwhen they find themselves no longer able to getcoconuts for consumption or thatch for their roofs.

2.5 ADDRESSING USE2.5 ADDRESSING USE2.5 ADDRESSING USE2.5 ADDRESSING USE2.5 ADDRESSING USEC O N F L I C T SC O N F L I C T SC O N F L I C T SC O N F L I C T SC O N F L I C T S

2.5.1 Conflicts among uses exist in a2.5.1 Conflicts among uses exist in a2.5.1 Conflicts among uses exist in a2.5.1 Conflicts among uses exist in a2.5.1 Conflicts among uses exist in anumber of locations in the Chwakanumber of locations in the Chwakanumber of locations in the Chwakanumber of locations in the Chwakanumber of locations in the Chwaka

Bay and Paje Coast area. LargelyBay and Paje Coast area. LargelyBay and Paje Coast area. LargelyBay and Paje Coast area. LargelyBay and Paje Coast area. Largelythese are conflicts over the use ofthese are conflicts over the use ofthese are conflicts over the use ofthese are conflicts over the use ofthese are conflicts over the use ofspace and resources. The numberspace and resources. The numberspace and resources. The numberspace and resources. The numberspace and resources. The numberand intensity of such conflicts canand intensity of such conflicts canand intensity of such conflicts canand intensity of such conflicts canand intensity of such conflicts can

be expected to increase dramaticallybe expected to increase dramaticallybe expected to increase dramaticallybe expected to increase dramaticallybe expected to increase dramaticallyin the future as the tourism industryin the future as the tourism industryin the future as the tourism industryin the future as the tourism industryin the future as the tourism industry

expands.expands.expands.expands.expands.

During the last three years the number, in-tensity and variety of marine and beach users hasincreased and use conflicts have arisen in manyareas throughout the site (Map 9). This trend islikely to continue as the number of hotels and sizeof the local population continues to grow. Alreadyobservers report that use conflicts are on the rise.

Conflicts most often occur between hoteloperations and traditional village activities. Asthe interaction between these two different userscontinues to increase, so will the number and in-tensity of the use conflicts. The types of conflictswhich occur between these groups are summa-rised in Table C-1.

TTTTTable B-2able B-2able B-2able B-2able B-2ShorShorShorShorShorefrefrefrefrefront eront eront eront eront erosion,osion,osion,osion,osion, de de de de devvvvvelopment and setbacelopment and setbacelopment and setbacelopment and setbacelopment and setbacksksksksks

Erosion is a natural phenomena which can be made worse by human activitiessuch as shoreline modifications, construction of piers, seawalls and jetties, andsand or coral mining. Erosion becomes a problem when buildings and infrastruc-ture are sited too close to the shore and then becomes threatened by the sea. Zan-zibar, like other modern-thinking countries, has recognized this fact and the con-sequent need for adequate setbacks for shorefront construction. The resort devel-opment guidelines require a 30-m. setback on sandy shores; and a 10-m. setbackon rocky shores. These setbacks have frequently not been observed in either guesthouse or hotel construction and has resulted in erosion problems.

Zanzibar ICAM 37

38 Zanzibar ICAM

There are three locations where use conflictstend to arise.

Fishing groundsFishing groundsFishing groundsFishing groundsFishing grounds. Five years ago, the onlyuse of the nearshore reef was for fishing. Todaythis same area is being used for fishing and rec-reational activities. Recreational activities suchas diving are offered by many of the resort hotelsfor their customers. Some of the desired dive sitesare the same as those used by the village fisher-men. This has created conflict between the fish-ermen and the hotels about uses of those areas.

BeacBeacBeacBeacBeach arh arh arh arh areaseaseaseaseas. Traditionally, villagers havehad near-exclusive use of the beach. Because ofthe increased number of tourists using the area,conflicts are arising between villagers who want

to continue using the beach for traditional activi-ties�such as fish landing and coconut husk fer-mentation for rope making�and the tourists whorequire an open beach for sunbathing and otherrecreational activities. These activities are oftenincompatible and cannot easily coexist on thesame beach area.

InterInterInterInterIntertidal artidal artidal artidal artidal areaseaseaseaseas. The intertidal area is im-portant both for village use and for hotel activi-ties. Villagers use intertidal areas for seaweedfarming, boat mooring and reef gleaning. Hotelactivities include a growing number of recrea-tional uses such as sailing, jet skiing, snorkellingand swimming. These activities will increase asthe number of tourists visiting the beach hotelscontinues to rise. This will result in more intense

Zanzibar ICAM 39

2.62.62.62.62.6 INSTITUTIONAL ANDINSTITUTIONAL ANDINSTITUTIONAL ANDINSTITUTIONAL ANDINSTITUTIONAL ANDLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORK

2.6.1 Zanzibar has limited2.6.1 Zanzibar has limited2.6.1 Zanzibar has limited2.6.1 Zanzibar has limited2.6.1 Zanzibar has limitedinstitutional capacity andinstitutional capacity andinstitutional capacity andinstitutional capacity andinstitutional capacity and

inadequate structure for initiatinginadequate structure for initiatinginadequate structure for initiatinginadequate structure for initiatinginadequate structure for initiatingand coordinating an ICAMand coordinating an ICAMand coordinating an ICAMand coordinating an ICAMand coordinating an ICAM

programme.programme.programme.programme.programme.

pressure between the villages and the hotel op-erators for use of the intertidal areas.

There is also conflict between different sec-tors of a village and between villages. For exam-ple, as seaweed farming grows, the amount ofintertidal zone that is cultivated increases. Insome instances, growing seaweed beds have en-croached on existing fishing boat channels.

Conflicts also exist within sectors, such asbetween fishing and mangrove harvesting. Thesespecific sectoral conflicts are discussed withintheir respective sections of this document.

2.5.2 W2.5.2 W2.5.2 W2.5.2 W2.5.2 While district officials attempthile district officials attempthile district officials attempthile district officials attempthile district officials attemptto resolve conflicts on a case by caseto resolve conflicts on a case by caseto resolve conflicts on a case by caseto resolve conflicts on a case by caseto resolve conflicts on a case by casebasis, no management process existsbasis, no management process existsbasis, no management process existsbasis, no management process existsbasis, no management process existsfor collectively addressing existingfor collectively addressing existingfor collectively addressing existingfor collectively addressing existingfor collectively addressing existing

conflicts or avoiding new ones.conflicts or avoiding new ones.conflicts or avoiding new ones.conflicts or avoiding new ones.conflicts or avoiding new ones.

As conflicts arise they are dealt with on acase-by-case basis. Several government agencies(e.g., district and regional officers, Commissionfor Tourism, Commission for Lands and Devel-opment) are involved in attempting to resolve useconflicts. Depending upon the specific situation,a district officer is asked to intervene. Some con-flicts have been resolved, others have not. Theexisting process does not provide a mechanismfor avoiding conflicts before they occur. The dis-trict officer acts in a reactive manner and eachconflict is reviewed and decided separately. Otherconflicts may remain unresolved.

Zanzibar�s existing institutional frameworkis largely centralised and sectoral in nature. Theseinstitutions and policies have recently been re-viewed as part of the process for formulatingenvironmental legislation for Zanzibar (Bensted-Smith, 1995). The current situation is as follows.

