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TOWN PLANNINGBrasilia The capital city of Brazil Socio Economic Dynamics of Urbanization in Town Planning

Submitted By: Ali Reza Naqvi

Irfan Haider KhanB. Arch. IV Year 2010 11

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PLANNING OF THE BRAZILIAN CAPI

BRASLI

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Conceived in 1956, the site chosen for the capital wascentrally located in Brazil, 1015km from Sao Paulo, and1148 km from Rio de Janerio.

The nearest railroad was 125km distant, the nearestpaved road was 640 km away, and the nearest airport was190km from the site.

In 4 years, by 1960 Braslia had become a large, workingcapital city limited by the Preto River on the East and bythe Descoberto River on the West.

Divided into 29 administrative division, total area of theBraslia federal district is 5817 sq.km.

Plano Piloto is about 13.5 km long, 11 km for residentialand rest corresponds to the downtown areas.

The city was planned for 600, 000 inhabitants that hadgrown to 1, 817, 000 in 1996 already, and touched over 21lacs by 2003 (12.9% growth).

BRASILIA: WORLD HERITAGE CITY (1987)

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FederalDistrict

BRASILIA Territorial Area 5,8 thousand kmPopulation 2,5 million

Cities 29

Economic Areas 33

BRASILIA: LOCATION AND STATISTICS

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

THE PILOT PLANThe Pilot Plan was based on the shape of an airplane.The basis of the city is a Monumental Axis, or fuselage of an airplane, intersecting in the center of the city with aResidential axis, or the wings of an airplane. Costadesigned the city in four scales of design:

Monumental Scale, Residential Scale, Gregarious Scale,

Bucolic Scale

One of the greatest accomplishments of the Pilot Planwas the vast highway network which was built to provideaccess to Braslia from practically everywhere in Brazil.

The longest highway in this network is the 2,276 kmBelem-Braslia highway, linking Braslia to NortheastBrazil. The construction of these highways insured thatBrazils new capital would be accessible to the entirepopulation of the country.

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The Monumental scale was intended to provide Brasliawith the dignity of a capital city. This was achieved with

wide avenues of six lanes in each direction, the Esplanade,where the ministries and public buildings are located, thebus station, where the two axis cross, the Cathedral, and thePlaza of Three Powers.

The Residential scale contained orderly superblocks with auniform height of six stories, no high rises, and vast

motorways providing an excellent transportation system.The superblocks also had ample parking for vehicles, lowpopulation density, and plenty of wide open green space forpeople to enjoy.

The Gregarious (or social) scale consisted of the busstation, and special sectors of the city, like the

entertainment, commerce, and retail sectors. The Bucolic scale showed Costa's intent for Braslia to be apark city, where everything was separated by vast greenspaces and parks.

BRASILIA:PLANNING

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

The Monumental Axis1. Congress Complex2. Supreme Court3. Planalto Palace4. Plaza of Three Powers5. Ministry of Foreign Relations6. Ministry buildings7. Cathedral8. Theatre9. Main Traffic Interchange (bus station)

The Pilot Plan was built to conform to LeCorbusier's Letter of Athens, which embodiedthe ideal qualities of a city (at least according tothe Modernists). The Letter had four basictenets for the ideal city:

Well ventilated residences near green spaces The separation of residences fromworkplaces, with industries excluded from thecity proper Exclusive space for cultural activities, nearresidencies The separation of the circulation of vehiclesand pedestrians

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

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RATIONALE Two axes crossing at right-angles in such amanner so as to gain maximum out of the local

topographical conditions, the natural drainage of the area, by designing to suit the best possibleorientation. Fig. 1EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE The curved axis crossing the monumental axisbecause of the geographical constraints (to fit intriangle). Fig 2.

FREE PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERINGNo intersections. Fig 3.

BRASILIA:PLANNING

MONUMENTAL AXISCivic and administrative centers (transverse axis), cultural, entertainment and sporting centers, municipaladministration facilities - barracks, the storage and supply zones, small local industries and railway station.

Fig 4.INTERSECTIONAppertaining functionally and in terms of urbanized composition to the monumental axis. Placement of banking, commercial districts, offices for private business, liberal professions and retail trade.

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PLATFORMMonumental axis is on a lower level. Theintersection of themonumental and the highway residential axes

creates a broad platform where only parking andlocal traffic would be permitted. This also createsthe location of the entertainment center for thecity and interstate bus station. Fig 5.

ROAD LEVELSThrough traffic passes along the lower ground level

under the platform, in one way lanes. The platformbeing closed at its ends open on the two broadersides. Inter- urban bus station has been placed thereand is accessible to passengers from the upper levelof the platform. Fig 6.When the transversal axis reaches the platform itscentral lanes go underground, beneath the lowerground level, at which local traffic continues tocirculate and which slopes gently down until it levelswith the esplanade in the ministry district.

