8/22/2011 1 Toxic Terror: Chemical Facility Toxic Terror: Chemical Facility Vulnerability Vulnerability- Where Are We And Where Do We Need To Go Where Are We And Where Do We Need To Go Frank G. Rando, PA,RCP,CRT,CVT,EMT Frank G. Rando, PA,RCP,CRT,CVT,EMT-P,RHSO,RSM,CDHSI P,RHSO,RSM,CDHSI AHMP/NESHTA Conference 2011 AHMP/NESHTA Conference 2011-Austin TX Austin TX -Aug 29 2:40 Aug 29 2:40-3:40 3:40 AHMP/NESHTA Conference 2011 AHMP/NESHTA Conference 2011 Austin,TX Austin,TX Aug. 29 2:40 Aug. 29 2:40 3:40 3:40 Don’t let the COBRA bite! Don’t let the COBRA bite! PREPAREDNESS PREPAREDNESS “Chance favors the prepared mind”. “Chance favors the prepared mind”. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur ”By failing to prepare you are preparing to fail” ”By failing to prepare you are preparing to fail” By failing to prepare,you are preparing to fail By failing to prepare,you are preparing to fail Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin “Be Prepared” “Be Prepared” Boy Scouts of America Boy Scouts of America Preparedness Preparedness “Plans are nothing, the process is “Plans are nothing, the process is everything” everything”-Dwight Eisenhower Dwight Eisenhower “The night of the The night of the prom is not prom is not when you when you should learn to should learn to dance. dance.” ” - Charles Charles Schultz Schultz
Transcript
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Toxic Terror: Chemical Facility Toxic Terror: Chemical Facility VulnerabilityVulnerability--
Where Are We And Where Do We Need To GoWhere Are We And Where Do We Need To Go
Frank G. Rando, PA,RCP,CRT,CVT,EMTFrank G. Rando, PA,RCP,CRT,CVT,EMT--P,RHSO,RSM,CDHSIP,RHSO,RSM,CDHSI
Don’t let the COBRA bite!Don’t let the COBRA bite!
PREPAREDNESSPREPAREDNESS
“Chance favors the prepared mind”.“Chance favors the prepared mind”.Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur
”By failing to prepare you are preparing to fail””By failing to prepare you are preparing to fail”By failing to prepare,you are preparing to failBy failing to prepare,you are preparing to failBenjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
“Be Prepared”“Be Prepared”Boy Scouts of AmericaBoy Scouts of America
PreparednessPreparedness
“Plans are nothing, the process is “Plans are nothing, the process is everything”everything”--Dwight EisenhowerDwight Eisenhower
““The night of the The night of the prom is not prom is not when you when you yyshould learn to should learn to dance.dance.” ”
-- Charles Charles SchultzSchultz
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Chemical Agent SynthesisChemical Agent Synthesis
Chemical Chemical ProductionProduction
Scope ofScope ofHazardous Materials ProblemHazardous Materials Problem
Scope ofScope ofHazardous Materials Problem Hazardous Materials Problem (continued)(continued)
Just one example….. PESTICIDES
- 600 pesticide active ingredients- 35,000 pesticide products- Over 1 billion pounds produced annually
Chemical Sector Chemical Sector
Haz Mat: Some DefinitionsHaz Mat: Some Definitions
.Popular Definitions:.Popular Definitions:--”Methyl Ethyl Death””Methyl Ethyl Death”--”Methyl Ethyl Bad ”Methyl Ethyl Bad
Stuff”Stuff”--“Bad Juju”“Bad Juju”
-- HazMat Team HazMat Team Member “definition”:Member “definition”:“If you see me “If you see me running, try to catchrunning, try to catch--up!”up!”
HazMat: Some Definitions (cont’d)HazMat: Some Definitions (cont’d)
. Popular Definitions (cont’d):. Popular Definitions (cont’d):“A hazardous material is any substance “A hazardous material is any substance which jumps out of its container when which jumps out of its container when something goes wrong and hurts or harmssomething goes wrong and hurts or harmssomething goes wrong and hurts or harmssomething goes wrong and hurts or harmsthe things it touches”.the things it touches”.