NANANANANATIOTIOTIOTIOTIONNNNNAL LEVELAL LEVELAL LEVELAL LEVELAL LEVEL. At the national, central gov-ernment level, the activities of nearly all institu-tions affect the coastal area and its environment.While sectoral agencies recognise the importanceof coastal areas, few have adopted policies thatcan be used to enhance ICAM. There are, how-ever, a number of notable exceptions. The for-estry policy, which is still under preparation, andthe National Environmental Policy adopted in1992 both take an integrated approach to re-sources management. They call for the develop-ment of ICAM programmes within the frame-work of the overall land use plan. In pursuingthis policy, DOE has initiated this ICAM pro-gramme and is taking a coordinating role.However, neither DOE nor other institutions atthe national level have adequate capacity toundertake such an exercise on their own. To makeinitial progress, a multi-sectoral and disciplinaryteam has been set up to begin the process of ICAMin the area.

REGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVELREGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVELREGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVELREGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVELREGIONAL AND DISTRICT LEVEL. Sustain-able management of the coastal area to balanceenvironmental, social and development needs de-pends on having well-trained and well-equippedresource managers at lower levels of the manage-ment hierarchy, particularly at district levels.There is currently a lack of personnel with thetraining or experience in coastal area manage-ment. Some natural resource management sec-tors�such as fisheries, forestry and agriculture�have district officers. However, these officers arenot trained to deal with complex issues addressedby ICAM. In addition to the lack of capacity, thereis no mandate for managers at the regional or dis-trict level to use ICAM as a tool in resource man-agement.

COMMUNITY LEVELCOMMUNITY LEVELCOMMUNITY LEVELCOMMUNITY LEVELCOMMUNITY LEVEL. At the community level,there are government-administered councils thatare charged with formulating and implementingtheir local developments plans. In many cases,experience has shown that community involve-

40 Zanzibar ICAM

ment is very important for a successful ICAMprogramme. In Zanzibar, management structuresat the community level are new, and the staff lackthe necessary skills and experience to adequatelyprepare local plans. However, in most villages,Elders Councils have traditionally been used toresolve conflicts within and between villages. Butthis system is beginning to break down. Inaddition, Zanzibar lacks well-designed institu-tions and processes that ensure that civic tradi-tions are part of management regimes. Commu-nity involvement and serious participation in thedevelopment of local plans is critical but as yetunfacilitated. Very few non-governmental organi-sations (NGOs) have been established and mostthat have are mainly in the urban areas for reli-gious, charitable and educational purposes. Thereare only a few NGOs related to environment ingeneral and none for coastal issues in particular.

2.6.2 Overlapping jurisdictions of2.6.2 Overlapping jurisdictions of2.6.2 Overlapping jurisdictions of2.6.2 Overlapping jurisdictions of2.6.2 Overlapping jurisdictions ofvarious government agencies on thevarious government agencies on thevarious government agencies on thevarious government agencies on thevarious government agencies on the

coast has caused confusion aboutcoast has caused confusion aboutcoast has caused confusion aboutcoast has caused confusion aboutcoast has caused confusion aboutchannels of authority among them.channels of authority among them.channels of authority among them.channels of authority among them.channels of authority among them.

This often leads to competitionThis often leads to competitionThis often leads to competitionThis often leads to competitionThis often leads to competitionwith one anotherwith one anotherwith one anotherwith one anotherwith one another,,,,, diminishin diminishin diminishin diminishin diminishing theirg theirg theirg theirg theircapability to deal with the problemscapability to deal with the problemscapability to deal with the problemscapability to deal with the problemscapability to deal with the problemsand preventing coordinated action.and preventing coordinated action.and preventing coordinated action.and preventing coordinated action.and preventing coordinated action.

In Zanzibar, the government managescoastal resources sectorally, through different in-stitutions (Box L-1). The pilot area has a largemangrove forest which was declared a forest re-serve in 1965, and is managed by the Subcom-mission for Forestry. The management regimeconsists of closing and opening the forest for cut-ting on a rotation cycle of about 10 years. Fisher-ies and marine resources are managed by the Sub-commission for Fisheries, which registers and li-cences fishing vessels. In some villages some tra-ditional forms of management are used, such asthe closing and opening of fishing for some spe-cies, such as octopus.

The Commission for Lands and Environ-ment manages land use planning and land dis-tribution to various users and investors. It alsoguides environmental protection and resourceconservation. The Commission for Tourism pro-

vides standards for tourism development in thearea. Many other institutions, such as the Zanzi-bar Investment Promotion Agency, Regional andDistrict Councils and the Water Department, playdifferent and important roles in the developmentof the region.

Most of the institutions operate in their tra-ditionally sectoral fashion, often with limited co-ordination among them and inadequate integra-tion of their activities in the field. No agency isresponsible for taking a holistic view of resourcemanagement. This has led to limited develop-ment control on fast-growing activities, particu-larly tourism.

2.6.3 The existing legislation for the2.6.3 The existing legislation for the2.6.3 The existing legislation for the2.6.3 The existing legislation for the2.6.3 The existing legislation for thesectoral asectoral asectoral asectoral asectoral agggggencies that haencies that haencies that haencies that haencies that havvvvve an affe an affe an affe an affe an affectectectectecton coastal areas does not provide foron coastal areas does not provide foron coastal areas does not provide foron coastal areas does not provide foron coastal areas does not provide forICAM. Legislation for ICAM is inICAM. Legislation for ICAM is inICAM. Legislation for ICAM is inICAM. Legislation for ICAM is inICAM. Legislation for ICAM is in

its final stages of preparation as partits final stages of preparation as partits final stages of preparation as partits final stages of preparation as partits final stages of preparation as partof the Act to Manage theof the Act to Manage theof the Act to Manage theof the Act to Manage theof the Act to Manage the

Environment for SustainableEnvironment for SustainableEnvironment for SustainableEnvironment for SustainableEnvironment for SustainableDeDeDeDeDevvvvvelopment ofelopment ofelopment ofelopment ofelopment of Zanzibar Zanzibar Zanzibar Zanzibar Zanzibar.....

As there is no legal framework for ICAM,there is no overall authority responsible forcoastal area development and management. TheDOE, using its mandate as the advisory andcoordinating agency for environmentalprotection, has led a year-long process to prepareEnvironmental Legislation for Zanzibar . Withinthis legislation, Section 36 provides a clear legalbasis for ICAM planning and implementation.Other current legislation that effect coastal zonemanagement areshown in Box L-2.

2.6.4 Initiatives by community and2.6.4 Initiatives by community and2.6.4 Initiatives by community and2.6.4 Initiatives by community and2.6.4 Initiatives by community andnon-governmental groups are notnon-governmental groups are notnon-governmental groups are notnon-governmental groups are notnon-governmental groups are not

formally recognised by currentformally recognised by currentformally recognised by currentformally recognised by currentformally recognised by currentlegislation. Therefore, such groupslegislation. Therefore, such groupslegislation. Therefore, such groupslegislation. Therefore, such groupslegislation. Therefore, such groups

currently cannot be delegatedcurrently cannot be delegatedcurrently cannot be delegatedcurrently cannot be delegatedcurrently cannot be delegatedauthority to manage resourcesauthority to manage resourcesauthority to manage resourcesauthority to manage resourcesauthority to manage resources

dirdirdirdirdirectlectlectlectlectlyyyyy.....

There is limited consultation between gov-ernment institutions and community groups in

Zanzibar ICAM 41

developing and enforcing different formal man-agement regimes for coastal resource use anddevelopment. The traditional fisheries manage-ment that is practised by local communities is notincorporated in government regulations. Whileexisting forest regulations do not specifically al-low community involvement, the forestry policywhich is now being prepared recognises the im-portance of community involvement and pro-vides for it in a new policy focus. The govern-ment process for managing the rapidly expand-

ing tourism sector does not address the need forinvolving the people living or having an interestin the area in the decisionmaking or managementprocess. Such groups have no power to negoti-ate conditions under which tourism developmentshould be permitted and operated in order to pro-mote sustainable development, protect resourcesand minimise social impacts on the communities.

