TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS USED IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

INTRODUCTION:

This paper and the attached spreadsheets summarize the toxicity of 50 different chemicals used in the

hydraulic fracturing process, aka “fracking.” The chemicals selected are those most commonly used

and/or showing the most significant health issues; chemicals are arranged in family groups relating to

their chemical structures. An overview of the chemicals is presented in Table 1: Summary of Fracking

Chemicals. The organ systems affected by these chemicals are shown in Table 2: Health Effects of

Fracking Materials. In both Tables 1 and 2, Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) numbers are given for

easier cross-referencing. Additionally, more detailed health effects are described for a limited number

of the chemicals or chemical classes listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 -SOURCE LISTS OF CHEMICALS:

A. The primary source list for chemicals is from the following source:

United States House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Chemicals Used in

Hydraulic Fracturing, April 2011

http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-

Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf

In this study, 14 oil and gas companies responded to the Committee’s request for the product names of

fracking chemicals. Information from the submitted Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) was compiled

by the Committee staff resulting in a list of 750 chemicals in over 2500 products. From this, two

secondary lists were prepared. Table 1 of the Committee publication lists the seven most commonly

used chemicals. Table 3 of the Committee publication lists 29 chemicals found in 652 products; listing is

due to three concerns:

Known or possible human carcinogens

Chemicals regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act of the US Environmental Protection Agency

Hazardous air pollutants listed under the Clean Air Act

In Table 1 of this paper, column F (US House) indicates the number of fracking products containing each

chemical.

B. The natural gas industry website lists the most routinely used chemicals:

FracFocus, Chemical Disclosure Registry: What Chemicals Are Used. http://fracfocus.org/chemical-

use/what-chemicals-are-used.

This list consists of 42 chemicals. Those that overlap Table 3 in the Congressional report toxics list are

indicated in column G (FraFo) with an X. FraFocus lists a few additional chemicals with potential health

effects that are not shown in the Congressional report.

C. The most comprehensive source paper is that published by The Endocrine Disruption

Exchange (TEDX):

Theo Colborn, Carol Kwiatkoswki, Kim Schultz, and Mary Backran, Natural Gas Operations from a Public

Health Perspective , Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 17:5, 1039-1056

(2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2011.605662.

The companion piece to this study is an exhaustive summary of the toxic effects of 632 chemicals found

in 944 products. The TEDX spreadsheet gives references for each of chemicals listed. This spreadsheet is

available at http://endocrinedisruption.org/chemicals-in-natural-gas-operations/chemicals-and-health

In addition to the chemicals from the previous two sources, those indicated in the TEDX paper with 10 or

more documented health risks occurring in more than five fracking products were added to the list

presented here. Column H (TEDX ) indicates the number of documented health effects, where

summarized, for each chemical taken from the three source lists (A,B,C).

ADDITIONAL SOURCES IN TABLE 1:

D. The Occupational Safety and Health website (OSHA Occupational Chemical Database) easily

retrieves health effects by using the chemical name or Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)

numbers. Column I (OSHA ) indicates if a given chemical is OSHA listed with an X.

http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata

E. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

has limited listings of Drinking Water Contaminants. Column J (SDWA) shows the Maximum

Contaminant Goal Level (MCGL) in mg/L for those chemicals in Table 1 of this paper. SDWA

also lists Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) which are comparable to the Canadian MAC

http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm

F. Health Canada-Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality is similar to SDWA above. The

column marked CANADA uses Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) in mg/L. Also are

included aesthetic objectives (ao) for some chemicals. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-

semt/pubs/water-eau/2012-sum_guide-res_recom/index-eng.php

G. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs on the Evaluation of

Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and the National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens

(RoC) list chemicals that have been studied as known and as probable/possible

carcinogens(column L marked IARC-RoC). The RoC website provides extensive background

information on the chemicals it lists.

http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification and http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12

The categorical overlap between two sources is:

Carcinogen classification IARC RoC

Known 1 Known

Probable 2A Anticipated

Possible 2B Anticipated

H. The State of California Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity

(Jan 31, 2014) is updated on a yearly basis. In Column M (CALIF ), chemicals known or highly

suspected of these effects are marked as C (carcinogen) or D (developmental). The lower case

m (male) or f (female) may also be indicated.

