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amil Nadu Police Journal 1OctDecember 2008

AMIL NADU POLICE JOURNAL

OctoberDecember 2008

Notice to Contributors

Articles may be sent on the following subjects, in English oramil (a hard copy and a soft copy in a floppy or by email [email protected])

Heinous/sensational crimes, Police procedure and stepstaken in detection.

Organised crime, economic offences, emerging trendsin crime, cyber crime.

Role of I in policing, Computerisation, Computer asa tool in detection of crime.

Latest trends in forensic science and medicine, computerforensics, scientific equipment, etc.

Communication, photography, advances in finger printscience.

Police organisation, structure and reforms,modernisation, training initiatives.

Intelligence, security, fundamentalism, terrorism andleft wing extremism.

Judicial decisions of importance to police offi cers and

legal issues of interest to police and law offi cers. Exemplary police practices in India and abroad. Police sports meets, celebrations, workshops, seminars

etc.Name and address of the author should clearly be indicated

and a passport size photograph enclosed. Articles should beaddressed to the Editor, amil Nadu Police Journal, O/o

Te SPAdmn, amil Nadu Police Acadmy, Oonamanchery,Chennai - 48.

Articles not accepted for publication will not be returned.

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2 amil Nadu Police Journal OctDecember 2008

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor in Chief

K. Vijayakumar, IPSDGP - Training

Editor

T. Radhakrishnan,IPS

IGP Training

Members

K. Ramanujam, IPS

ADGP - Training

Amit Varma, IPS

ADGP / PO / TNPA

Dr. R. Dhinakaran, IPSSP ADMN TNPA

Edited & Published by T. Radhakrishnan, IPS, on behalf of Tamil Nadu Police

Academy, from No.2, Natesan Salai, Ashok Nagar, Chennai-83and printed by V. Ramesh at Chennai Micro Print (P) Ltd,

New No.130, Old No.34, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai-29.

Disclaimer

No part of the Tamil Nadu Police Journal may be used or

reproduced in any form without permission from the Editor.

Neither the Editor, nor the publisher assumes responsibility forthe articles or facts or opinions in the papers printed.

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CONTENTS

S.No. Topics Page No.

1. Editorial 5

2. Women in Prison 7R. Nataraj, IPS, Director General of Prisons, amil Nadu

3. Civil Disputes and Role of Police 12 Anoop Jaiswal, IPS, ADGP Intelligence

4. Fight Against Corruption 23 S. Ramani, IPS (Retd.),

Former Director General of Police (raining)

5. Drugs A Ready Reckoner 30 S. Davidson Devasirvatham, IPS, Zonal Director,

Narcotics Control Bureau, South Zonal Unit

6. Te Naxalites Menace A study and Analysis 48 M.V. Poornachander, Deputy Supdt. of Police andVice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining),

7. Have an Eye on the Nature 51 M. Karunanithi, Addl. Supdt. of Police,amil Nadu Police Academy

8. Tottinayak Criminals of Gandhinagar Colony inTiruverambur Police Station limits of richy district 55 M.V. Poornachander, Deputy Supdt. of Police and Vice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining)

8. Cyber Attack 59 M.V. Poornachander, Deputy Supdt. of Police and

Vice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining)

9. Important Judgements 60

10. NPA Course Calendar 64

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EDITORIAL

Visible policing is often strenuous, confusing yetrewarding. On the other hand, a great deal of effort goes intospecialized policing that is a pre-requisite for crime preventionand crime control.

For professional Police Offi cers, constant upgradationof skills always remains an imperative. Tis implies updating ofexisting guidelines and formulation of new tools as demandedby the situation.

Tis issue blends the two aspects - visible policingthrough conflict resolution, tackling professional criminalsand drug menace and invisible policing through advanced

methods or intelligence collection and strategic planning totackle some serious organised movements such as extremismand its collateral ramifications.

I hope the articles will provide some useful inputs tothe professional offi cers.

