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Toxic Mining Waste in the pre-Accession Countries
the pecomines project
Marco D’Alessandro, Giovanni Bidoglio, Tamás Hámor,Győző Jordán, Erik Puura, Panos Panagos, Stefan Sommer, Marc
Van Liedekerke, Anca Marina Vijdea
European Commission, Joint Research CentreInstitute of Environment and Sustainability
Soil and Waste Unit
NATO/CCMS STUDY PILOT MEETINGBaia Mare, Romania, September 8 -11, 2003.
Concepts to Link Inventory, Impact Assessment and Legislation Development
Rationale: Why Mining?Rationale: Why Mining?Potential environmental risksPotential environmental risks
Safety of waste facilities (inSafety of waste facilities (in particular dam stability)particular dam stability)
Operational waste management Operational waste management (acid mine drainage, possible (acid mine drainage, possible contamination of the environment)contamination of the environment)
Commitment of the European Commission Commitment of the European Commission for a Directive on Mining Wastefor a Directive on Mining Waste
A Research Project Focusing on Inventory, Regulations and Environmental Impacts of Toxic Mining Wastes
Objective 1: Contribute to the assessment of the consequences of mining accidents in a perspective of ecosystem protection, by comparing approaches to site monitoring and restoration
Objective 2: Develop a methodology for inventory of toxic waste sites from mineral mining in relation to “sensitive” catchment areas, by combining an indicator approach and an analysis of satellite remote sensing
Objective 3: Comparison of existing legislation on mining and mining waste to support the environmental approximation process
10 Candidate Countries
InventoryEuropean
Environment Agency
TC Wastes
DG Environment
New Initiative on
Mining Waste
WorkshopRegulations
Environmental
Impact
Collaboration
with National
and Regional
Authorities
National
Experts
Workshop
pecomines project structure
pecomines state-of-playGuidance through a
Steering Committee: • Reference in each country to assure
scientific quality and relevance of the project in the light of needs of Candidate Countries.
• Organisation of Meetings and Workshops (October 2001, May 2002, autumn 2003) involving also UNEP, Euromines, WWF, MS, DG ENV, EEA.
Spin-off Project: • Joint field campaign MAFI, VITUKI,
ITC, JRC-IES and DLR for data acquisition at two Hungarian mining areas in conjunction with HySense flight (August 2002).
Work Packages in the DPSIR Framework
DRIVING FORCES
human demand for mineral resources
regulations
assessment
PRESSURES
emission sources as the result of exploitation of mineral resources and
abandoned mining areas
STATE
the quality of environment threatened by emissions originating from mining
activitiesIMPACTS
degradation of ecosystems, quality of life, including human health, cultural
resources, recreational value
RESPONSE
actions of communities and policy makers to reduce impacts and risks to an
acceptable level
inventory
THE INVENTORY APPROACHDevelop and test a methodology to gather data on potentially hazardous mining waste sites on a country basis. The approach combines site-specific information harmonised through a questionnaire and put into a relational database, with geo-referenced spatial information also derived from remote sensing data.
PRESSURESinventory
Expert network, communication with national experts responsible for data supply which ensures efficiency and quality control.
Digital interface, web application for data presentation, dissemination and inquiry through Internet was developed. All questionnaire data, spatial data (maps, etc.), other information e.g. text, graphs and photos.
Detailed guide, glossary and Questionnaire.Data need kept to the minimum necessary for site screening.Hierarchical data structure from basic (location, status, commodity) to
more complex and uncertain information (waste quantities, emissions). In this way the Questionnaire is suitable for both regional screening and detailed local inventory of mine waste source characterisation.