-- Ludwig Benner,Jr., Ludwig Benner,Jr., former Haz Mat Specialist with the NTSBformer Haz Mat Specialist with the NTSB
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Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)
.”Official” Definitions:.”Official” Definitions:--Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials-- Any substance or Any substance or material in any form or quantity which posesmaterial in any form or quantity which posesan unreasonable risk to safety ,health andan unreasonable risk to safety ,health andpropert hen transported in commercepropert hen transported in commerceproperty when transported in commerce.property when transported in commerce.(USDOT,49 CFR 171) (USDOT,49 CFR 171) --Hazardous SubstancesHazardous Substances--Any substance Any substance designated under the Clean Water Actdesignated under the Clean Water Actand the Comprehensive Environmental Responseand the Comprehensive Environmental ResponseCompensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) .(EPA)Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) .(EPA)
Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)
-- Hazardous ChemicalsHazardous Chemicals-- Any chemical thatAny chemical thatwould be a risk to employees if exposed inwould be a risk to employees if exposed inthe workplace (OSHA,29 CFR 1910)the workplace (OSHA,29 CFR 1910)
-- *Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)*Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)--y ( )y ( )Chemicals determined by the EPA to beChemicals determined by the EPA to beextremely hazardous to a communityextremely hazardous to a communityduring an emergency spill or release as during an emergency spill or release as a result of their toxicities and physical/a result of their toxicities and physical/chemical properties (EPA,40 CFR 355)chemical properties (EPA,40 CFR 355)
Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)Haz Mat Definitions (cont’d)
--Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes--Discarded materials Discarded materials regulated by the EPA because of publicregulated by the EPA because of publichealth and safety concerns. Regulatory health and safety concerns. Regulatory authority is granted under the Resourceauthority is granted under the ResourceConser ation and Reco er Act (RCRA)Conser ation and Reco er Act (RCRA)Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
(EPA,40 CFR 260(EPA,40 CFR 260--281)281)--Hazardous Materials IncidentHazardous Materials Incident-- An incident An incident that can be defined as the release,or potentialthat can be defined as the release,or potentialrelease,of a hazardous material from its containerrelease,of a hazardous material from its containerinto the environment.into the environment.
Hazard Classification SystemHazard Classification System
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Class 2: GasesGases
Class 3: Class 3: Flammable Liquids & Flammable Liquids & Combustible LiquidsCombustible Liquids
Hazard Classification SystemHazard Classification System
Class 4: Class 4: Flammable Solids; Flammable Solids; Spontaneously combustible Spontaneously combustible materials; and dangerous when wetmaterials; and dangerous when wet
Class 5: Class 5: Oxidizers & Organic peroxidesOxidizers & Organic peroxides
Class 6: Class 6: Toxic Materials and Infectious Toxic Materials and Infectious SubstancesSubstances
Hazard Classification SystemHazard Classification System
Class 7: Class 7: Radioactive MaterialsRadioactive Materials
Class 8: Class 8: CorrosivesCorrosives
Class 9: Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous GoodsMiscellaneous Dangerous Goods
Scope of Hazardous Materials ProblemScope of Hazardous Materials Problem
Sources of Accidental Releases
Hazardous Materials asHazardous Materials asWeapons of Mass DestructionWeapons of Mass Destruction
A “weapon of mass A “weapon of mass destruction” is a destruction” is a hazardous material hazardous material from any of the nine from any of the nine o a y o e eo a y o e ehazard classes hazard classes when used as an when used as an offensive weapon.offensive weapon.
7. 2.4 km (1.5 mi) TABLE OF INITIAL ISOLATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTION DISTANCES
Large Spills
ID Guide Name of Material Initial Isolation Distance Downwind Hazards Day Downwind Hazards Night
1017 124 Chlorine 240 m (800 ft) 4 km (4.6 mi)
Chemical Warfare:Chemical Warfare:WWI Chlorine & IraqWWI Chlorine & Iraq--Iran War (HD)Iran War (HD)
Chemical Sector: Target RichChemical Sector: Target Rich
The most dangerous two miles in the U.S.The most dangerous two miles in the U.S.