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html

TABLE 2- CONTENT SOURCES

A.The TEDX paper and its accompanying spreadsheet provided most of the data summarized

here in Table 2. The original TEDX spreadsheet indicates volatility and water solubility as well as 14

categories of health effects designated by main target organs or systems. These 14 categories include:

Skin, eye, sensory organ (skin,eye)

Respiratory (respir)

Gastrointestinal and liver (GI, liver)

Brain and nervous system (brain, ns)

Immune (immune)

Kidney (kidney)

Cardiovascular and blood (cardio,bld)

Cancer (cancer)

Mutagenic (mutagen)

Developmental (develop)

Reproductive (repro)

Endocrine disruption (endo)

Other (other)

Ecological (eco)

The TEDX spreadsheet symbols include:

Codes Interpretation relating to each chemical

X soluble or volatile

L partially soluble or volatile

T slightly soluble or volatile

M miscible

S Suspected of causing an adverse health effect

Note: The TEDX paper has combined Developmental and Reproductive under Endocrine disruption

giving a total of 12 instead of 14 categories of health effects.

B. Additionally in Table 2 is information from the OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ( D

above). This site has evaluation and first aid data, as well as target organs and symptoms of exposure. In

Table 2, the target organs are indicated with an asterisk (*) if listed in OSHA. For some OSHA listed

chemicals, target organ data may be missing.

SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF SOME LISTED CHEMICALS OR CLASSES OF CHEMICALS:

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) are those released into the atmosphere by man-made or natural

causes. Organic chemicals are defined as those containing carbon and constitute the vast majority of

chemicals on earth. An examination of Table 2 quickly reveals that most of chemicals listed are volatiles.

Volatility may result in acute symptoms by individuals exposed to the vapors. The symptoms are many,

including irritation of eyes and upper respiratory tract, coughing, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Exploration of the OSHA website provides other health effects for each of these chemicals. Exposure tof

VOC’s at fracking operations is due to large evaporation pits which store used fracking solutions as well

as accidental blow-outs and spills. Chronic effects appear much later (months or years); they include

cancer, organ damage, reproductive and developmental effects.

USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, Volatile Organic Compounds,

http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/vocs.html and TEDX, Chemicals in Natural Gas Operations

http://endocrinedisruption.org/chemicals-in-natural-gas-operations/introduction

Alcohols are a large class of chemicals and include the following commonly used as fracking fluids

additives. Alcohols are metabolized by the liver to produce different toxic outcomes.

Methanol produces formaldehyde and formic acid. Headache, nausea, shortness of breath,

anorexia, acidosis, and death may follow. Impaired vision is also noted.

Ethanol, generally used as an inebriant, is also known to be a carcinogen and teratogen.

Isopropanol is an intoxicant and may be a developmental toxin. When ingested, nausea,

abdominal pain, and vomiting of blood may result.

Ethylene glycol, commonly used as antifreeze, metabolically produces oxalic acid. When oxalic

acid combines with blood calcium, kidney stones are formed. Other symptoms include acute

respiratory distress syndrome, muscle spasms, flank pain, and multi-organ failure. Death may

follow.

Levine MD, Alcohol Toxicity, http://misc.medscape.com/pi/android/medscapeapp/html/A812411-

business.html

Aldehydes are respiratory allergens, potential carcinogens, and teratogens. They can produce

neurodegenerative diseases, peritonitis, diabetes/hypertension and other effects. O’Brien, PJ, Siraki AG,

and Shangari N, Aldehyde sources, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and possible effects on

human health, Critical Review Toxicology, (2005) 35, 609-62.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417045

Aromatics contain the benzene ring as a core structure. BTEX chemicals include benzene, toluene, ethyl

benzene, and xylene. These are all found in diesel fuel and are listed by the US EPA as toxic drinking

water contaminants.