N1N1N1
N4
N5 - A
N5 - B
N9
P1
P1
P1
P2
P2
R1
R1 1
R1 6
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6 R7
R8
R9
N2
25-226-1
26-227-1
27-228-1
25-325-4
26-326-4
27-327-4
28-328-4
34-235-1
35-236-1
36-237-1
37-238-1
38-2
34-435-3
35-436-3
36-437-3
37-438-3
38-4
44-245-1
45-246-1
46-247-1
44-445-3
45-446-3 25 0 25 50 Kilometers
Spracoval: Data Image s.r.o., 10/2001
P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky
R3 - Kremnica
R6 - Špania Dolina
R2 - Hodruša-Hámre
R1 - Banská Štiavnica
P1 - Baòa Dolina
R5 - Pezinok
R4 - Dúbrava-Magurka
N5 - Hnúša-Mútnik
N2 - Lubeník
N1 - Jelšava
R16 - Novoveská Huta R7 - Rudòany-Poráè
N9 - Zlatník
R11 - Smolník
N4 - Košice-Bankov
R9 - Slovinky
S
R10 - Rožòava
ROŽÒAVA
Ni ž ná Slan á
Štítn i k
Paè a
Be tl ia r
Henc k ovc e
Kun ov a -
-Te p l ic a
Slavec
Brz o tín
Krás noh o rs ká -
-Dlh á Lú k a
Ru dnáRak o v n ic a
Ho nc e
Rož ò avs k é --By s tré
Hru š ov
Drna v a
Lipo v n ík
Ja b lon ovn.T u rò ou
Gem ers k á Po lom a
Krás n oho rs kéPo dh rad ie
N1
R8
N2
R10 - Rožòava
R8 - Nižná Slaná
Selected "hot spots"in the Slovak Republic
Pe rn ek
Jab lon ové
PEZ IN OK
Sv ätý Ju r
Mo dr a
Vin ièn é
Vin os ad y Še nk vice
R5
Lu poè
Pra ha
Šu¾a
VE¼K Ý KR TÍŠ
Sk lab ina
Daè ov L om
Stred né -
-Plac h tinc e
Modr ý-Kam eò
Ve¾k án. Ip¾om
¼u bo r eè
Zá vad a
Suc h é -
-Brez ov o
Maš k ov á
Po to r
Do l . Stre hov á
Bu š inc e
No v á Ves
Do lné Plac h tin c e
Obec k ov
Ho rné S trh á re
Ho rn á S treh ová
Ma lé Zl ie v ceVe¾k é Strac iny
Ve ¾k é Zl iev c e
Mu ¾a
¼ubo r ieè k a
Tre nè
Prav ica
P1
P1
P1
Nová Baòa
Te kov s k á -
-Brez n ic a
Ža rn ov ic a
BAN SK ÁŠTIAV NIC A
Ho r. H ám re
Voz n ic a
Rudn o n . Hr ono m
Uh l i sk áIli j a
Dek ý š
Vy sok á
Hod ru š a -H ám re
Vy hne
Po dho rie
Hra b ièo v
Os trý G rúò
Bz en ic aHl i n ík
n.H rono m
Leh o tk a p.B reh m i
Sk le né --Te p l ic e
Do l .-
-Trnáv k a
Horná Ždaò a
Do l .-
-Žda òa
Bank y
PO È Ú V A D LI A N SK E
JA ZE R O
R1
R2
BANSKÁŠT IAVN ICA
Žib rito v
An to lIlija
Deký š
Vy sok á
Hod ru ša- Hám r e
Vy hn e
Po dh or ie
Ba n. --Stu de nec
n.Hr on om Sk len é--T ep lice
Ba nk y
Ba ns ká Belá
PO È Ú V A D LI A N SK E
JA ZE R O
R1
R2HANDL OVÁ
Kr em n ica
Rázt oèn o
Ku ne šo v
Tu rèe k
Ko pe rn ica
Ko so rín
Sla ská
Ba rt ošo va --Le ho tka
Hor ná -
-VesDoln á-
Nevo ¾n é
Ihr áè
P2 R3No vá ky
PRIEVIDZA
Di vi ac ka -
-N . V es
Di vi ak y
n. N it r ic ou
Ni t r ia ns ke-
Li eša ny
Bo jn ic e
Šu to vc e
Ko š
Ze m ia ns ke -
-K o st o¾an y
Leh ot a
p. Vt á èn iko m
Po dh r ad ie
Ci ge ¾
Se be dr a žie
Laz an y
Po r ub a Ne do že ry -
-B r e zan y
Ka men ec -
-p od Vt á èni ko m
By st r iè any
Èe r eò an y
NITR IAN SKE RUDN O
Nit ra
HA N D L O VÁ
Sk le né
M. È a usa
Ve ¾. È au sa
Ch r en ov ec
Rá zt oè no
Ku ne šo v
Ko pe r ni ca
Jan ov a-
-L eh ot a
Ko so rí n
Sl as ká
P2
P2
Kordíky
Rieèka
St. Hory
Harmanec
Priechod
Motyèky
R6
RUŽOMBEROK Sl ia èe
Lis k ov á -MIKULÁŠ
Lu d r o vá
Lip t.--Štiav n ic a
Pa rti z áns k a --¼u pèa
Ma la tiny
¼ub e¾a
Lip to v s k é --K¾a èan y
Dúb rav a
Ga lov any
Laz is k o
Pav èina --Leh o ta