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Haz Mat: A More Sinister TwistHaz Mat: A More Sinister Twist
--Haz Mat vs.CBRN/ Weapons of Mass EffectHaz Mat vs.CBRN/ Weapons of Mass Effect
Conventional toxic industrial chemicals andConventional toxic industrial chemicals and
materials may be used as Weapons ofmaterials may be used as Weapons of
(TICs/TIMs) than militarized agents.(TICs/TIMs) than militarized agents.
Haz Mat: A More Sinister Twist Haz Mat: A More Sinister Twist (cont’d)(cont’d)
--FACT: More than 850,000 U.S. businessesFACT: More than 850,000 U.S. businessesstore TICsstore TICs--Approx. 123 chemical facilities located in Approx. 123 chemical facilities located in areas inhabited by > 1 million people.areas inhabited by > 1 million people.y p py p p--Approx. 750 extremely hazardous facilitiesApprox. 750 extremely hazardous facilitieslocated in communities > 100,000 pop.located in communities > 100,000 pop.--As per US Army study, a terrorist attackAs per US Army study, a terrorist attackon a chemical facility may result in 2.4 milon a chemical facility may result in 2.4 milfatalities.fatalities.
Overview Overview -- History PerspectiveHistory Perspective
September 2001 September 2001 -- Toulouse, FranceToulouse, France Fertilizer plant explosion, 29 deaths and 3,000 Fertilizer plant explosion, 29 deaths and 3,000
injuries injuries ––initially investigated as terrorist initially investigated as terrorist event,postevent,post--9/119/11
1970s1970s Seveso ItalySeveso Italy 1970s 1970s -- Seveso, ItalySeveso, Italy Explosion at pentacholorophenol plantExplosion at pentacholorophenol plant
1984 1984 -- Bhopal, India (Union Carbide Aldicarb)Bhopal, India (Union Carbide Aldicarb) 3,000 deaths and 20,000 illness (many 3,000 deaths and 20,000 illness (many
respiratory)respiratory)--alleged act of sabotage by alleged act of sabotage by disgruntled employee as per Arthur D. Little disgruntled employee as per Arthur D. Little studystudy
U.S. Chemical Sector SecurityU.S. Chemical Sector Security
Considered critical infrastructureConsidered critical infrastructure--DHSDHS
Approx. $637 billion industryApprox. $637 billion industry
Over 70,000 different productsOver 70,000 different products
21% of world’s chemical production21% of world’s chemical production 21% of world s chemical production21% of world s chemical production
Gaps still exist in security and emergency Gaps still exist in security and emergency planning,training and responseplanning,training and response
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The Tragedy of BhopalThe Tragedy of Bhopal The Tragedy of BhopalThe Tragedy of BhopalUnion Carbide pesticide “Sevin” facilityUnion Carbide pesticide “Sevin” facility
The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d)The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d)
--December 2December 2--3,19843,1984
--Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) wasUnion Carbide India Limited (UCIL) was
licensed by the Madhya Pradesh govt. tolicensed by the Madhya Pradesh govt. to
(MMA),methylisocyanate (MIC) and (MMA),methylisocyanate (MIC) and carbaryl,a carbamate pesticide,aka,Sevincarbaryl,a carbamate pesticide,aka,Sevin
--Alleged to be an act of industrial sabotageAlleged to be an act of industrial sabotage
The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d.)The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d.)
Night of 2Night of 2--3 December ,H20 entered MIC 3 December ,H20 entered MIC storage vessel (accident vs.sabotage debatestorage vessel (accident vs.sabotage debateonon--going),causing a runaway exothermicgoing),causing a runaway exothermicreactionreactionreactionreaction--Rapid rise in temp. & pressure,iron catalystRapid rise in temp. & pressure,iron catalystfrom corrosion,and presence of chloroformfrom corrosion,and presence of chloroformcaused catastrophic release of toxic caused catastrophic release of toxic
aerosols,vapors/gases and liquidsaerosols,vapors/gases and liquids
The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d)The Tragedy of Bhopal (cont’d)
--Safety systems malfunctioned,many systems shut Safety systems malfunctioned,many systems shut down awaiting replacement or maintenancedown awaiting replacement or maintenance
--Emergency warning systems failed or wereEmergency warning systems failed or were
shut down. No facility or community EOPs.shut down. No facility or community EOPs.shut down. No facility or community EOPs.shut down. No facility or community EOPs.