42 Zanzibar ICAM

Box L-2 Current Legislation that Affects CoastalBox L-2 Current Legislation that Affects CoastalBox L-2 Current Legislation that Affects CoastalBox L-2 Current Legislation that Affects CoastalBox L-2 Current Legislation that Affects CoastalZone ManagementZone ManagementZone ManagementZone ManagementZone Management

The Fisheries Regulation of 1993, issued under the Fisheries Act of 1988 which regulatesThe Fisheries Regulation of 1993, issued under the Fisheries Act of 1988 which regulatesThe Fisheries Regulation of 1993, issued under the Fisheries Act of 1988 which regulatesThe Fisheries Regulation of 1993, issued under the Fisheries Act of 1988 which regulatesThe Fisheries Regulation of 1993, issued under the Fisheries Act of 1988 which regulatesutilisation and conservation of marine resources.utilisation and conservation of marine resources.utilisation and conservation of marine resources.utilisation and conservation of marine resources.utilisation and conservation of marine resources.

Forest Reserve Decree of 1950, Chapter 120, of the Zanzibar laws, which regulates utilisationForest Reserve Decree of 1950, Chapter 120, of the Zanzibar laws, which regulates utilisationForest Reserve Decree of 1950, Chapter 120, of the Zanzibar laws, which regulates utilisationForest Reserve Decree of 1950, Chapter 120, of the Zanzibar laws, which regulates utilisationForest Reserve Decree of 1950, Chapter 120, of the Zanzibar laws, which regulates utilisationand conservation of the forest.and conservation of the forest.and conservation of the forest.and conservation of the forest.and conservation of the forest.

The current legal basis for tourism development control consists of four laws:The current legal basis for tourism development control consists of four laws:The current legal basis for tourism development control consists of four laws:The current legal basis for tourism development control consists of four laws:The current legal basis for tourism development control consists of four laws:

I .I .I .I .I . The Town and Country Planning Act (Chapter 85) of 1955. The Act gives comprehen-sive directives. It includes provisions for:

�Designation for planning areas, appointment of planning authorities and guide-lines for the planning process.�

�Control of development via permit system in accordance with the relevant plan.�

�Enforcement of plans, including alteration or demolition of buildings constructedin contravention of the plan.�

II .I I .I I .I I .I I . Zanzibar Investment Promotion Act Number 2 of 1986, which regulates the incentiveprotection.

III .I I I .I I I .I I I .I I I . The Commission for Lands and Environment Act of 1989, which deal with all mattersrelated to land use and conservation of the environment.

IVIVIVIVIV..... The establishment of the District and Town Councils Act of 1994. This act specifies thefunctions of the District Councils:

�To formulate, coordinate and supervise the implementation of the plans for theeconomic, commercial, industrial and social development.�

�To make by-laws applicable throughout its area of jurisdiction.�

�To consider, regulate and coordinate developments plans, projects and programsof villages and township councils within its area of jurisdiction.�

Zanzibar ICAM 43


This chapter outlines an institutional frame-work and recommends management strategieswhich, when implemented, will make substan-tial progress towards solving the coastal manage-ment issues in the Chwaka Bay-Paje area. By test-ing the proposed framework and strategies in thearea, valuable experience and lessons can also belearned, then adapted and applied at the nationallevel.

MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVESMANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVESMANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVESMANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVESMANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

� Maintain the coastal resource base on whichthe economy depends.

- Foster the sustainable use and conser-vation of critical coastal ecosystems andhabitats such as mangroves, coral reefs,seagrass beds, beaches, coastal thickets,water resources, palm fringe and cul-tural areas.

� Sustain and enhance village economies.

- - - - - Halt the decline of fish populations andmaintain catches at sustainable levelsin order to maintain fishing as a viablelivelihood for village residents.

- Formally establish seaweed farming asa protected use of coastal waters to en-sure its viability and sustain its contri-bution to village economies.

- Achieve sustainable harvest of Chwakamangrove forest for the villages that

maintain a high dependency on theforest

- Encourage non-consumptive uses of theresource base.

� Encourage environmentally and culturallysensitive tourism development within thearea which benefits both the local residentsand the nation.

- Maintain a tourism industry within thelimits of the area�s environmental car-rying capacity.

- Mitigate environmental and culturalimpacts from tourism.

- Ensure that local residents benefit fromtourism development.

� Foster harmonious relationships betweenand among non-traditional and traditionalactivities.

- Enhance local participation in planningand management activities.

- Create and support institutional mecha-nisms that will fully incorporate localgoals and concerns into decisionmak-ing.

- Increase awareness within villages ofcoastal issues and their consequences.

- Encourage dialogue between resourceusers to resolve conflicts.


TOTOTOTOTOWWWWWARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRATED COTED COTED COTED COTED COASTASTASTASTASTALALALALALAREA MANAGEMENT IN THEAREA MANAGEMENT IN THEAREA MANAGEMENT IN THEAREA MANAGEMENT IN THEAREA MANAGEMENT IN THE

CHWCHWCHWCHWCHWAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAKA BAAAAAYYYYY-P-P-P-P-PAJEAJEAJEAJEAJEDEMODEMODEMODEMODEMONSTRANSTRANSTRANSTRANSTRATIOTIOTIOTIOTION AREAN AREAN AREAN AREAN AREA

44 Zanzibar ICAM

�Acquire and use the best possible informa-tion for management decisions.

- Support research studies relevant tomanagement of the area.

�Utilise and build upon existing laws, poli-cies, regulations, institutions and experienceto achieve ICAM goals and objectives.

- Enforce existing laws which protect theresource base.

- Coordinate ICAM activities with ongo-ing projects and activities at the area.

- Regularly exchange information withsimilar projects in Zanzibar and else-where to gain and apply lessons.

3.2 INSTITUTIONAL3.2 INSTITUTIONAL3.2 INSTITUTIONAL3.2 INSTITUTIONAL3.2 INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK FORFRAMEWORK FORFRAMEWORK FORFRAMEWORK FORFRAMEWORK FORI M P L E M E N TI M P L E M E N TI M P L E M E N TI M P L E M E N TI M P L E M E N TAAAAAT I OT I OT I OT I OT I O NNNNN

To achieve the above goals and objectives,coordinated action is required by government,village residents and the private sector. No groupcurrently exists which includes the necessary rep-resentation nor has the geographic mandate toaddress the set of problems existing at the area inan integrated manner. Therefore, the followingrecommendations are proposed.

3.2.1. Area Designation3.2.1. Area Designation3.2.1. Area Designation3.2.1. Area Designation3.2.1. Area Designation

The Chwaka Bay-Paje area should be desig-nated as a coastal area for integrated multi-sectoral planning with boundaries as shown onMap 2. This area is not a legal definition but ageneral delineation which is being used forplanning purposes. The Chwaka Bay-Paje areais considered an important coastal area forintegrated multi-sectoral planning because it has:

- Significant environmental value.

- Intensive human activity of significanteconomic and social value.

This area also experiences many of the criti-cal coastal issues faced in many other areas ofZanzibar�incorporating a rapidly expanding in-ternational tourism industry within an area com-prised of traditional villages in a manner thatbenefits the local people and the nation. Man-agement approaches and techniques developedhere will be useful in other locations.