Vá h
De mä no vá
Sv ä tý K ríž
Go tov a ny B od i ce
Pl oš tí n
Palúdzka
A nd i ce
Lip to v s k á Os ada
Lip t. Lú ž na
R4
Hnúša
Klenovec
n. Rimavicou
Krokava
N5-A
N5-B
R5 - Pezinok P1 - baòa Dolina R2 - Hodruša-Hámre R1 - Banská Štiavnica R3 - Kremnica P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky R6 - Špania Dolina R4 - Dúbrava - Magurka N5 - Hnúša - Mútnik
KOŠICE
Kav e èan y
Beniakovce
Hrašovík
Vajkovce
Baška
Vyšný- -Klátov
Nižný-
Lor inè ík
N4
HarichovceSmižany
Teplièka
SPIŠSKÁN. VES
Mlynky
Novoveská--Huta
ZávadkaHni lec
Hornád
Spišské Tomášovce
N9
R16
Nižná Slaná
Slavošovce
Henckovce
Goèovo
Vlachovo
Kobeliarovo
PetrovoKoce¾ovce
Slavoška
Brdárka
Vyšná Slaná
N1
R8Smolnik
Štós
Smolnícka--Huta
R11
Gelnica
KROMPACHY
Kluknava
Helcmanovce
Slovinky
Kolinovce
Žakarovce
Kojšov
R9
Jelšava
Lubeník
Turèok
Revúcka--Lehota
ChyžnéMagnezitovceN1N1N1
N2
Jelšava
Slavošovce
Štítnik
Petrovo
RoštárOchtiná
Koce¾ovce
Rochovce
ChyžnéMagnezitovce
Goèaltovo
Rozložná
N1N1N1N2
Teplièka
Nálepkovo
Závadka
N9
R16Spišský Hrušov
Teplièka
Markušovce
Rudòany
Bystrany
Jamnik
Nálepkovo
Odorín
Matejovce
Chrasn.Hornádom
Závadka
Poráè
OlcnavaHornád
N9
R16
R7
N2 - Lubeník R9 - Slovinky R11 - Smolník R8 - Nižná Slaná R16 - Novoveská Huta N4 - Košice-Bankov N1 - Jelšava R7 - Rudòany-Poráè N9 - Zlatník
Inventory Example: Slovakia
Areas of intensive mining and processing waste (“hot spots”) in Poland
PL-Geological Survey
Extracted
matter DISPOSAL
AREA
Waste quantity
Annual Extraction
Hazardous component
MINING
BRANCH
Area
NUMBER
OF MINES
Gg
Number of disposals
thous. m2 Gg Gg/a
Upper Silesian Coal Basin
27 49 20 551.01) 441 4411) 90 881.22) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2
Hard coal Rybnik Coal District 15
102 480.0
14 6 202.0 252 625.0 50 750.82) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2
Lower Silesian Coal Basin
- - 4 2 730.0 74 248.0 - FeS2
Kleszczów Trough 2 34 664.0 2 3 080.0 14 000.0 4 109,03) Na2+, SO4
2-, Pb, Cr, La
Lignite Zittau Depression 1 9 177.0 1 887.5 no 3 456.03) Na2+ - 2,72 %, Hg, Cr,
Cu, Sr, V, Co, Ni
Konin District 9 15 700.0 2 4 320,0 29 400.0 1 339.03) Na2+ - 0.60 %, SO4
2- - 11.75 %, Sr, Cr
Radioactive elements
Kowary Area - - 10 168.5 4 710.0 - UO2 - 0.15 %; 0.1-0.4 μGy/h
Radoniów Area - - 3 no 520.0 - no
Lubin-Głogów Copper District
4 27 142.0 2 14 500.0 71 844.0 19 688.0 Cu - 0.17 %
Copper ore Grodziec Depression
- - 3 3 860.0 40 380.0 - Cu - 0.20 %
Złotoryja District - - 2 no 21 854.1 - no
Bytom Area - - 23 5 492.0 15.861.0 - Zn - 2.47 %, Pb - 0.38 %
Zinc/lead ore
Chrzanów Area 2 - 3 742.0 13 200.0 1 004.0 Zn - 1.02 %, Pb - 0.36 %
Olkusz Area 3 41 200.0 3 1 040.0 24 401.9 2 007.7 Zn - 0.85 %, Pb - 0.38 %
Nickel ore Ząbkowice Śląskie Area
- - 7 591.2 11 030.0 - Ni - 0.35 %
Arsenic ore Złoty Stok Area - - 2 no 100.0 - As
Sulphur Tarnobrzeg Area 3 940.0 1 5 237.5 1 540.6 208.04) H2S, SO2; in “kek” S – 44.0 %
Inventory Example: Hungary
Landscape Wounds (incl. mining sites) H-Ministry of
Environment
mining site in the database
mining site in the database
pecomines database: Web application