-- Approx.25Approx.25--27 metric tons of methyl isocyanate 27 metric tons of methyl isocyanate were released w/other toxicants. were released w/other toxicants.
-- 25002500--3000 fatalities due to acute respiratory 3000 fatalities due to acute respiratory failure, estimated 500,000 injured, chronic healthfailure, estimated 500,000 injured, chronic health
effects in exposed survivorseffects in exposed survivors
Overview Overview -- History PerspectiveHistory Perspective
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant -- 19861986
Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant -- 19771977
Mexico Mexico --1992 Hexane gas leak and explosion1992 Hexane gas leak and explosion
Institute, West Virginia Institute, West Virginia -- 1984 Union carbide 1984 Union carbide Pesticide plantPesticide plant
Graniteville Health EffectsGraniteville Health Effects RespiratoryRespiratory
Chlorine is “moderately” water solubleChlorine is “moderately” water solubleand forms HCl and hypochlorous acidand forms HCl and hypochlorous acidin the airwaysin the airways
-- Potent irritant gas/pneumotoxicantPotent irritant gas/pneumotoxicantPotent irritant gas/pneumotoxicantPotent irritant gas/pneumotoxicant-- Airway obstruction due to laryngeal edema,stridorAirway obstruction due to laryngeal edema,stridor--Reactive airways,pulmonary fibrosisReactive airways,pulmonary fibrosis-- Bronchiolitis obliterans,nonBronchiolitis obliterans,non--cardiogenic cardiogenic
pulmonary edema/ARDSpulmonary edema/ARDS
Chemical Attack:In Arizona?Chemical Attack:In Arizona?
Accused of chemical weapon attackAccused of chemical weapon attack--ChlorineChlorine
Occured August 2009 against neighborsOccured August 2009 against neighbors--created plume which forced community created plume which forced community evacuationevacuation
Chemical / Chemical / Chlorine/ TIC Chlorine/ TIC (Toxic Industrial Chemical(Toxic Industrial Chemical < toxicity than Sarin< toxicity than SarinIndustrial accident involving Industrial accident involving transportationtransportationIndustrial area of ruralIndustrial area of rural
Chemical / Sarin Chemical / Sarin -- Nerve AgentNerve Agent
Remember that Chlorine was used as a chemical warfare agent in WW I
• April 22, 19152nd Battle of Ypres Belgi m (The Western Front)Industrial area of rural Industrial area of rural
communitycommunity9 Deaths9 Deaths785 Reporting health effects*785 Reporting health effects*5,400 evacuated*5,400 evacuated*Large evacuationLarge evacuationChallenges with Challenges with Protective actionsProtective actions* Some variances reported* Some variances reported
7 Deaths7 Deaths
600600--700 effected*700 effected*
4700 worried well*4700 worried well*
Large evacuationLarge evacuation
Challenges withChallenges with
Protective actionsProtective actions
• 2nd Battle of Ypres, Belgium (The Western Front)• < 10 minutes – the chlorine claimed the lives of
over 5,000 soldiers• 168 tons of chlorine released at Ypres • 160 tons were released at Graniteville
-- Chemicals involved in methamphetamineChemicals involved in methamphetamineproduction,precursors,intermediates,production,precursors,intermediates,reagentsreagents--salts,acids,toxic gases,solvents,etc.salts,acids,toxic gases,solvents,etc.
tricothecene mycotoxins (fungal toxins),T2tricothecene mycotoxins (fungal toxins),T2-- **Household chemicals can be used to make Household chemicals can be used to make
improvised explosives and chemical weaponsimprovised explosives and chemical weapons
Minimize impact caused by threat by threat occurrenceMinimize impact caused by threat by threat occurrence
Ensure continuity of operationsEnsure continuity of operations
Separate HVAs conducted for each identified hazard Separate HVAs conducted for each identified hazard HVAs are used to determine impacts and consequences HVAs are used to determine impacts and consequences and the capacity of entities and communities to deal with and the capacity of entities and communities to deal with effects of a disaster,incident or event.effects of a disaster,incident or event.