Editor

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WOMEN IN PRISON

R. NAARAJ, IPSDirector General of Prisons

amil Nadu, [email protected]

Crime itself is not a disease though it may be due to disease.Tis is perfectly true in respect of women in conflict with law.amil Nadu is one of the few states where women inmates arehoused in separate prison exclusively built for women keepingin view their special requirement. Te prison establishmentis also supervised fully by women prison offi cials. Te totalnumber of women inmates population in the country is14, 657 and the average in amil Nadu is about 1000 whichis about 6% of total prison in the State. Te All India maleto female prison population is around 94% to 6%. In amilNadu separate prison complex are available in Puzhal, richy,Vellore, Cuddalore and 10 other Sub-jails while in many statesthe women prisoners are kept in portion of the main prisoncomplex.

Tere are several issues relating to women inmates. Teycan be categorized as (i) Admission (ii) Classification (iii)Reformation Programme (iv) Vocational raining (v) Healthand Hygiene (vi) Psychological and emotional issues (vii)Vision and emergency leave (viii) Rehabilitation on release(ix) Resocialisation and acceptance. Women prisoners on

admission are in a mentally disturbed condition. MentalHealth is an issue in respect of all prisoners but more sofor women prisoners. A study has revealed that nearly 60%of inmates suffer from various issues of mental health like

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psychosis, major depressions and personality disorder. Generalhealth problems in custodial care are communicable diseases,mental health and substance abuse.

On the basis of their health, social background, educationalstandard, classification has to be made to house them in theprison.

Reformation programmes for the women inmates have tobe tailored to their requirement. Most of the women inmateslike their male counterparts are illiterate but generally theirresponse to educational programmes is quite good. Vocationaltraining for women is important which will help theirrehabilitation on release. Specific marketable skills have tobe imparted. Computer courses have been started in womenprison complex and it is gratifying to note that women inmateshave enthusiastically taken to computer literacy.

Women inmates undergo intensive emotional stress due toseparation from their families. Study of the age profile of theinmates in amil Nadu prisons reveals that of the total 1000inmates about 200 are in the age group of 20 to 30 years,which is the child bearing age for women. Almost 350 inmatesare in the age group of 30 to 40 years where they have younggrowing children who are deprived of emotional support of

the mother. In a land mark judgment in Upadhyay Vs. Stateof Andhra Pradesh, gender specific issues of women have beendealt in detail and minimum standards have been laid for careof mother and child. In pursuance of this, women inmatesare allowed to keep their children up to six years of age.Pregnant women in prisons have to be given proper Pre nataland Post-natal care. Children born during incarceration shallbe registered in local birth Registration offi ce to avoid stigmaof child birth in prison. Creche facilities for taking care ofchildren in prison complex has been provided with suffi cientplay materials including cradle for the small children. Play

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school facility to impart rudimentary instructions to childrenthrough play way method is available with qualified teachersfrom District administration. Special diet for pregnantwomen, lactating mothers and special diet for children arebeing provided on the basis of recommendation of SudhaRamalingam Advocate Commission. Hygiene is yet anotherproblem and care is being taken to ensure that healthy habitsare inculcated in them particularly during menstrual cycle.Te inmates are also counselled and tested for prevalence ofAIDS.

Women undergo enormous emotional stress due toseparation from the family. A survey has revealed that womeninmates have a fatalistic attitude towards their imprisonmentwhich they feel that they suffer as they have not obeyedthe advice of elders. Tey blame their husbands or malecompanions who have forced them to criminal life. Tey are

concerned about their childrens future and are on guilt tripthat they are not able to take care of their children. Tey fearthat their children may succumb to wayward habits leading tointer generational crime. However in the case of male inmatesthey blame their parents for the plight. Tey also repent fortheir bad association and addiction to liquor and drugs. Teyrarely worry about future of their children.

Incarceration of women leads to the problem ofintergenerational crime due to lack of parental control. Most ofthe inmates are from the poor strata of society and are subjectto personality and physical abuse right from their childhood.Once they give birth to children their husbands begin toneglect them and look elsewhere for their sexual needs. Tis

adds to neglect, feeling of loneliness, insecurity and emotionaltrauma. When they are incarcerated the trauma only getsaggravated.