PRESSURESinventory
I. Identification and Location
II. Status and Production
III. Geological Characterisation of Mineral Deposit
IV. Mineral Processing and Waste Management
V. Emissions and Environmental Impacts
PRESSURESinventory
Support compilation of the inventory by improving spatial details and differentiation of potentially hazardous mining waste materials from other sites in the CORINE LC system. A geo-referenced mapping of surface mining waste deposits at local and national scale, based on spectral discrimination of mineralogical components. Demonstration of the method applied to Landsat-TM data for rapid screening.
The Remote Sensing Component
SLOVAKIA ROMANIA
Multi-temporal satellite scenes at time intervals covering the period 1985 – 2000. Total area covered is ca. 120 000 km2.
Fe
OH
SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING OF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSAT-TM IMAGESOF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSAT-TM IMAGES
Exposed rock surface:Exposed rock surface:Andesite quarry-RO
Processed remote sensing image pointing out
ferric/ferrous minerals
Strong weathering of iron oxides and hydroxides
Secondary minerals in Secondary minerals in sulfide bearing deposits: sulfide bearing deposits: Porphyry copper open-pit
Oxidation of sulfides with release of acid water and heavy metals
Processed remote sensing image pointing out co-
occurrence of both OH and Fe bearing minerals
Processed image showing the zones with iron oxides and OH-bearing minerals
Fe
OH
Landsat-TM image (07.10.1991) Map of mineral fuels and metals
Novoveska Huta – Rudnany (Slovakia)
Output: large-area maps of spatial distribution of mining wastes
Discrimination between weathered materials and others prone to acidification
Detection of changes over time
REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES DETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIADETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIA
Change detection in Smolnik – Smolnicka Huta area, Slovak Republic
25.08.1987 06.08.1992 20.08.2000
Active mine Closed mine Remediated tailing pond
STATE AND IMPACTSassessment
Actions on multi-country level require harmonised criteria and procedures to classify environmental impacts.A comparative assessment and ranking of different mining sites for 37 hot-spots focusing on initial steps of the overall risk assesment. The hot-spot (metal, uranium, fossil fuel, industrial minerals) categories are:
CONTAMINANT IDENTIFICATION
RISK CHA -RACTERISATION
TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
FATE AND TRANSPORT
CONTAMINATION SOURCE
1. Sites emitting hazardous, polluted water2. Large contaminated lands, waste heaps and/or
tailing ponds3. Tailing ponds with large volumes of polluted
water or heaps with unstable slopes, at risk of accidental release of pollutants
... and application to other sites, which are compared on log-log scale plotting emission flow-rates and the number of times environmental quality standards are exceeded.