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
RiskRisk-- Is theIs the calculated score of the interactions calculated score of the interactions between probability and impact that is applied to each between probability and impact that is applied to each threat typethreat type
Risk= Hazard X VulnerabilityRisk= Hazard X Vulnerability
Probability of the likelihood of an eventProbability of the likelihood of an eventyy
May be calculated through a retrospective assessment May be calculated through a retrospective assessment of event frequency or predicted through a prospect of event frequency or predicted through a prospect estimation of risk factorsestimation of risk factors
Probability may be expressed in numerical (30%) or Probability may be expressed in numerical (30%) or relative terms (low,moderate or high risk)relative terms (low,moderate or high risk)
Uses the results of the hazard identification and HVA to Uses the results of the hazard identification and HVA to determine the probability of an outcomedetermine the probability of an outcome
Generic EMP ProcessGeneric EMP Process
Step 1
• Identify the Community & Planning Team
Step 2
• Conduct a Hazard Vulnerability Assessment (HVA)
Step 3• Develop the
Basic EMP
Step 4Step 5Step 6 Step 4
• Develop plans for Functional Operations
Step 5
• Develop priority Hazard-specific Plans
Step 6
• Implement Mitigation Strategies
Step 7• Train, Educate &
Exercise Staff
Step 8
• Conduct on-going Review & Revision
Chemical Sector Security ThreatsChemical Sector Security Threats
Internal sabotage by actor(s) intentionally causing Internal sabotage by actor(s) intentionally causing operational failures,product releases,inducing operational failures,product releases,inducing incompatible reactions,disabling safety systemsincompatible reactions,disabling safety systems
HostageHostage--taking and threatening damage totaking and threatening damage tofacility or threatening release ,forcing others to facility or threatening release ,forcing others to commit sabotage under duress,making demandscommit sabotage under duress,making demandscommit sabotage under duress,making demandscommit sabotage under duress,making demands
Active shooter scenario , use of HE or incendiaries, Active shooter scenario , use of HE or incendiaries, RPG attack,suicideRPG attack,suicide--homicide bomberhomicide bomber
External External –– attack by stealth, infiltration into perimeter attack by stealth, infiltration into perimeter and sensitive/critical infrastructure,armed assault and sensitive/critical infrastructure,armed assault with intent of causing operational failures & releaseswith intent of causing operational failures & releases
CyberCyber--terrorism creating disruptions in critical terrorism creating disruptions in critical systemssystems
Chemical Facility Security InitiativesChemical Facility Security Initiatives
H.R. H.R. 225: Facility Security Improvement Act of 225: Facility Security Improvement Act of 20112011
Prohibits Federal funds from being used by DHS to Prohibits Federal funds from being used by DHS to approve a site security plan for a chemical facility approve a site security plan for a chemical facility unless the facility meets or exceeds security unless the facility meets or exceeds security y yy ystandards and requirements to protect it against standards and requirements to protect it against terrorist acts established by the state or local terrorist acts established by the state or local government for the area .government for the area .
Chemical Facility Security Initiatives Chemical Facility Security Initiatives (cont’d)(cont’d)
Chemical Facility AntiChemical Facility Anti--Terrorism Standards Terrorism Standards (CFATS)(CFATS)--20092009
DHSDHS--mandated security requirementsmandated security requirements Reauthorized as law and extended to 4 October Reauthorized as law and extended to 4 October
2013201320132013 Integrates “Inherently Safer Technology” to Integrates “Inherently Safer Technology” to
enhance chemical sector securityenhance chemical sector security Industry representative mandates,eg American Industry representative mandates,eg American
Chemistry Council (ACC) Chemistry Council (ACC) Responsible Care Responsible Care Security CodesSecurity Codes
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Safer TechnologySafer Technology
Reducing or eliminating a hazardReducing or eliminating a hazard is the most is the most desirable solutiondesirable solution
Modify processes by:Modify processes by:
Minimizing the amount of hazardous materialMinimizing the amount of hazardous material Minimizing the amount of hazardous material Minimizing the amount of hazardous material usedused
Lower temperatures and pressures requiredLower temperatures and pressures required
Product substitutionProduct substitution
Minimize the complexity of a chemical processMinimize the complexity of a chemical process
Chemical Security Assessment Tool Chemical Security Assessment Tool (CSAT)(CSAT)
Addresses criteria for high risk chemical Addresses criteria for high risk chemical facilities. Secure DHS Webfacilities. Secure DHS Web--based system.based system.