Benzene exposure orally or through inhalation is well recognized to cause blood diseases

including leukocytopenia (decreased white cell count), anemia (decreased red cell count), and

decreased blood platelet count. Benzene is also immunotoxic , resulting in decreased antibody

producing B-lymphocytes. Additionally, it is a potent carcinogen; exposure may result in acute

leukemia, as well as cancers of numerous other organ systems including oral and nasal cavities,

lung, and liver. Reproductive and developmental effects also result from benzene exposure.

Benzene was one of the main contaminants responsible for the infamous Love Canal symptoms

reported in the latter part of the last century. The Canadian and US EPA safe drinking water

guidelines both indicate Maximum Allowable Contamination of .005 mg/L or 5 ppb

(parts/billion). One ppb may be visualized as 1 drop in 250 fifty-five gallon drums or 3 seconds in

one century. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System

http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm

Toluene inhalation results in nausea, sleepiness, and assorted neurological symptoms

associated with “paint sniffing.” Although not known to be carcinogenic, animal studies indicate

liver and kidney hypertrophy. In humans, associated kidney diseases include renal stones, renal

tubular necrosis, proteinuria, and renal acidosis. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System

http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0118.htm

Ethyl benzene is very similar in chemical structure to toluene and is noted to have kidney and

liver toxicity. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System,

http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0051.htm

Xylene(s) is (are) a group of three chemically related structures which may result in nervous

system damage. Case studies indicate headaches, nausea, anxiety, forgetfulness and other

symptoms following exposure. USEPA Integrated Risk Information System

http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0270.htm

Hydrocarbon mixes of many types are used in the fracturing process. Because of the volatility of these

mixtures, workers as well as residents will be exposed to hydrocarbon vapors which are irritants to

eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. As well as causing multiple neurologic effects such as dizziness,

blurred vision, confusion, and memory loss, they are also listed as potential carcinogens. OSHA,

Gasoline, https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_243100.html

Diesel Exhaust /Diesel Exhaust Particulates, currently classified by IARC as Group 1 and by RoC as an

anticipated carcinogen, is not a fracking chemical per se, but is mentioned here. The operation of diesel

engines for compressors and the high volume of diesel truck traffic hauling water and chemicals will

affect workers and residents living within a large radius of any operation. Exposure to diesel exhaust

includes inhalation of soot and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s). Smog (ozone and

oxides of nitrogen and sulfur) will build up. Short term health effects include headache, dizziness, and

eye, nose, and throat irritation. Prolonged exposure can increase risk cardiovascular,cardiopulmonary,

and respiratory disease as well as lung cancer. The detrimental effects of smog on vegetation, including

crop plants are well recognized.

USEPA Integrated Risk Information System http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0642.htm

USDA Effects of Ozone Air Pollution on Plants http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12462

RoC 12th Edition (2011) Diesel Exhaust Particulates ,

http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/DieselExhaustParticulates.pdf#search=diesel%20exha

ust

OSHA, Hazard Alert: Diesel Exhaust/Diesel Particulate Matter,

https://www.osha.gov/dts/hazardalerts/diesel_exhaust_hazard_alert.html

NOTE Recently Reported: “Exxon Mobil's CEO has joined a lawsuit to stop construction of a water tower

near his home that would be used to in the fracking process to drill for oil…The lawsuit contends the

project would create "a noise nuisance and traffic hazards." Also suing is the conservative Republican,

former House Majority Leader, Dick Armey. USA Today, Exxon Mobil CEO: No Fracking Near My

Backyard, Feb 22, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/02/22/exxon-mobil-

tillerson-ceo-fracking/5726603/

Metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (a metalloid) are toxic at any concentration. Copper

is a required micronutrient, but higher levels can lead to gastrointestinal disturbance, as well as kidney

and liver damage. Childhood exposure to lead leads to inability to pay attention, decreased IQ, and

lowered academic performance. The latest Center for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines reduced the cut-

off for allowable blood lead levels in young children from 10g/dl to 5g/dl. Center for Disease Control,

Lead, http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead

In adults, high blood lead levels result in numerous symptoms. New York State Dept of Health, Lead

Exposure in Adults, http://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2584/ A partial list of symptoms includes:

Neurological effects such as hearing loss, impaired concentration, seizures

Gastrointestinal effects such as constipation, nausea, colic

Reproductive effects leading to miscarriage, reduced sperm count

Anemia

Kidney disease relating to proximal tubular damage, hypertension.