3.2.2. Planning and Management3.2.2. Planning and Management3.2.2. Planning and Management3.2.2. Planning and Management3.2.2. Planning and ManagementCommitteeCommitteeCommitteeCommitteeCommittee

A Coastal Resource Management Commit-tee (CRMC) for the Chwaka Bay-Paje area shouldbe established. The CRMC should include repre-sentatives from local and national government,village stakeholders and private interests (Box 1).The CRMC will guide all coastal management ac-tivities within the area in cooperation with localgovernments, national agencies and private sec-tor stakeholders. The CRMC, with the assistanceof the Secretariat and appointed subcommittees,will be responsible for completing the planningand action strategies outlined in this report. Par-ticipation on the CRMC and any appointed sub-committees should be without remuneration.

SubcommitteesSubcommitteesSubcommitteesSubcommitteesSubcommittees. The CRMC chair shall ap-point subcommittees as needed to complete theICAM plan as described in 3.3.1. At a minimum,it is recommended that subcommittees be formedfor:

- Critical habitats- Fisheries- Seaweed farming- Mangrove management- Tourism

The proposed subcommittees correspond tothe elements of the proposed ICAM strategy.Each subcommittee should include local repre-sentatives from the relevant economic sectors ofeach affected village; appropriate representationfrom national, regional and district governmentsagencies such as Subcommission of Fisheries,Subcommission of Forestry; and members ofother relevant CRMC subcommittees. The sub-committee members will select one local mem-ber to represent them on the full committee.

Zanzibar ICAM 45

Box C-1 Recommended MembersBox C-1 Recommended MembersBox C-1 Recommended MembersBox C-1 Recommended MembersBox C-1 Recommended Membersfffffor the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resources Manaces Manaces Manaces Manaces Managggggement Committeeement Committeeement Committeeement Committeeement Committee

� Regional Administrative Officer

� Regional Planning Officer

� District Officers, Central and Southern District

� DoE (Director or designee)

� IMS (Director or designee)

� Subcommission for Forestry (Director or designee)

� Subcommission for Fisheries (Director or designee)

� Integrated Planning Unit of COLE (Chief Regional Planner)

� Representative of the hotel industry in the Chwaka Bay-Paje Area

� Shehas and one village elder from Chwaka, Uroa, Michamvi, Bwejuu, Ukongoroni,

Charawe, Paje and Marumbi

� Local representative from the fishing industry

� Local representative from the seaweed farmer industry (woman)

� Local representative from the mangrove cutters

� District Officers representing women and youth

� Other public or private sector members as deemed appropriate by the CRMC

Chairmanship and SecretariatChairmanship and SecretariatChairmanship and SecretariatChairmanship and SecretariatChairmanship and Secretariat. The CRMCwill be chaired by a member elected by the mem-bers in the first meeting. DOE will provide in-terim Secretariat support to the CRMC. Withinthe first year, the CRMC will select a permanentSecretariat which DOE will support . The chair-man will call and conduct a meeting at least bi-monthly, and more frequently if deemed neces-sary. The chair is responsible for committee meet-ings, and ensuring that the necessary action iscompleted in a satisfactorily and timely manner.The secretariat�including a full time DOE repre-sentative located at the area�will provide supportto the CRMC. Support will include the coordina-tion of meetings, technical assistance to the CRMCand subcommittee members during the imple-mentation of assigned actions.

3.3 STRA3.3 STRA3.3 STRA3.3 STRA3.3 STRATEGIES FORTEGIES FORTEGIES FORTEGIES FORTEGIES FORADDRESSING COADDRESSING COADDRESSING COADDRESSING COADDRESSING COASTASTASTASTASTALALALALALMANAGEMENT ISSUESMANAGEMENT ISSUESMANAGEMENT ISSUESMANAGEMENT ISSUESMANAGEMENT ISSUES

IN THE AREAIN THE AREAIN THE AREAIN THE AREAIN THE AREA

3.3.1 The Chwaka Bay-Paje3.3.1 The Chwaka Bay-Paje3.3.1 The Chwaka Bay-Paje3.3.1 The Chwaka Bay-Paje3.3.1 The Chwaka Bay-PajeICAM PlanICAM PlanICAM PlanICAM PlanICAM Plan

Building from this ICAM strategy, the ICAMplan will provide a coordinated approach to man-aging the Chwaka Bay-Paje ecosystem that ad-dresses the dominant land and water use issuesaffecting the local population. In developing theICAM plan, the CRMC should ensure that theplan:

46 Zanzibar ICAM

- Is prepared through appropriate publicconsultation and in collaboration withother responsible institutions.

- Is built from existing plans and takesinto account other relevant nationalplans, especially those which apply tonatural resources in the coastal area.

- Allocates the costs and benefits of inte-grated coastal area management in amanner considered equitable by theresident and non-resident users of thecoastal environment or their repre-sentatives.

- Reconciles existing uses of the coastalenvironment.

- Is reviewed on a continual basis.

The plan will include the following elements.

Sustaining and Enhancing the Quality ofSustaining and Enhancing the Quality ofSustaining and Enhancing the Quality ofSustaining and Enhancing the Quality ofSustaining and Enhancing the Quality ofVVVVVillaillaillaillaillaggggge Life Life Life Life Lifeeeee..... Formulate an element which ad-dresses how development and management ac-tivities as defined through other plan elements,will be applied to maintain and enhance villagelife including:

- Infrastructure- Livelihood and opportunities- Eucation and culture

Conservation of Critical Habitats.Conservation of Critical Habitats.Conservation of Critical Habitats.Conservation of Critical Habitats.Conservation of Critical Habitats.Formulate a conservation scheme for criticalhabitats which promotes the non-consumptiveuse of coastal and marine resources by:

- Establishing guidelines and a framework for designating and managing conservation areas.

- Using the established framework andguidelines to create and manage a pi-lot nature conservation area which ob-tains sufficient revenue to be self-sus-taining and provide benefits to the com-munity.

Fisheries ManagementFisheries ManagementFisheries ManagementFisheries ManagementFisheries Management. Formulate afisheries management and development elementfor Chwaka Bay-Paje area that addresses topicssuch as:

- Inshore and offshore stock assessmentand management, including ongoingmonitoring.

- Traditional village use areas/conflictsbetween villages.

- Exploitation issues, including seasonalfishing, illegal gear and separation ofdifferent fishing activities that result inhabitat destruction and conflicts.

- The need for improved Extension Serv-ices and education to fishing commu-nities.

- Realistic enforcement schemes, includ-ing the potential role of community-based enforcement.

- Utilising community-based manage-ment strategies as a mechanism for ad-dressing multiple fisheries and habitatissues.

- Feasibility of exploiting offshore fisher-ies, and the potential impact of intro-ducing more efficient gear to the in-shore fishery.

- The need to improve seaworthiness offishing vessels through credit programsor use of import duties, and the impacta program such as this will have on fu-ture fishing effort and stocks.

- Facilitate the introduction and controlof new fishing techniques (e.g., mari-culture).

- Management of endangered speciessuch as sea turtles.

Seaweed Farming, Zoning and Manage-Seaweed Farming, Zoning and Manage-Seaweed Farming, Zoning and Manage-Seaweed Farming, Zoning and Manage-Seaweed Farming, Zoning and Manage-mentmentmentmentment. Formulate a pilot seaweed managementelement and zoning scheme. The planning proc-ess will:

Zanzibar ICAM 47

- Involve villagers and hoteliers in iden-tifying and designating seaweed farm-ing zones.

- Establish seaweed farming zones thatare recognised by farmers, fishermen,hoteliers and other coastal users.

- Establish and implement �most appro-priate� farming practices for activitiesthat occur within these zones to mini-mise known environmental impacts.

- Actively involve villagers in manage-ment of seaweed farming activities in-cluding allocation of plots.

- Investigate how to give legal rights toseaweed farmers for their plots.