Provides methodology for vulnerability and Provides methodology for vulnerability and security assessments (Top Screen and security assessments (Top Screen and y ( py ( pSVA) for eligible facilitiesSVA) for eligible facilities
Provides methodology for Site Security Provides methodology for Site Security Plan (SSP)Plan (SSP)
Must be “Chemical Terrorism Vulnerability Must be “Chemical Terrorism Vulnerability certified” individual to access.certified” individual to access.
Chemical Sector Security Chemical Sector Security Recommendations:ObstaclesRecommendations:Obstacles
Main Main obstacle in obstacle in any any industry is industry is “the bottom line”,ie “the bottom line”,ie costcost--effectivenesseffectiveness
Productivity and profits tend to be more important than Productivity and profits tend to be more important than security and safety issues.security and safety issues.
Trade secrets may be compromised.Trade secrets may be compromised.y py p
While supportWhile support for legislation andfor legislation and countermeasures by countermeasures by the chemical industry is present, there are proponents the chemical industry is present, there are proponents for “selffor “self--policing” and claim that a safety and security policing” and claim that a safety and security culture already exists within the industry.culture already exists within the industry.
Industry does not want to generate a climate of fear Industry does not want to generate a climate of fear Pres. Obama referred to unsecured chemical facilities Pres. Obama referred to unsecured chemical facilities as “basically stationary weapons of mass destruction”.as “basically stationary weapons of mass destruction”.
Chemical Sector Security Chemical Sector Security Recommendations (cont’dRecommendations (cont’d))
Adoption of inherently safer technologies industryAdoption of inherently safer technologies industry--widewide Improved physical securityImproved physical security--perimeter fencing,lighting, perimeter fencing,lighting,
surveillance equipment, intrusion detection, strict and surveillance equipment, intrusion detection, strict and extensive background checks of extensive background checks of prospective employees .Look for “red flags”prospective employees .Look for “red flags”
Trained and armed response elementTrained and armed response element--24x724x7 Train and exercise all staff in security awareness and Train and exercise all staff in security awareness and
proceduresprocedures Trained and responsive local and state law enforcement , Trained and responsive local and state law enforcement ,
fire/EMS, emergency management and other stakeholders. fire/EMS, emergency management and other stakeholders. Cognizant of facility layout, solid relationships with facility Cognizant of facility layout, solid relationships with facility security and emergency response personnel. Participate in security and emergency response personnel. Participate in training, drills and exercises together.training, drills and exercises together.
SummarySummary Chemical sector is considered Chemical sector is considered critical critical
infrastructureinfrastructure-- DHS Critical Infrastructure and DHS Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets (CIKR)Key Assets (CIKR)
Chemical sector is vulnerableChemical sector is vulnerable Intentional catastrophic releases are possible Intentional catastrophic releases are possible
and may result in extensive mass casualties and and may result in extensive mass casualties and extensive environmental and property damageextensive environmental and property damage
Federal and industry initiatives are in placeFederal and industry initiatives are in place Better security planning,training ,exercises and Better security planning,training ,exercises and
countermeasures are neededcountermeasures are needed Assistance is available at local,State and Assistance is available at local,State and
Federal levels.Federal levels.
Any Questions??Any Questions??
Thank you for your kind attention!Thank you for your kind attention!
Travel safely!Travel safely!
Don’t let this happen to you!Don’t let this happen to you!