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Te social stigma attached to a women prisoner is muchworse compared to male. Visit by families is also few andfar between. Tey are rarely consulted on important familydecisions. Children are mostly neglected or in some instancestaken care of by blood relatives who are reluctant to meetthem due to societal stigma.

Analysis of crime profile of women prisoners in amilNadu Prisons reveals that of the 172 convicted inmates 127are involved in murder cases which is mostly crime of passion

and not pre medicated. Sixteen are involved in dowry relatedcases, 10 in property offences and 10 involved in petty quarrel.Of the 800 inmates who are under trials, nearly 50% areinvolved in illicit liquor and drug offences. In the dowry caseswomen in the age group of 50 and above are concerned. Tereare 51 senior citizens above the age of 60 and one 85 year oldinvolved in a dowry death case undergoing imprisonment in

Puzhal prison. Most of the women concerned in prohibitionand drug offence have been forced into the trade by theirmale companions. In dowry related cases it is always their sonwho through his mother instigates demand of dowry and theparents willy nilly get into the vortex of this social malaise.

As on date there are nine pregnant women in the amil

Nadu prison and 48 children with their mothers. In the lastthree years amil Nadu prisons have been home to 22 childrenwho have had the privilege of having been born in Prison.After all was not lord Krishna born in Prison? Highest waslast year (2008) when 8 children were born. All children havesurvived and are healthy mainly due to the excellent healthcare in women prisons.

It is a sad commentary on the state of the society thatwomen are increasingly forced into crime. In general there ischange in the pattern of crime and increasing trend in certainoffences. Arrest in the last 30 years has increased by 95% in

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all India level. 26.53 lakhs of arrest have been made in 2006in IPC cases as against 13.80 lakhs in 1973. amil Nadu isone of the states where arrest rate is high. On an average 7.33lakhs are arrested every year including 65,000 women. Arrestof women is mostly in social offences under Special and LocalLaws. Police have to look into the Policy of arrest as regardswomen. Arrest should be resorted to only in heinous offencesor where there is immediate threat to public order.

In Tailand a system of deferred Sentence has been

introduced by suitably amending Criminal Procedure Codewhere pregnant women coming in conflict with law are notsent to prison immediately. Teir sentence is suspended for3 years enabling them to take care of the child in the initialinfancy stage.

Rehabilitation and social integration are two other

crucial imperatives which should receive focused attention ofcorrectional administration and also the civil society. It has tobe ensued that the women on release is not placed in vulnerableposition with high risk of reverting to crime. Substance abuseis not such a significant problem as in western countriesor in most of the Asian Countries. Social acceptance anddomination by spouse forcing a hapless women to deviance

are two major challenges to Correctional Administration.

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CIVIL DISPUTES ANDROLE OF POLICE

R. ANOOP JAISWAL, IPSADGP Intelligence

1. As per the existing legal provision, orders of theGovt. and directions of various courts, all cognizablecomplaints, including that of money and land disputes,should be first registered as criminal complaints bydrawing an FIR and investigated upon to find theveracity of complaint and necessary action is takenagainst the accused. However, section 157 Cr.PC

allows a station house offi cer to refuse investigationin a case if the offence is not of a serious nature. Teprovisions of this section have been further elaboratedin PSO 562, wherein it is stated that police can refuseinvestigation under the following circumstances.

rivial offenses, such as contemplated in Section 95 ofthe Indian Penal Code

Cases clearly of a civil nature or in which thecomplainant is obviously endeavoring to set thecriminal law in motion to support a Civil Right.

Petty thefts of property less than Rs. 10/- in valueprovided that the accused is neither an old offendernor a professional criminal.

Injured person does not wish enquiry, unless aprofessional or habitual offender is suspected behindthe crime or investigation is needed in public interest.