- Improve profitability of seaweed farm-ing by identifying intermediate prod-ucts that villagers can produce.

Mangrove Forest and Coastal ThicketMangrove Forest and Coastal ThicketMangrove Forest and Coastal ThicketMangrove Forest and Coastal ThicketMangrove Forest and Coastal ThicketManaManaManaManaManagggggementementementementement. Formulate a comprehensive forestmanagement element that will:

- Inventory the standing stock ofmangroves and determine appropriatelevels of allowable cut.

- Increase community awareness of theissues pertaining to mangrove use.

- Involve communities in mangrove man-agement, perhaps building upon tradi-tional management activities.

- Improve effectiveness of law enforce-ment for illegal cutting.

- Promote non-timber uses of mangroves.

- Consider how to reduce demand formangrove products from the area.

- Address how economic, non-consump-tive uses of mangroves can be encour-

aged, including ecotourism develop-ments designed to benefit local commu-nities.

- Halt degradation of coastal thickets.

Sustainable Tourism ManaSustainable Tourism ManaSustainable Tourism ManaSustainable Tourism ManaSustainable Tourism Managggggement.ement.ement.ement.ement. De-velop a management system which will guidesustainable tourism in the area. Componentsshould include:

- Specific development guidelines whichdefine and require best managementand mitigation practices to addresspotential tourism impacts including:

� Water supply (quality and quantity)� Waste management� Rehabilitation of degraded habitats� Erosion control

- A review of the potential of a tax incen-tive system for �environmentallyfriendly� hotel and other tourist opera-tions.

- Local regulations to properly managetourist behaviour. The regulationsshould include mechanisms that en-sure activities that are not compatiblewith tourist and/or village activities arelocated in mutually agreeable locations,and also minimise environmental deg-radation.

- A �user pays� revenue generation sys-tem wherein revenues generated fromthe tourism industry are used in partto help meet village needs.

- Recommendations for strengtheningDOE and other governmental agencies�capacity to review and impose condi-tions on tourism developments.

- Local plans for all villages that addressthe opportunities and potential impactsof tourism growth on the village.

48 Zanzibar ICAM

Action BAction BAction BAction BAction B. Create a sustained education cam-paign that will increase the awareness of touristsabout local culture and traditions. It should alsobe designed to increase awareness of villagersabout the impact of tourism on their social andeconomic status, and on the importance of a goodenvironment for tourism.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisation: anisation: anisation: anisation: anisation: Commission fCommission fCommission fCommission fCommission for Tourismor Tourismor Tourismor Tourismor TourismCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisations: HotelierHotelierHotelierHotelierHoteliersssss,,,,, Tour Tour Tour Tour TourOperators, Local Government, Commission forOperators, Local Government, Commission forOperators, Local Government, Commission forOperators, Local Government, Commission forOperators, Local Government, Commission forLands and EnvironmentLands and EnvironmentLands and EnvironmentLands and EnvironmentLands and Environment

IMPROIMPROIMPROIMPROIMPROVED INFORMAVED INFORMAVED INFORMAVED INFORMAVED INFORMATIOTIOTIOTIOTION ABOUT THEN ABOUT THEN ABOUT THEN ABOUT THEN ABOUT THEAREAAREAAREAAREAAREA. . . . . Establish a baseline and monitorinformation on the coastal habitats usingindicators/protocols that: are rapid to assess andsalient to key stakeholders; utilise resource usersfor data acquisition; can be easily repeated; and,can be used to measure change and on whichfuture management decisions can be based. Anynew monitoring programme should seek to utiliseor enhance existing monitoring programs.

Initial Action AInitial Action AInitial Action AInitial Action AInitial Action A. A pilot, participatory moni-toring protocol for environmental, economic andsocial parameters is being developed and testedin the pilot area.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: PlanninPlanninPlanninPlanninPlanning Commissiong Commissiong Commissiong Commissiong CommissionCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartments oftments oftments oftments oftments ofEnEnEnEnEnvirvirvirvirvironment and Foronment and Foronment and Foronment and Foronment and Forestrestrestrestrestryyyyy,,,,, Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Govvvvvererererernment,nment,nment,nment,nment,Social WSocial WSocial WSocial WSocial Welfarelfarelfarelfarelfareeeee,,,,, Institute of Institute of Institute of Institute of Institute of Marine Science Marine Science Marine Science Marine Science Marine Science,,,,,Subcommission for AgricultureSubcommission for AgricultureSubcommission for AgricultureSubcommission for AgricultureSubcommission for Agriculture

Action BAction BAction BAction BAction B. Focus the efforts of existing or pro-posed monitoring projects on the demonstrationarea to elicit and record feedback from all stake-holders on the area�s condition and use, and theeffects of management.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of En En En En Envirvirvirvirvironmentonmentonmentonmentonmentand COLEand COLEand COLEand COLEand COLECooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisations: Subcommission fSubcommission fSubcommission fSubcommission fSubcommission forororororAgAgAgAgAgriculturriculturriculturriculturricultureeeee,,,,, Subcommission f Subcommission f Subcommission f Subcommission f Subcommission for Foror Foror Foror Foror Forestrestrestrestrestryyyyy,,,,, Institute Institute Institute Institute Instituteof Marine Science, Ministry of Informationof Marine Science, Ministry of Informationof Marine Science, Ministry of Informationof Marine Science, Ministry of Informationof Marine Science, Ministry of InformationCulturCulturCulturCulturCulture Tourism and Ye Tourism and Ye Tourism and Ye Tourism and Ye Tourism and Youth,outh,outh,outh,outh, Depar Depar Depar Depar Department oftment oftment oftment oftment of Lands Lands Lands Lands Landsand Urban Planningand Urban Planningand Urban Planningand Urban Planningand Urban Planning

Action CAction CAction CAction CAction C. Complete a study of the area thatdetails the area�s carrying capacity in terms ofwater supply, infrastructure support and environ-mental constraints.

Land Use Plan and ZoninLand Use Plan and ZoninLand Use Plan and ZoninLand Use Plan and ZoninLand Use Plan and Zoninggggg..... Create a zon-ing scheme for the area that:

- Establishes uses zones that allow for thecoexistence of different activities.

- Designates specific areas for traditionaland non-traditional activities (e.g., ropemaking, sunbathing and seaweed farm-ing).

- Marks transit areas for fishermen to usewhile operating between landing sitesand fishing grounds.

- Develops mechanisms for marking sea-weed farming plots.

- Develops mechanisms for marking vil-lage boundaries.

3.3.2 Shor3.3.2 Shor3.3.2 Shor3.3.2 Shor3.3.2 Short- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-TermmmmmAction Strategies.Action Strategies.Action Strategies.Action Strategies.Action Strategies.

The problems of Chwaka Bay-Paje are rap-idly getting more severe. While more detailedplanning is essential for creating sustainable so-lutions to problems, there are essential short-termactions that can and must be taken now. The fol-lowing actions have been identified through in-teraction with the local and national stakehold-ers during the process of identifying the coastalmanagement issues in the demonstration area.Initial actions are already in the process of beingimplemented by the ICAM project planning teamled by DOE.

PUBLIC AWPUBLIC AWPUBLIC AWPUBLIC AWPUBLIC AWARENESSARENESSARENESSARENESSARENESS..... Reduce environmentaldegradation by improving awareness among vil-lagers, tourists, hoteliers and government officialsabout the importance and fragility of critical habi-tat systems in the demonstration area.