BRASILIA:PLANNING

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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENTThree separate clover- shaped turn-offs on eacharm of the highway axis. Lower level crossings,

automobiles and buses circulate both in thecentral and the residential districts without anyintersections. For heavy vehicular traffic asecondary independent road system with pointcrossings, but without interfering with the mainsystem, except above the sports district. Thissecondary system has access to the buildings of the commercial district at basement level, goesaround the civic center on the lower plane, and isreached through galleries at ground level. Fig 7

PEDESTRIAN TRAFFICWith the general network for automotive trafficthus established, independent paths for localpedestrian traffic were created both in the centraland the residential districts, ensuring freecirculation. Fig 8

TRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTURE

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

ADMINISTRATIVE ZONEThe fundamental powers are three in number, andautonomous. The equilateral triangle seemed the

elementary form to enclose these buildings. A triangularterraced embankment was created supported on retainingwalls of rough stone, rising above the surroundingcountryside. Each building was placed at each angle of thisplaza Plaza of the Three Powers

Government House and theSupreme Court occupyingthe base of the triangle andCongress at the apex. Thelatter faces a broadesplanade on the secondterrace. The application of

this ancient oriental terracetechnique.

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

RESIDENTIAL ZONE -SUPERBLOCKS The Pilot Plan was built to house people primarily insuperblocks. These superblocks were large groups of apartment buildings, grouped in a very orderly manner.Each group of four superblocks was supposed to serve asa single neighborhood unit. Each building was only six stories high, the buildingsrested on massive pillars, so there was an open areabeneath the building for free movement of pedestriansand for children to play under. The intent of these superblocks was to create single

neighborhood units with all the necessary services locatedclose at hand. This would negate the absolute need for avehicle to perform daily functions like running errands,and make Braslia a more personal, community orientedcity. Perhaps the most important aspect of these superblockswas that they were intended to be egalitarian, so that

people of all income levels could live together and wouldinteract on a personal and classless level.

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

LANDSCAPE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD

HOUSES IN THE NEIGHBORHOO

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BRASILIA:PLANNING

PLACEMENT OF PUBLIC FACILITIES/ UTILITIES

Far side of the blocks runs the service street for heavy vehicles, and a strip along the other side of the highwayreserved for the installation of garages, repair shops, wholesale warehouses. A strip of land is set aside for flower and vegetable gardens and orchards. Churches, secondary schools, cinemas and retail placed on broad strips joining service and residential axishighways at intervals layout as per type or nature. The market, butchers, grocers, green grocers, hardware stores etc., are located in the sections of the stripnearest to the service lanes while the barbers, hair dressers, dress-makers, cake shops, gas stations are in thesection nearest the traffic lane used by cars and buses. Shops are set in ranks, with display windows and covered walks facing the pedestrian approaches, woodedbelts surrounding the blocks, parking on the opposite side of the shops, adjacent to the traffic lane. The Local Church placed where four blocks meet, behind it are the secondary schools. Cinemas are located on the service strip facing the highway. Large free spaces between the shops and the cinemas have been reserved for youth clubs, with playing fieldsand play-grounds.

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BRASILIA:THE GLOBAL CITY

RESTAURANTS3.500

THEATERS70

CLUBS40

MUSEUMS65

BARS7.000

MOVIETHEATERS92

Brasilia: Metropolitan city without typical problems of traffic and violence.

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BRASILIA AN OVERVIEW

A STRATEGICALLY POSITIONED HUBBraslia is already an air and roadway hub. Integration with North-South and East-West railways will add anothermodality

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTBrasilia International Airport is on the top3 in the country in number of passengers.

Direct flights to all of Brazilian capitals, toEurope and USA.

HIGHWAY INTEGRATIONBrasilia is integrated with all the regions of Brazil through roadway systems.

RAILWAY INTEGRATIONMiddle-Atlantic Railway (FCA) coversseven states: Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo,

Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, Goias Bahia, SoPaulo, and the Federal District.

BRASILIA

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BRASILIA AN OVERVIEW

BRASILIABrasilia is a peculiar city regarding its territory occupation. It is one of the most dispersed cities in theworld and its population density, unlike other cities, increases as we move away from the center. Thiscenter is where 82% of formal jobs and 44% of total jobs in the city are concentrated. In addition, onlyaround 15% of the population lives in a radius of less than 10Km away from the centre, which results ingreat commuting distances.

SHORTCOMINGS Housing prices are very high, compared to other Brazilian cities. Public transportation is inefficient. The urban bus system has a lot of deficiencies; the constructionof Brasilia's subway is going slowly because of funds shortage. As a consequence, most of thepeople commute by car. Only few people are to be found on the streets, and the great distances between the buildings. The newer satellite towns have very few green areas, unlike some other satellite towns and thePilot Plan itself.