Silica (sand) in various chemical forms is used in propping the fractures open (proppants) . Sand,

although generally considered to be non-toxic, is carcinogenic when in dust form. Dust inhalation is a

threat to workers and may result in various lung diseases, primarily silicosis, characterized by

inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue. Silica dust may also result in tuberculosis, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney and autoimmune disease. OSHA, Hazard Alert: Worker

Exposure to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing,

https://www.osha.gov/dts/hazardalerts/hydraulic_frac_hazard_alert.html

pH Modifiers are strong acids and strong bases. Both US and Canadian standards for human health are

set at pH 6.5-8.5 (pure water is pH 7). In the US, this is a secondary standard relating to the taste of

water. Of greater importance, are environmental concerns for aquatic organisms. Fish generally do not

survive at pH less than 5 (acidic) or greater than 9 (alkaline). More acidic pH levels result in increased

water solubility and therefore greater bioavailability of toxic metals. Lenntech, Acids and Alkalis in Fresh

Water, http://www.lenntech.com/aquatic/acids-alkalis and Metals in Aquatic Fresh Water

http://www.lenntech.com/aquatic/metals.htm

Hormone Disruptors enhance or suppress the response of cell receptors to hormones or modulate the

levels of hormones. A recent study of surface and ground water samples conducted in fracking-dense

Garfield County, Colorado showed high percentages of estrogen and/or androgen activities. Moderate

contamination was found in the Colorado River, the waters of which serve millions of people. In

humans, hormone disruptors result in decreased fertility, increased cancer, impaired gonadal

development, lowered sperm count, and other effects. Fracking chemicals showing these effects

include ethylene glycol, 2-ethylhexanol, N ,N-dimethylformamide, cumene, naphthalene, and others.

Kassostis CD, Tillitt DE, Davis JW, Hormann AM, Nagel SC, Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activities of

Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Surface and Ground Water in a Drilling-Dense Region, Endocrinology,

Vol 155, March 2014 (Early Release, December 16, 2013).

http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/en.2013-1697

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

Clean air and clean water should be the birth-rights of all humans. If the total water on the earth is

represented as one liter (1000 mL), fresh water constitutes only 6 mL and safe drinking water is a single

drop. To squander our fresh water resources on a process that will bring a few temporary jobs and

limited fiscal returns is certainly short-term thinking.

Great effort went into the laws designed to protect air and water resources in the United States. These

include the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974, the “Superfund” or Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, the Clean Air Act of 1963, the Clean Water

Act of 1972, and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986 were all

ignored by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. By exempting hydrofracking from previous protective

measures, the so-called Halliburton loop-hole has steam-rolled over public welfare. Only time will reveal

the final cost.

Due to public concern, the US Environmental Protection Agency is working with the Departments of

Energy and the Interior to better understand the impacts of fracking on drinking and ground water. This

study has been in progress for several years. US EPA Natural Gas Extraction-Hydraulic Fracturing

http://www2.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing

Rather than repeating the mistakes of the US, the Province of Nova Scotia must continue its moratorium

on fracking until the consequences are better understood.

AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND

Lorna Williamson, PhD received her BS (Magne Cum Laude) in Chemistry from the University of

Washington, Seattle WA. She was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellowship for graduate

studies. Lorna received her PhD in Organic Chemistry from Harvard University, Cambridge MA. Following

her post-doctoral training at the University Hospital, University of Washington, she became board

certified by the American Board for Clinical Chemistry. Lorna worked for many years as a clinical chemist

in several Seattle area hospitals. She directed and taught the Clinical Chemistry BS program at Seattle

University, Seattle WA. At Eastern Oregon University, La Grande OR, Lorna taught introductory and

organic chemistry both on-line and in the classroom. She has lived in Wolfville, NS for the last 4 years.