Action AAction AAction AAction AAction A. A video about the Chwaka Bay-Paje area is being produced that emphasises theconnection between the natural resource base andthe sustainable development of the area.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of En En En En EnvirvirvirvirvironmentonmentonmentonmentonmentCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: Institute ofInstitute ofInstitute ofInstitute ofInstitute of Marine Marine Marine Marine MarineScience, Commission for Natural Resources,Science, Commission for Natural Resources,Science, Commission for Natural Resources,Science, Commission for Natural Resources,Science, Commission for Natural Resources,Department of Information, Local CommissionDepartment of Information, Local CommissionDepartment of Information, Local CommissionDepartment of Information, Local CommissionDepartment of Information, Local Commission

Zanzibar ICAM 49

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of En En En En Envirvirvirvirvironmentonmentonmentonmentonmentand COLEand COLEand COLEand COLEand COLECooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of W W W W Wateraterateraterater,,,,,DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy,,,,, Depar Depar Depar Depar Department oftment oftment oftment oftment ofCommunication,Communication,Communication,Communication,Communication, Depar Depar Depar Depar Department oftment oftment oftment oftment of Tourism, Tourism, Tourism, Tourism, Tourism, Institute Institute Institute Institute Instituteof Marine Science, Department of Agriculture,of Marine Science, Department of Agriculture,of Marine Science, Department of Agriculture,of Marine Science, Department of Agriculture,of Marine Science, Department of Agriculture,Integrated Planning UnitIntegrated Planning UnitIntegrated Planning UnitIntegrated Planning UnitIntegrated Planning Unit

IMPROIMPROIMPROIMPROIMPROVE COMMUNITY INVVE COMMUNITY INVVE COMMUNITY INVVE COMMUNITY INVVE COMMUNITY INVOLOLOLOLOLVEMENT INVEMENT INVEMENT INVEMENT INVEMENT INPLPLPLPLPLANNING AND DECISIOANNING AND DECISIOANNING AND DECISIOANNING AND DECISIOANNING AND DECISIONMAKINGNMAKINGNMAKINGNMAKINGNMAKING. Asthe tourism industry expands in the area, ensurecommunity involvement in the decisionmakingprocess.

Action AAction AAction AAction AAction A. Increase local input, specificallythe Shehas, into the planning and developmentof tourism facilities by providing Sheha trainingand technical support to local governments on theproper design, siting and management of touristfacilities.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: Local GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal GovvvvvererererernmentnmentnmentnmentnmentCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: Commission fCommission fCommission fCommission fCommission forororororTourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism, Hotelier Hotelier Hotelier Hotelier Hoteliersssss,,,,, Depar Depar Depar Depar Department oftment oftment oftment oftment of Lands Lands Lands Lands Lands,,,,, Plannin Plannin Plannin Plannin PlanningggggCommission, Department of Environment,Commission, Department of Environment,Commission, Department of Environment,Commission, Department of Environment,Commission, Department of Environment,Subcommission for Agriculture, IntegratedSubcommission for Agriculture, IntegratedSubcommission for Agriculture, IntegratedSubcommission for Agriculture, IntegratedSubcommission for Agriculture, IntegratedPlanning UnitPlanning UnitPlanning UnitPlanning UnitPlanning Unit

Action BAction BAction BAction BAction B. A DOE officer, in conjunction withthe CRMC, should connect with other relevantagencies/communities and monitor tourism de-velopments.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of En En En En EnvirvirvirvirvironmentonmentonmentonmentonmentCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisations: Commission fCommission fCommission fCommission fCommission forororororTourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism, Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Govvvvvererererernment,nment,nment,nment,nment, Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission forororororNatural Resources, CommunitiesNatural Resources, CommunitiesNatural Resources, CommunitiesNatural Resources, CommunitiesNatural Resources, Communities

MEET THE COMMUNITIES� BASIC NEEDSMEET THE COMMUNITIES� BASIC NEEDSMEET THE COMMUNITIES� BASIC NEEDSMEET THE COMMUNITIES� BASIC NEEDSMEET THE COMMUNITIES� BASIC NEEDSAND INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC BEN-AND INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC BEN-AND INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC BEN-AND INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC BEN-AND INCREASE THEIR ECONOMIC BEN-EFITS FROM TOURISMEFITS FROM TOURISMEFITS FROM TOURISMEFITS FROM TOURISMEFITS FROM TOURISM..... As the tourismindustry expands in the area, ensure that villageneeds for basic services and infrastructure aremet, and that villagers directly benefit from eco-nomic growth.

Action AAction AAction AAction AAction A. Promote village participation ineconomic activities associated with the tourismindustry (e.g., institute an education program forfishermen about profitable involvement intourism activities).

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: Local GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal Govvvvvererererernmentnmentnmentnmentnment

CooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment ofEnEnEnEnEnvirvirvirvirvironment,onment,onment,onment,onment, Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission for Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism, Plannin Plannin Plannin Plannin Planninggggg,,,,,Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture and Livestock, DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture and Livestock, DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture and Livestock, DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture and Livestock, Departmentof Cultureof Cultureof Cultureof Cultureof Culture

Action BAction BAction BAction BAction B. Expand efforts to provide basicinfrastructure, especially for village use.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: MinistrMinistrMinistrMinistrMinistry ofy ofy ofy ofy of State Plannin State Plannin State Plannin State Plannin State PlanningggggCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisations: State Fuel and PoState Fuel and PoState Fuel and PoState Fuel and PoState Fuel and PowwwwwerererererCooperation, Communication, Local Government,Cooperation, Communication, Local Government,Cooperation, Communication, Local Government,Cooperation, Communication, Local Government,Cooperation, Communication, Local Government,DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of W W W W Wateraterateraterater,,,,, Depar Depar Depar Depar Department oftment oftment oftment oftment of Lands Lands Lands Lands Lands,,,,,Department of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forTourismTourismTourismTourismTourism

Action CAction CAction CAction CAction C. Support and strengthen the En-vironmental Impact Assessment process for tour-ism resorts that will protect the area from activi-ties which are likely to have a significant impacton the environment and the local communities.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisation: DeparDeparDeparDeparDepartment oftment oftment oftment oftment of En En En En EnvirvirvirvirvironmentonmentonmentonmentonmentCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationsanisationsanisationsanisationsanisations: Commission fCommission fCommission fCommission fCommission forororororTourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism,Tourism, Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Go Local Govvvvvererererernment,nment,nment,nment,nment, Institute of Institute of Institute of Institute of Institute of Marine Marine Marine Marine MarineScienceScienceScienceScienceScience,,,,, Zanzibar In Zanzibar In Zanzibar In Zanzibar In Zanzibar Invvvvvestorestorestorestorestors Prs Prs Prs Prs Promotion Agomotion Agomotion Agomotion Agomotion Agencencencencencyyyyy,,,,,Department of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forDepartment of Environment, Commission forNatural ResourcesNatural ResourcesNatural ResourcesNatural ResourcesNatural Resources

INCREASE DIALOGUE AMONG CON-INCREASE DIALOGUE AMONG CON-INCREASE DIALOGUE AMONG CON-INCREASE DIALOGUE AMONG CON-INCREASE DIALOGUE AMONG CON-FLICTING USERS TO FOSTER COOPERA-FLICTING USERS TO FOSTER COOPERA-FLICTING USERS TO FOSTER COOPERA-FLICTING USERS TO FOSTER COOPERA-FLICTING USERS TO FOSTER COOPERA-TIOTIOTIOTIOTIONNNNN. As the number of users continues to risein the demonstration area, cooperative effortsfor minimising user conflicts must be devel-oped and implemented.

Action AAction AAction AAction AAction A. Conduct regular meetings among:

- Hoteliers, seaweed farmers and fisher-men to address their specific concerns.