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Understandable simple cases and petty thefts ofunidentifiable property and

Exaggerated assaults.Besides, section 149 Cr. PC. enjoins upon a police2.offi cer to interpose for the purpose of preventing, thecommission of any cognizable offence. Under theaegis of this law there has been a longstanding practiceof petition enquiry, which has been endorsed by

departmental circulars. Accordingly, when a complaintdiscloses petty and trivial community problems, familyand matrimonial disputes, neighbourhood problems itis entered in the community service register assigningserial numbers. Te station house offi cer or a policeoffi cer deputed by him, may cause enquiry and mayeither compromise or admonish and send out the

parties after getting undertakings. Tis is done withthe view to prevent a trivial issue escalating into acognizable offence including breach of peace.

Notwithstanding the above mentioned directions, in3.several circumstances relating to property disputes apolice offi cer is often caught in a dilemma whetherthe wrong committed in such transaction is (a) purelya civil wrong (b) a criminal offence or (c) a mix of civilwrong and criminal offence. One of the causes for suchconfusion is the failure to understand and distinguishbetween possession and ownership. Criminal law,barring a few exceptions, is primarily concerned withpossession whether it is theft of moveable property orcriminal trespass into an immovable property. Henceit is worthwhile to examine the term possession insome detail.

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Most property possessed is obtained with the consent4.of someone else who possessed it. Tey may have beenpurchased, received as gifts, leased, or borrowed. Tetransfer of possession of goods is called delivery. Forland, it is common to speak of granting or givingpossession. A temporary transfer of possession iscalled a bailment. Bailment is often regarded as theseparation of ownership and possession. For example,the library continues to own the book while you

possess it and will have the right to possess it againwhen your right comes to an end. A commontransaction involving bailment is a conditional sale orhire-purchase, in which the seller lets the buyer havepossession of the thing before it is paid for. Te buyerpays the purchase price in installments and, when it isfully paid, ownership of the thing is transferred form

seller to buyer. A bailment is a conditional possession.Violation of the condition may at times tantamount toa Criminal offence such as Criminal breach of trust.Hence, to decide whether a person has possession overa property, the question to be raised is as to how he gotthe possession or who conveyed him the possession andunder what terms. Forcible or surreptitious entry or

squatting does not tantamount to possession and maybecome aCriminal respass depending upon otherfacts and circumstances accompanying it. Further,where an offence of criminal trespass is made out itis incumbent upon the police not only to prosecutethe offender but to ensure that the offence of criminaltrespass is not continued.

Similar doubts also arise in areas of some other5.property disputes. For example, a distinction has tobe kept in mind between mere breach of contract andthe offence of cheating. It depends upon the intention

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of the accused at the time of inducement. Merebreach of contract can not give rise to prosecutionfor cheating unless fraudulent, dishonest intention isshown at the beginning of the transaction. Mere useof the expression cheating in the complaint is of noconsequence. For cheating one has to see whetherthere was anydeception played at the very inception.Annexure I list out illustrations taken from IPC andfrom various court judgements which clarify some ofthe common doubts in this regard. However, any suchlist, by its very nature, can never be exhaustive.

At times, reference is made to police in disputes,6.which are already under the scrutiny of a civil court.Te court may have granted interim injuction againstany party or person involved in the dispute. Tisshould not prevent the police from taking action as

a transaction may involve both a civil wrong and acriminal offence. However, police action should berestricted to the criminal part only. Further, if policeprotection is sought for the implementation of acivil court order it should be given readily. No Policeoffi cer should insist on a specific court direction togive police protection. Circumstances comprising of achain of transactions in relation to valuable security orproperty, in which some of the transaction are criminalin nature and some innocent, investigation shouldclearly differentiate them to avoid undue harassmentto any innocent. For example, A forges records and sellsit to B, B to C and C to D and so on. It is likely in thischain of events, some of the buyers and sellers may beinnocent victims. Care should be taken to ensure thatthey are not implicated and responsibility is fixed onthe criminal intention that piloted the transaction.

