Towards Intellectual Capital Report of Turkey Kamil Yılmaz Koç University January 29, 2009.

Towards Intellectual Capital Report of Turkey

Kamil Kamil Yılmaz Yılmaz Koç Koç UUniversitniversityy

January 29, 20January 29, 200099

Towards IC Report for Turkey - 5

Turkey – Demographic Indicators (2008)

Land Area (km²) 774,820 Population (Million) 71.5Rate of Population Growth 1.31%Density (km²) 92.3Urban Population 62.2%Average Age 28.4 Population Aged 15-64 66.4%Labor Force (Million) 24.6Unemployment Rate 10.9%Labor Force Participation 49.1%Female Labor Force Participation 26.2%


Turkey – Major Economic Indicators

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

GNP (Billion $) 390 481 526 657 722

Real GDP Growth 9.4 8.4 6.9 4.5 2.3

CPI 9.3 7.7 9.7 8.4 10.6

WPI 13.8 2.7 11.6 5.9 8.1

Export (Billion $) 63.2 80.2 85.5 107.2 131.8

Import (Billion $) 97.5 116.8 139.6 170 201.6

Foreign Trade Balance -34.3 -36.6 -54.1 -62.8 -69.8

Tourism Revenues 13.4 15.3 14.1 15.2 18.3

Workers Remittances 0.8 0.85 1.1 1.2 1.2

Current Account Bal./ GDP -3.7 -4.6 -6.1 -5.8 -5.5


FDI Inflows


Infrastructure-related Factors Adversely Effecting Turkey’s

CompetitivenessTurke

y Polan

d Czech Rep.

Hungary

Share of high technology export (%, 2006) 1.50 3.81 14.10 23.99

Ratio of illiterates (%, + 15 age, 2005) 12.6 1 1 1

Pupil/teacher ratio in primary education (%, 2005) 25.80 11.66 17.53 10.61

Telecommunication investments (ratio to GDP, 2006) 0.22 0.72 0.44 0.37

Number of internet users (per 1000 population, 2007) 241 413 587 443

Electricity cost in industry ($/kwh, 2006) 0.10 0.073 0.094 0.105

Human Development Index (2005) 0.78 0.87 0.89 0.87

Number of computers (per 1000 population, 2007) 83 260 375 306

Life expectancy at birth (2005) 71.5 75.0 76.0 73.0

R&D investments (USD per capita, 2006) 39.7 49.8 215.1 112.1

Source: IMD World Competitiveness Report, 2008


1990-1997

1998-2001

2002-2006

Agriculture

15.7 14.7 11.2

Industry 25.6 23.8 26.3

Service 58.7 61.5 62.5

Sector Shares in GDP*, period average, %

% %

10-2

4

25-4

9

50-9

9

100-

199

200-

499

500-

999

1000

+

10-2

4

25-4

9

50-9

9

100-

199

200-

499

500-

999

1000

+

Enterprises in Manufacturing

Employment in Manufacturing

The share of agriculture in GDP and employment declines constantly.

Employment share of agriculture is still very high.

Turkish industrial structure is characterized by a majority of small and medium sized enterprises.

Output and Industrial Structure

1990-1997

1998-2001

2002-2005

Agriculture

44.5 38.8 34.1

Industry 16.1 17.4 18.4

Service 39.3 43.8 47.6

Sector Shares in Employment


Kişi Başına GSYİH Büyüme Oranı, 1926-2005

(5-yıl hareketli ortalama)

Annual growth rate of GDP per capital, 1926-2005(5-year moving averages)

-5

0

5

10

1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

An

nu

al g

row

th r

ate

(%

)


HC Indicators for Turkey

Indicators Source StartYear

End Year

*HCA_1: Proportion of total population having completed at least upper secondary education

EUROSTAT, OECD 2000 2007

HCA_2: Proportion of active population using a computer for professional purposes that had computer training

HCA_3: Proportion of the adult population aged 25 to 64 participating in education and training

EUROSTAT 2000 2007

HCA_4: Researchers per thousand of employment WORLDBANK 2000 2006

HCA_5: Employment rate EUROSTAT 2000 2007

*HCA_6: Employment in Knowledge intensive services and High tech & medium - high tech manufacturing

EUROSTAT 2006 2007

HCI_1: Total expenditure on education as % of GDP EUROSTAT 1994 2004

HCI_2: Total public expenditure on labor market policy measures as % of GDP

*HCE_1: GDP per hour worked (as % of US) OECD 2004 2007

HCE_2: Value added of knowledge intensive services, relative to GDP


SC Indicators for TurkeySCA_1: Percentage of households who have Internet

access at homeEUROSTAT 200

32004

SCA_2: Percentage of enterprises who have access to Internet

TURKSTAT 2005

2008

SCA_3: Number of patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) per million inhabitants

EUROSTAT 1994

2005

SCA_4: Number of patent applications to the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) per million inhabitants

EUROSTAT 1991

2002

SCA_5: Number of scientific publications per million inhabitants

World Competitiveness Yearbook

2001

2005

*SCA_6: Enterprise environment indicator from World Economic Forum


2005

2008

*SCA_7: Entrepreneurial attitude TURKSTAT 2002

2006

SCA_9: Time required to start a new business WORLDBANK 2005

2007

*SCA_10: Venture Capital Investment as % of GDP World Competitiveness Yearbook

2005

2008

SCA_11: Number of EU directives not notified

SCA_12: General government consolidated gross debt as a percentage of GDP

EUROSTAT 2001

2007


SC Indicators for Turkey

SCI_1: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as of GDP

EUROSTAT, OECD

1990

2006

SCI_2: Expenditure for IT hardware, equipment, software and other services as a percentage of GDP