- Hoteliers and villagers that leads to aprocess for formulating agreementsover resource use and compensation.

- Hoteliers and seaweed farmers to ad-dress their specific concerns.

Lead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead OrgLead Organisation: anisation: anisation: anisation: anisation: Local GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal GoLocal GovvvvvererererernmentsnmentsnmentsnmentsnmentsCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperatinCooperating Orgg Orgg Orgg Orgg Organisationanisationanisationanisationanisations: AttorAttorAttorAttorAttorneneneneney General�y General�y General�y General�y General�sssssChamberChamberChamberChamberChamber,,,,, Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission for Natural Resouror Natural Resouror Natural Resouror Natural Resouror Natural Resourcescescescesces,,,,,HotelierHotelierHotelierHotelierHoteliersssss,,,,, Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission f Commission for Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism,or Tourism,Subcommission for Agriculture, SeaweedSubcommission for Agriculture, SeaweedSubcommission for Agriculture, SeaweedSubcommission for Agriculture, SeaweedSubcommission for Agriculture, SeaweedCompanies, Department of Environment, ZanzibarCompanies, Department of Environment, ZanzibarCompanies, Department of Environment, ZanzibarCompanies, Department of Environment, ZanzibarCompanies, Department of Environment, ZanzibarInvestors Promotion AgencyInvestors Promotion AgencyInvestors Promotion AgencyInvestors Promotion AgencyInvestors Promotion Agency

50 Zanzibar ICAM

A N N E XA N N E XA N N E XA N N E XA N N E X

TOTOTOTOTOWWWWWARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRAARDS INTEGRATED MANTED MANTED MANTED MANTED MANAAAAAGEMENTGEMENTGEMENTGEMENTGEMENTAND SUSTAND SUSTAND SUSTAND SUSTAND SUSTAINAINAINAINAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OFABLE DEVELOPMENT OFABLE DEVELOPMENT OFABLE DEVELOPMENT OFABLE DEVELOPMENT OF

ZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBZANZIBAR�S COAR�S COAR�S COAR�S COAR�S COASTASTASTASTAST: : : : : NANANANANATIOTIOTIOTIOTIONNNNNAL WORKSHOPAL WORKSHOPAL WORKSHOPAL WORKSHOPAL WORKSHOPREEF HOTEL; MARCH 11-13,REEF HOTEL; MARCH 11-13,REEF HOTEL; MARCH 11-13,REEF HOTEL; MARCH 11-13,REEF HOTEL; MARCH 11-13, 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996

B A C K G R O U N DB A C K G R O U N DB A C K G R O U N DB A C K G R O U N DB A C K G R O U N D

Over one hundred participants from national government agencies, local government, local vil-lages, research institutes and the private sector, along with international representatives, attended thenational workshop, Towards Integrated Management and Sustainable Development of Zanzibar�s Coast.

The Workshop was convened by and a draft document, Towards Integrated Management andSustainable Development of Zanzibar�s Coast: Initial Findings and Recommendations for an Action Strategy inthe Chwaka Bay-Paje Area, developed by an Interagency Planning Team led by the Department ofEnvironment, and consisting of individuals from the Subcommissions of Fisheries and Forestry,Commission of Lands and the Environment, and Institute of Marine Sciences. The planning teambegan work in September, 1994, and has been engaged in reviewing information and holdingconsultations with village residents, hoteliers and local and national agencies to clearly identifypertinent issues, reach consensus on management objectives and begin to develop strategies to addressthe coastal management issues in the Chwaka Bay-Paje Area.

P U R P O S EP U R P O S EP U R P O S EP U R P O S EP U R P O S E

The purpose of the National Workshop was to:

RRRRRaise aaise aaise aaise aaise awwwwwarararararenessenessenessenesseness and contribute to a dialogue in Zanzibar about how government, in partner-ship with local communities and the private sector, can carry out integrated planning and manage-ment for coastal resources and regions.

Review the draft documentReview the draft documentReview the draft documentReview the draft documentReview the draft document.

ReacReacReacReacReach consensush consensush consensush consensush consensus on next steps for ICAM at the demonstration area.

A C T I O N SA C T I O N SA C T I O N SA C T I O N SA C T I O N S

The National Workshop on Integrated Coastal Area Management:

Reviewed Reviewed Reviewed Reviewed Reviewed the draft document, and further:

ConsiderConsiderConsiderConsiderConsiderededededed the presentations, remarks and views expressed at the seminar;

DiscussedDiscussedDiscussedDiscussedDiscussed the recommendations in the Action Strategy in the Chwaka-Paje Area ;

Zanzibar ICAM 51

Box 1 Recommended MembersBox 1 Recommended MembersBox 1 Recommended MembersBox 1 Recommended MembersBox 1 Recommended Membersfffffor the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resouror the Coastal Resources Manaces Manaces Manaces Manaces Managggggement Committeeement Committeeement Committeeement Committeeement Committee

� Regional Administrative Officer

� Regional Planning Officer

� District Officers, Central and Southern District

� DOE (Director or designee)

� IMS (Director or designee)

� Subcommission for Forestry (Director or designee)

� Subcommission for Fisheries (Director or designee)

� Integrated Planning Unit of COLE (Chief Regional Planner)

� Representative of the hotel industry in the Chwaka Bay-Paje Area

� Shehas and one village elder from Chwaka, Uroa, Michamvi, Bwejuu,

Ukongoroni, Charawe, Paje and Marumbi

� Local representative from the fishing industry

� Local representative from the seaweed farmer industry (woman)

� Local representative from the mangrove cutters

� District Officers representing women and youth

� Other public or private sector members as deemed appropriate by the CRMC

FoundFoundFoundFoundFound there is a need for Integrated Coastal Management (ICAM) at the area; and,

EndorEndorEndorEndorEndorsedsedsedsedsed creation of a Coastal Resource Management Committee (CRMC) for Chwaka Bay-Paje area with membership as listed in Box 1.

The National Workshop also recommended that:

The first meeting of the CRMC be conducted as soon as possible and be held in the area.

The CRMC Chairman be elected by the members at the first meeting.

Terms of reference, elaborating on the action agenda included in the document (Box 2), and speci- fying CRMC operating procedures, be prepared.

Department of Environment serve as the CRMC�s Secretariat.

Lead and cooperating agency assignments be developed for each endorsed action item.

The CRMC seek Zanzibar Government support for implementation.

The CRMC and their Secretariat continue to use and share ICAM experience with other countries.

The ICAM process at the area be evaluated within three years and the experience and the out- comes applied at the national level.

52 Zanzibar ICAM

Box 2 Implementation ActivitiesBox 2 Implementation ActivitiesBox 2 Implementation ActivitiesBox 2 Implementation ActivitiesBox 2 Implementation Activitiesto be Completed by the CRMCto be Completed by the CRMCto be Completed by the CRMCto be Completed by the CRMCto be Completed by the CRMC

ChwChwChwChwChwaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Baaka Bay-Paje Intey-Paje Intey-Paje Intey-Paje Intey-Paje Integggggrated Coastal Manarated Coastal Manarated Coastal Manarated Coastal Manarated Coastal Managggggement Planement Planement Planement Planement Plan. Building from the strategy docu-ment, an ICAM plan, which provides a coordinated approach to managing the Chwaka Bay-Pajeecosystem and addresses the dominant land and water use issues affecting the local population,will be prepared, and will include the following planning elements:

- Sustaining and Enhancing Village Quality of Life- Conservation of Critical Habitats- Fisheries Management- Seaweed Farming Zoning and Management- Coastal Forest Management- Sustainable Tourism Management- Land Use Management

ShorShorShorShorShort- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Tert- and Medium-Term Action Stratem Action Stratem Action Stratem Action Stratem Action Strategiesgiesgiesgiesgies

The problems of Chwaka Bay-Paje are rapidly getting more severe. While more detailedplanning is essential for creating sustainable solutions to problems, there are essential short termactions that can and must be taken now. These include:

Public APublic APublic APublic APublic Awwwwwarararararenessenessenessenesseness. Reduce environmental degradation by improving awareness amongvillagers, tourists, hotel operators and government officials about the importance and fragility ofcritical habitat systems in the demonstration area.