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Where prima-facie a cognizable offence is made out7.in a complaint, the police have no choice but toregister a case by drawing a FIR and proceed with theinvestigation. If at anytime during the investigationthe complainant and accused want to compromise itshould be done in accordance with section 320 Cr.PC.Further, Law gives the power of arrest of any suspect/accused to the police offi cer during the investigationof such a case. However, this discretionary power ofarrest has to be exercised judiciously and not withan aim to coerce a suspect or an accused to deliverany money or property to a complainant. From timeto time the Apex Court has laid down broad guidelines for the police in this regard. Te national policecommission has also laid down certain rules whichmay be worth adopting.

Despite these guidelines, a police offi cer may still8.find himself in a situation where on the face of thecomplaint it is diffi cult to decide whether the wrongcommitted is civil or criminal. In such situationit would be prudent to give the police offi cer somereasonable time (a maximum period of fifteen days) tomake an enquiry, which includes referring the matterto his superiors or law offi cers and seek guidance.But the complainant should be informed about thisand an endorsement for enquiry given to him. Careshould also be taken not to summon any personto the police station for enquiry or questioningtill a proper criminal case has been registered.Such preliminary enquiry has been endorsed andupheld even by the Apex Court. Te Supreme Courthas observed, in the case of P. Sirajuddin vs. Stateof Madras (AIR 1971 SC 520) that before a publicservant, whatever be his status, is publicly charged

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with acts of dishonesty, which amount to seriousmisdemeanor and first information is lodged againsthim, there must be some suitable preliminary enquiryinto the allegation. And in corruption cases it is theestablished practice all over the country. However, itis also incumbent upon the police to ensure that thedelay in lodging the FIR does not damage the caseof the complainant in any manner. Further, if thecomplainant is aggrieved by the delay, sub section (3)of 154 Cr.PC gives him the remedy of approachingthe Superintendent of Police for redress.

Such an enquiry may also be necessary to protect any9.harassment to any innocent person. Te moment aperson is named as an accused in a criminal offence, hesuffers certain adverse consequences, even if he is notarrested or subsequently prosecuted. Besides, there is no

gainsaying that the police offi cers, whether serving inStations or in special units such as CCBs or DCBs, arealready overburdened by cases either under investigationor trail. Hence registering cases at the drop of the hatmay seriously affect the quality of investigation evenin genuine cases as a case which is even dropped as amistake of fact takes considerable time and resourcesto finalise. However, where the dispute prima-facieappears to be of a civil nature, the police offi cer shouldnotenter into any enquiry or cause settlements.

When there are special agencies to look after certain10.economic offences, the station house offi cer shouldnot entertain or enquire into such complaints but

direct the complainant to these agencies.

Special units such as DCB and CCB may be11.strengthened and the scope of intervention in moneyand land disputes may be enlarged to avert any undue

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burden on the police stations. Tis may be kept bykeeping in mind the value of the property or to theextent public interest involved.

In service trainings should be imparted to investigation12.offi cer about land and registration laws and proceduresand detection of fraud in this regard.

Action should be taken under Rule 20(I) of the13.amil Nadu Government Servants Conduct Rules

1973 against the police personnel who indulge inkattapanchayat at police station as instructed inGovernment Letter No. 53140/A/2003-1 dated02.12.2003.

Strict action should be taken against anti-social14.elements who indulge in kattapanchayats and forcibleoccupation and eviction. Special parties may also beformed at the district level to tackle these anti-socialelements and prevent them from criminally intimidatingpeople into settlements, thereby undermining theauthority of law and administration.

Loop holes in the rules and procedures relating to15.the registration of property has also been cause of

the rising disputes and complaint. Computer toolshave made forgery of documents much easier anddiffi cult to decipher. A more stringent regime is calledfor the registration of property. Te General Powerof Attorney has been another source of grave misuseoften causing enormous loss to the government ofregistration fee as this instrument is widely used for

sale of property. Besides it has become the source ofperpetual dispute and litigation. Te rules governingthis instrument have to be reexamined and modifiedin a manner to reduce its abuse.

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Illustrations

1. A intentionally deceives Z into a belief that A means to

repay any money that Z may lend to him and thereby,dishonestly induces Z to lend him money. A is notintending to repay it. A cheats, IPC Illustration Sec415.