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF FRACKING CHEMICALS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CAS US House FraFocus TEDX OSHA SDWA CANADA IARC-RoC CALIF

#products listed #health listed MCGL MAC class carc/dev

ALCOHOLS/GLYCOLS effects mg/L mg/L

2-butoxyethyleneglycol 111-76-2 126 X 14 X

ethanol 64-17-5 36 X 14 X 1 C

ethylene glycol 107-21-1 119 X 12 X

2-ethylhexanol 104-76-7 18 13 X

isopropanol 67-63-0 274 X 10 X

methanol 67-56-1 342 X 13 X

propylene glycol 57-55-6 18 11 X

2-propyn-1-ol 107-19-7 46 9 X

ACIDS/ANHYDRIDES

acetic acid 64-19-7 56 X 9 X

formic acid 64-18-6 24 X 11 X

nitrilotriacetic acid 139-13-9 6 0.4 2B-ant C

phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 2 X

thioglycolic acid 68-11-1 6 X 9 X

AROMATICS

benzene 71-43-2 3 X 0 0.005 1-kn C D(m)

benzyl chloride 100-44-7 8 12 X C

cumene 98-82-8 6 13 X C

di(2-ethylhexyl)pthalate 117-81-7 3 X 0 0.0024(ao) ant

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 28 13 X 0.7 2B

napthalene 91-20-3 44 X 13 X 2B-ant

phenol 108-95-2 5 14 X

styrene 100-42-5 11 X 0.1 2B-ant

toluene 108-88-3 29 X 1 0.024(ao)

xylene 1330-20-7 44 12 X 10 0.3 (ao)

CAS US House FraFocus TEDX OSHA SDWA CANADA IARC-RoC CALIF

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF FRACKING CHEMICALS

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

#products listed #health listed MCGL MAC class carc/dev

effects mg/L mg/L

ALDEHYDES/KETONES

acetaldehyde 75-07-0 1 X X 2B-ant C

acetophenone 98-86-2 1 X

formaldehyde 50-00-0 12 13 X 1-kn C

glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 20 X 13 X

EPOXIDES/MISC

ethylene oxide 75-21-8 1 14 X 1-kn C D

propylene oxide 75-56-9 1 X 2B-ant C

thiourea 62-56-6 9 14 ant C

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

acrylamide 79-06-1 2 14 X 0 2A-ant C D(m)

diethanolamine 111-42-2 27 14 X

dimethylformamide 68-12-2 5 10 X

hexamethylenetetramine 100-97-0 37 10

triethanolamine 102-71-6 21 13 X

HYDROCARBON MIXES

diesel 68476-34-6 43 43 10

petroleum distillate several cas 30 X 10

hydrotreated light pet dist. 64742-47-8 89 89 X 6

heavy aromatic pet naphtha 64742-94-5 45 5

fuel oil 2 68476-34-6 11

pet distillate naphtha 08002-05-9 14

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS CAS US House FraFocus TEDX OSHA SDWA CANADA IARC-RoC CALIF

#products listed #health listed MCGL MAC class carc/dev

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF FRACKING CHEMICALS

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

effects mg/L mg/L

MISC INORGANICS

copper + compounds 7440-50-8 1 X 1.3

lead + compounds 7439-92-1 1 X 0 0.01 Anticip C D(m,f)

titanium oxide 13463-67-7 19 9 X 2B C

cryst silica quartz (dust) 14808-60-7 207 207 X 7 X known * C

(plus other forms of silica)

INORGANIC ACIDS/BASES pH effects pH effects

hydrochloric acid 7647-01-0 42 X 7 X for all for all

hydrofluoric acid 7664-39-3 2 12 X

sulfuric acid 7664-93-9 9 11 X C

potassium hydroxide 1310-58-3 25 X 7 X

sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 80 X 5 X

TABLE 2

HEALTH EFFECTS OF FRACKING MATERIALS

BASED ON TEDX AND OSHA DATA

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T

CAS volatile soluble skin,eyes, respir gi,liver brain, ns immune kidney cardio,bld cancer mutagen develop repro endo other eco