ImprImprImprImprImprooooovvvvved infed infed infed infed infororororormation about the armation about the armation about the armation about the armation about the areaeaeaeaea..... Establish a baseline and monitor information on thecoastal habitats using indicators/protocols from which change can be measured and future man-agement decisions can be based. The indicators and protocols must provide rapid assessment,be important to key stakeholders, employ resource users for data acquisition and be easily re-peated. Any monitoring should seek to utilise or enhance existing monitoring programs.

ImprImprImprImprImprooooovvvvve Community Ine Community Ine Community Ine Community Ine Community Invvvvvolvolvolvolvolvement in Planninement in Planninement in Planninement in Planninement in Planning and Decisionmaking and Decisionmaking and Decisionmaking and Decisionmaking and Decisionmakinggggg. As the tourism in-dustry expands in the area, ensure community involvement in the decisionmaking process.

Meet the Communities� Basic Needs and IncrMeet the Communities� Basic Needs and IncrMeet the Communities� Basic Needs and IncrMeet the Communities� Basic Needs and IncrMeet the Communities� Basic Needs and Increase their Economic Benefits frease their Economic Benefits frease their Economic Benefits frease their Economic Benefits frease their Economic Benefits from Tourismom Tourismom Tourismom Tourismom Tourism.As the tourism industry expands in the area, ensure that village needs for basic services andinfrastructure are met, and that villagers directly benefit from economic growth.

IncrIncrIncrIncrIncrease Dialoease Dialoease Dialoease Dialoease Dialogue Amongue Amongue Amongue Amongue Among Confg Confg Confg Confg Conflictinlictinlictinlictinlicting Userg Userg Userg Userg Users to Foster Cooperations to Foster Cooperations to Foster Cooperations to Foster Cooperations to Foster Cooperation. As the number ofusers continues to rise in the demonstration area, cooperative efforts for minimising user conflictsmust be developed and implemented.

Zanzibar ICAM 53

R E F E R E N C E SR E F E R E N C E SR E F E R E N C E SR E F E R E N C E SR E F E R E N C E SAnders, I. 1995. Environmental Factors Associated with Growth in Manufacturing of the Exotic Red Algae

Eucheuma spinosum in Eastern Zanzibar. pp. 31.

Alugland and Londstrorm. The Importance of Macro-Algae for Removal of Nutrients from Sewage Water inEast Africa.

Bensted-Smith, R. 1995. Environmental Legislation for Zanzibar: Analysis of Institutions and Policies.Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania & Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Clark, F., and A. Khatib. 1993. Sea Turtles in Zanzibar - A Preliminary Study. Zanzibar EnvironmentalStudy Series No. 15a. Commission for Lands and Environment, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Collen, J., M. Mtolera, K. Abrahamsson, A. Semesi, M. Pedersen. 1995. Farming and physiology ofthe red algae Eucheuma: growing commercial importance in East Africa. Ambio, 24 (7-8): 497.

Commission for Lands and Environment. 1993. Tourism Zoning Plan -Main Report. Zanzibar Inte-grated Land and Environment Management Project, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Commission for Lands and Environment. 1994. Village Benefits from Investment Projects in Rural Areas.28 March. Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Commission for Lands and Environment. 1994. Recommendations on Development Control in RuralAreas. Integrated Planning Unit, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Commission for Lands and the Environment. 1995. Recommendations on Development Control in RuralAreas. Integrated Planning Unit, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Department of Environment. 1994. Report on Ecotourism. Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Eklund, S., and P. Pettersson. 1992. Mwani Is Money - The Development of Seaweed Farming on Zanzibarand its Socio-Economic Effects on the Village of Paje. Department of Social Anthropology, StockholmUniversity, Stockholm, Sweden.

Flower, M., and A.M. Mochi. 1995. Marketing frustrations and conflicts. Swedmar Review, Nov.: 17-21.

Government of Zanzibar. 1995. An Act to Manage the Environment for the Sustainable Development ofZanzibar and Matters Related Thereto. House of Representatives of Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Jiddawi, N.S., M. Omar and M. Kombo. 1995. Management for Sustainable Fisheries: A Case for theMarine Fisheries Zanzibar. Paper presented at the international course on management for sustain-able fisheries. University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. pp 38.

Kern, E., and R. Bensted-Smith. 1995. Environmental Legislation for Zanzibar: Joint Interim Report. Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

54 Zanzibar ICAM

Mohammed, S. M., and R.W. Johnstone. 1995. Spatial and temporal variations in water column nutri-ent concentrations in a tidally dominated mangrove creek: Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar. Ambio, 24 (7-8):::::482.

Msuya, F.E. 1993. Seaweed farming in Zanzibar: an amazing story. ALCOM News, Nov. 11: 11-16.

Msuya, F.E., T. Dickson and A. Whittick. 1994. Community in Transition, The Impact of Seaweed Farmingon the Women of Paje, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Video production, Institute of Marine Sciences, Zanzibar,Tanzania.

Msuya, F.E., M.A.K. Ngolie and J.P. Shunula. 1995. The Impact of Seaweed Farming on the Macro-Faunaand Macro-Flora of the East Coast of Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. pp. 42.

Msuya, F.E. 1995. Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact of Seaweed Farming on the East Coast ofUnguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania.. Paper presented on a National Workshop on Integrated CoastalZone Management, Reef Hotel, Zanzibar, Tanzania, 8-12 May.

Mwinyi. 1995

Nasser, S. 1994. Socio-Economic and Ecological Aspects of Mangrove Forest Management in Zanzibar. Ag-riculture University of Norway, Aas, Norway.

Ndaro, S. G. M., S. Sjoling, E. Olafsson. 1995. Small-scale variation in major meiofaunal taxa andsediment chemistry in tropical sediments. Ambio, 24 (7-8): 470.

Pettersson, P. and Lofquist. The Development of Open Water Algae Farming in Zanzibar: Reflections on theSocio-Economic Impacts.

Tarbit, J. 1976. Demersal Fisheries Research, Terminal Report 1974-79. Eamfro Annual Report, Zanzibar.

Tarbit, J. 1985. Inshore fisheries of the Tanzanian coast. Proceedings of the NORAD Tanzania Seminar toReview the Marine Fish Stocks and Fisheries in Tanzania. p. 29-44.

World Bank. 1989. Philippines. Environment and Natural Resource Management Study. World Bank CountryStudy, Washington, D.C. p 33 - 46.

ZILEM. 1995. Recommendations for the Reorganization and Institutional Placement of the Commission forLands and the Environment. Project Commission for Lands and the Environment, Project Consult-ant Team, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

ZILEM and The Finnish International Development Agency. 1993. Tourism Zoning Plan: Main Report.Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

ZILEM and The Finnish International Development Agency. 1993. National Land Use Plan. Revolu-tionary Government of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

ZILEM and The Finnish International Development Agency. 1993. Settlement Structure Plan 1993-2015. Zanzibar Revolutionary Government, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Draft Copy.

Date post:	23-May-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	1 times
Download:	0 times

Towards Integrated Management and Sustainable Development ... · MAP 1(B) Major Uses of...

Documents