SCE_1: Percentage of businesses using the Internet for purchasing and selling

TURKSTAT 2005

2005

SCE_2: Birth rate of enterprises

*SCE_3: The share of persons with an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold

EUROSTAT 2002

2003

*SCE_4: Value added of high tech industry, relative to GDP

TURKSTAT 2000

2007

SCE_5: Life expectancy at birth OECD 1990

2007


RC Indicators for Turkey

RCA_1: Percentage of international meetings hosted

RCA_2: SMEs involved in innovation co-operation

*RCA_3: Foreign students as percentage of all students


- 2005

*RCA_4: international outgoing telecom traffic EUROSTAT 2003

2006

RCE_1: Breadth of international scientific collaboration

RCE_2: Percentage of patents with foreign co-inventors

RCE_3: Export of royalty and license fees

RCE_4: Export of services EUROSTAT 2000

2007

RCE_5: High tech export EUROSTAT 1999

2006


Substitute Indicators

Substitute Indicators Source Start Year

End Year

S_HCA_1: Percentage of the population aged 20 to 24 having completed at least upper secondary education

EUROSTAT, OECD

2000 2007

S_HCA_6: Annual data on employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors at the national level, by type of occupation.

EUROSTAT 2006 2007

S_HCE_1: GDP per person employed per hour(US$)

OECD 2004 2007

S_SCA_6: Entrepreneurship of managers being widespread in business.


2005 2008

S_SCA_7: Percentage of innovative enterprises in industry.

TURKSTAT 2002 2006

S_SCA_10: Business development; increasing numbers represent easiness of availability.


2005 2008

S_SCE_3: At-risk-of-poverty rate after social transfers by gender - % of GDP

EUROSTAT 2002 2003

S_SCE_4: Value added of industry, relative to GDP

TURKSTAT 2000 2007

S_RCA_3: Foreign tertiary level students per 1000 inhabitants.


- 2005

S_RCA_4: Telecommunication services: Traffic EUROSTAT 2003 2006


Human Capital Assets

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Initial 42.8 46.9 20.9

Final 46.4 45.8 21.1

HCA_1 HCA_5 HCA_6*0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Initial 1 0.34

Final 1.5 0.46

HCA_3 HCA_4*

*HCA_1: Proportion of total population having completed at least upper secondary education EUROSTAT, OECD 2000 2007

HCA_3: Proportion of the adult population (25-64) participating in education and training EUROSTAT 2000 2007

HCA_4: Researchers per thousand of employment WORLDBANK 2000 2006

HCA_5: Employment rate EUROSTAT 2000 2007

*HCA_6: Employment in Knowledge intensive services and High tech & medium - high tech manufacturing

EUROSTAT 2006 2007


Structural Capital Assets - I

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Initial 7 0.87 0.23 6.61 6 3.09

Final 8 1.76 0.26 6.23 6 3.53

SCA_1* SCA_3* SCA_4* SCA_6 SCA_9* SCA_10

SCA_1: Percentage of households who have Internet access at home EUROSTAT 2003 2004

SCA_3: Number of patent applications to EPO per million inhabitants EUROSTAT 1994 2005

SCA_4: Number of patent applications to USPTO per million inhabitants EUROSTAT 1991 2002

*SCA_6: Enterprise environment indicator from World Economic Forum World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005 2008

SCA_9: Time required to start a new business World Bank 2005 2007

*SCA_10: Venture Capital Investment as % of GDP World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005 2008

SCA_11: Number of EU directives not notified NA


Structural Capital Assets - II

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Initial 80.4 60.4 29.4 52.3

Final 89.2 109.3 34.6 38.8

SCA_2 SCA_5* SCA_7* SCA_12*

SCA_2: Percentage of enterprises who have access to Internet TURKSTAT 2005 2008

SCA_5: Number of scientific publications per million inhabitants World Competitiveness Yearbook 2001 2005

*SCA_7: Entrepreneurial attitude TURKSTAT 2002 2006

SCA_12: General government consolidated gross debt - percentage of GDP EUROSTAT 2001 2007


Structural Capital Effects

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Initial 38 25 31 70.5

Final 26 28 71.8

SCE_1* SCE_2* SCE_3 SCE_4


Net and Gross National Income (PPP current dollars, 2006)


Triadic Patent Families - SCA(Granted by EU, US, Japan - 2005)


Expenditure on R&D - SCI (% of GDP, 2006)


Turkey/OECD - SCIR&D Expenditure as a percentage of GDP

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005


Number of Researchers per 1000 employed - HCA

(2006)


Researchers (Turkey / OECD, HCA)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004


Households with access to a home computer - SCA (As a percentage of all

households, 2006 )


Tertiary Type-A Graduation Rates* - HCA

* Percentage of tertiary-type A graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation


Tertiary attainment rates (25-64, HCA)

(As a percentage of the population of that age group, 2005)


Total expenditure on educational institutions for all levels - HCI (As a percentage of GDP)


Unit labour costs, business sector (Average annual growth in percentage,

2000-2006 )


Inflows of foreign direct investment - RCI

(billion US dollars, average 2004-2006)


Ratio of the inactive elderly population aged 65 and over

to the labour force (%)


Employment in manufacturing and services in affiliates under foreign

control- RCE (As a percentage of total employment, 2005)


Turkey’s Participation in the European Knowledge Economy

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Towards Intellectual Capital Report of Turkey Kamil Yılmaz Koç University January 29, 2009.

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