Many of the famous buildings are beautiful but not functional.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNI

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNING

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Urbanization , urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of globalchange.. The population size of urbanized areas varies among different countries, thereforeurbanization is attributed to the growth of cities.

Urbanization is closely linked to modernization and industrialization. When more and more peopleleave villages and farms to live in cities, it results in urban growth. The rapid growth of cities can beattributed largely to people from rural communities migrating there.

URBANIZATION

Percentage of population which is urbanized, by country, as of 2006

SOCIO ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNING

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNING

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Urbanization occurs naturally from an individual and corporate efforts which improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. People move into cities to seek economic opportunities. Inrural areas, often on small family farms, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basicsustenance. Farm living is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of

drought, flood or epidemics, survival becomes extremely difficult. Health is another major factor. People,especially the elderly are often forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that cantake care of their health needs.

CHANGING FORMS OF URBANIZATION

Different forms of urbanization can be classified

depending on the style of architecture and planningmethods as well as historic growth of areas. Massiveurbanization in cities result in tremendous strain on theinfrastructure. When the residential area shifts outward,it is termed as suburbanization.Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities thatcities can offer, but often settle in shanty towns andexperience extreme poverty. Most of the urban poor indeveloping countries able to find work can spend theirlives in insecure, poorly paid jobs. According to aresearch pro-poor urbanisation will require labourintensive growth, supported by labour protection,flexible land use regulation and investments in basicservices.

Delhi: The planned Dwarka Sub City can beseen in foreground while the unplanned and congested residential areas of West Delhi arevisible in the background.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNING

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dwarkasc2.jpg

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POPULATION GROWTH FOR INDIAS LARGEST CITIES OVER TWO CENTURIES (IN 2000)

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EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION

Housing needs Slum development Transportation needs increase Water supply and sanitation issues Environmental pollution Insufficient provision for social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc ).

Urbanization is degenerating social and economicinequalities which warrants social conflicts, crimesand anti-social activities . Redirection of investment is recommended to develop strongeconomic base for small and medium cityneglected so far.

Urbanization is not always attributed to high

density. In many cases, the cost of living has forcedresidents to live in low quality slums and shantytowns

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SOCIO - ECONOMIC EFFECTS

Research in urban ecology finds that larger cities provide more specialized goods and services to thelocal market and surrounding areas, function as a transportation and wholesale hub for smallerplaces, and accumulate more capital, financial service provision, and an educated labor force, aswell as often concentrating administrative functions for the area in which they lie. This relationamong places of different sizes is called the urban hierarchy.

As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase in costs, often pricing the local workingclass out of the market, including such functionaries as employees of the local municipalities. Similarproblems now affect the developing world, rising inequality resulting from rapid urbanizationtrends. The drive for rapid urban growth and often efficiency can lead to less equitable urbandevelopment.

Urbanization is often viewed as a negative trend, but can in fact, be perceived simply as a naturaloccurrence from individual and corporate efforts to reduce expense in commuting andtransportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation.

Living in cities permits individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity,diversity, and marketplace competition.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS

Income Education Occupation

IncomeIncome refers to wages, salaries, profits, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also

come in the form of unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interestsor dividends, royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financialassistance. Income can be looked at in two terms, relative and absolute.

Socio economic is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life.

Some of the factors to establish this relationship are :

Education A persons educational attainment is considered to be the highest level (grade or degree) of education they have completed. Education also plays a role in income. Earnings increase with

each level of education. Higher levels of education are associated with better economic andpsychological outcomes (i.e.: more income, more control, and greater social support andnetworking).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF URBANIZATION IN TOWN PLANNING

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OccupationOccupational prestige includes both income and educational attainment. Occupational status reflectsthe educational attainment required to obtain the job and income levels that vary with different jobsand within ranks of occupations. It shows an achievement in skills required for the job. Occupationalstatus measures social position by describing job characteristics, decision making ability and control,and psychological demands on the job. Occupation is the most difficult factor to measure because somany exist, and there are so many competing scales.

AN OVERVIEWUrbanization can be planned urbanization or organic. Planned urbanization, ie: planned community or the garden city movement, is based on an advance plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or urban design reasons. Examples can be seen in many ancient cities;although with exploration came the collision of nations, which meant that many invaded citiestook on the desired planned characteristics of their occupiers. Many ancient organic citiesexperienced redevelopment for military and economic purposes, new roads carved through thecities, and new parcels of land were cordoned off serving various planned purposes giving citiesdistinctive geometric designs. UN agencies prefer to see urban infrastructure installed beforeurbanization occurs. Landscape planners are responsible for landscape infrastructure (public parks,sustainable urban drainage systems, greenways etc.) which can be planned before urbanizationtakes place, or afterward to revitalize an area and create greater livability within a region.