ORGANIC CHEMICALS

ALCOHOLS

2-butoxyethyleneglycol111-76-2 X M S* S* S* S* S S* S* S S S S S S* S

ethanol 64-17-5 X X S* S* S* S* S S S* S S S S* S S S

ethylene glycol 107-21-1 X X S* S* S S* S S S S S S S S

2-ethylhexanol 104-76-7 X T S* S* S S S S S S S S S S S

isopropanol 67-63-0 X X S* S* S S S S S S S S

methanol 67-56-1 X X S* S* S* S* S S S S S S S S S

propylene glycol 57-55-6 X X S S S S S S S S S S S

2-propyn-1-ol 107-19-7 X X S* S* S* S* S* S S S S

ACIDS/ANHYDRIDES

acetic acid 64-19-7 X X S* S* S S S S S S* S

formic acid 64-18-6 X X S* S* S S S S S S S S S

nitrilotriacetic acid 4862-18-4

phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 * * * *

thioglycolic acid 68-11-1 X X S* S* S S S S S S S

AROMATICS

benzene 71-43-2 X * * * * *

benzyl chloride 100-44-7 X S* S* S S* S S S S S S S S

cumene 98-82-8 X S* S* S S* S S S S S S S S S

di(2-ethylhexyl)phth117-81-7 * * * *

ethylbenzene 100-41-4 X L S* S* S S* S S S S S S S S S

napthalene 91-20-3 X S* S S* S* S S* S* S* S S S S S

phenol 108-95-2 X S* S* S* S S S* S S S S S S S S

styrene 100-42-5 X S* S* S* S* S S S S* S S * S

toluene 108-88-3 * * * * *

xylene 1330-20-7 X S S S S S S S S S S S S

ALDEHYDES/KETONES

acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X * * * * * *

acetophenone 98-86-2 X

formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X S* S* S S S S S S* S S S S S

glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 X X S* S* S S S S S S S S S S S

EPOXIDES/MISC

ethylene oxide 75-21-8 X X S* S* S* S* S S S* S* S* S S* S S S

propylene oxide 75-56-9 X * *

thiourea 62-56-6 X X S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

acrylamide 79-06-1 X X S* S* S S S S S S* S S S* S S

diethanolamine 111-42-2 X X S* S* S S S S S S S S S S S S

dimethylformamide 68-12-2 X M S* S* S* S S* S* S S S S

hexamethylenetetramine100-97-0 X X S S S S S S S S S S

triethanolamine 102-71-6 X X S S S S S S S S S S S S S

TABLE 2

HEALTH EFFECTS OF FRACKING MATERIALS

BASED ON TEDX AND OSHA DATA

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T

CAS volatile soluble skin,eye respir gi,liver brain, ns immune kidney cardio,bld cancer mutagen develop repro endo other eco

HYDROCARBON MIXES

diesel 68476-34-6 X S S S S S S S S S S

petroleum distillate 64741-44-2 S S S S S S S S S S

hydrotreated light pet dist.64742-47-8 X s S S S S S

heavy aromatic pet naphtha64742-94-5 X S S S S S

fuel oil 2 68476-34-6 X S S S S S S S S S S S

pet distallate naph 08002-05-9 X S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

INORGANIC CHEMICALS

MISC INORGANICS

copper 7681-65-4 S S S

lead 7439-92-1

titanium oxide 13463-67-7 S S* S S S S S* S S

cryst silica quartz 14808-60-7 S* S* S S S* S S

(plus other forms of silica)silica as dust)

INORGANIC ACIDS/BASES

hydrochloric acid 7647-01-0 X X S* S* S S S S S

hydrofluoric acid 7664-39-3 X M S* S* S S S S S S S S S* S

sulfuric acid 7664-93-9 X X S* S* S S S S S S* S S* S

potassium hydroxide 1310-58-3 X S* S* S S S S S

sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 X S* S* S S S