Emissions potential
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)
tim
es s
tan
dar
d e
xcee
ded
Baia Mare
BorsaMotru
Rosia Poeni
Elatzite
Medet
Buhovo
Eleshnitsa
Pang-juriste
Jachymov
Elias Nejdek
Bytiz
Mydlovary
Recsk I
Recsk II
Mecsek I
Mecsek II
Maardu
Estonian oil shale basin
Smolnik
BanskaStiavnica
Upper SilesianCoal Basin
Emissions potential
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)
times
sta
nda
rd e
xcee
ded
A
E
D
C
B
1 8764 532
Possible classification of hazardous sites with respect to the emissions potential.
A parameter IH (isohazard) is defined as log(times standard exceeded) + log(emission rate, m3/day), and its value has a meaning of a potential to pollute equal amount of good quality water per day .
regulations
The approach addressed and clarified:
Ownership (land, minerals, waste) Authority framework, licensing procedures Control, sanctions, liability Financial aspects and public acceptance National policies, programmes Data management and access Original regulatory ideas
RESPONSE
TYPICAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF MINING
IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
Council of Ministers (Government)
Ministry of Economy Ministry of Environment
Constitutional Court
Regional or Local Professional Authorities
Mining Authority Geological Survey Water Authority
Supreme Court
County Courts
Local Courts
Env. Authority
Legend
Jurisdiction First-instance AuthoritiesSupervising Authorities
L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t s
regulations
LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINES IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
i l lega l(not l icensed)
pre -opera tiona l(l icensed m ining plot)
in opera tion(l icensed technica l opera tion plan)
tem porar i ly suspended
has ow ner has no ow ner("orphan" m ine )
not rem edia ted rem edia ted
c losed
not in opera tion
lega l(l icensed)
M INE S A ND Q UA RRIES
LEGEND
potentially high environmental riskmedium environmental risk
low environmental risk
RESPONSE
regulationsConclusions of the regulatory report
Adoption of EU waste legislation is advanced. Mining legislation shows differences among Candidate
Countries (e.g. ownership and scope). Opening and operation of mines are well regulated, closure and
aftercare are less prescribed. Regulatory enforcement requires improvement.
Geological data (including mineral resources) are well recorded, mining operation and waste data are less accurately managed.
Mining regulations focus mainly on safety and not on environmental impacts.
Limited use of royalty incomes for mitigating and remediating mining-related environmental impacts.
RESPONSE
Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the management of waste from
the extractive industries
Article 19 ... drawing-up inventories of closed waste facilities … identification ...and their classification according to the degree of their impact on human health and the environment
Article 20 Within three years… the Commission shall adopt ... definition of the criteria for the classification of waste facilities, … including threshold concentrations for hazardous waste and dangerous substances
pecomines: a pilot to support implementation
Contaminated Sites in Accession Countries
Workshop in Budapest – end of October Develop and test a large-scale approach to the inventory and assessment
of environmental impacts associated to contaminated sites Benchmarking historical heritage and national actions of 13 Accession and
Candidate Countries Agree on methodologies and establish a platform for information exchange
to collect, use and deliver back data
Community Actions on Soil
Towards a Thematic Strategy on Soil Protection (COM(2002)179 final)
Proposal for a Directive on Soil Monitoring (mid 2004)
Proposal for a Commission Communication on contamination, erosion and organic matter content of soil and related research and legislative needs