A sells and conveys an estate to B. A, knowing that2.in consequences of such sale he has no right to the

property, sells or mortgages the same to Z, withoutdisclosing the fact of the previous sale and conveyanceto B, and receives the purchase or mortgage moneyfrom Z. A cheats. IPC Illustration Sec 415.

A intentionally deceives Z into a belief that A means3.to deliver to Z a certain property which he does notintend to deliver, and thereby, dishonestly induces Zto advance money upon the faith of such delivery. Acheats; but if A, at the time of obtaining the money,intends to deliver the property, and afterwards breakshis contract and does not deliver it, he does notcheat, but is liable only to a civil section for breach ofcontract. IPC Illustration Sec 415.

A is a warehouse-keeper, Z going on a journey, entrusts his4.furniture to A, under a contract that it shall be returnedon payment of a stipulated sum for warehouse-room. Adishonestly sells the goods. A has committed criminalbreach of trust. IPC Illustration Sec 405.

A residing in Calcutta is agent for Z, residing at Delhi.5.

Tere is an express or implied contract between A andZ, that all sums remitted by Z to A shall be investedby A, according to Zs direction. Z remits a lakh ofrupees to A with directions to A to invest the same inCompanys paper. A dishonestly disobeys the directions

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and employs the money in his own business. A hascommitted criminal breach of trust.

But if A, in the last illustration, not dishonestly but ingood faith believing, that it will be more for Zs advantage tohold shares in the Bank of Bengal, disobeys Zs directions, andbuys shares in the Bank of Bengal, for Z, instead of buyingcompanys paper, here, though Z should suffer loss, and shouldbe entitled to bring a civil action against A, on account of thatloss, yet A, not having acted dishonestly, has not committed

criminal breach of trust. IPC Illustration Sec 405.

A and B being joint owners of a horse. A takes the6.horse out of Bs possession, intending to use it.Here, as A has a right to use the horse, he does notdishonestly misappropriates it. But if A sells the horseand appropriates the whole proceeds to his own use,

he has committed Criminal misappropriation IPCIllustration Sec 403.

A entrusted some gold to B for being sold and B7.neither returns the gold nor the sale proceeds. B hascommitted criminal breach of trust Mohan, (1960)10, Raj 1527

A hires a motor car from B under hire purchase system,8.which provided that until the car was fully paid forby A the car was to remain the absolute property ofB. A also agreed that during the hiring not to assign,underlet or part with the possession of the car inanyway. A pledges the car to C. It was held that A wasguilty of breach of trust Mosus, (1915) 17, Bom LR

670.

When an accused trespassed into the property of9.another and refused to leave when asked by the owner

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to do so and compels the owner either to use forcewithin the limits of its right of defence of privateproperty to remove an intruder or else to go to thecourt to achieve the same object, the conduct ofaccused tantamount to criminal trespass. Dual GoshVs Devi Prasad, (1989) 3, Crimes 298 (Cal.)

Constructive possession is included in the word10.possession in section 441 IPC and a trespasser cannotbe heard to say he could have not caused annoyance

merely because the party in possession of the trespassedpremises was absent at the time of trespass. HyderSahab Vs. Sabjan Sahib. AIR (1931) Mad 560: 33 CrLJ 145 (1): 135 IC 542.

When a servant were entered in to a house, refused to11.leave it on demand by the owner, and on the contrary

abused and threatened the owner. It is an offenceunder section 448 IPC. Dulal Ghosh Vs. DeviPrasad (1989) 3 Crimes 298 (Cal.)

Te fact that cheque issued has been dishonored12.by itself does not constitute offence of cheating. Dungarshi Vs. M/s Devi Prasad, 1985 Cr LJ 193(Bom)

If the intention of the drawer of the cheque at the time13.when the cheque was issued was to deceive, it amountsto cheating. If it appears from the circumstances ofthe drawer that he did not expect that the chequewould be cashed in normal course, it would beprima-facie proof of the intention to cheat. Direct proof

of Mensrea is seldom available. And it has to beinferred from surrounding circumstances. RadhaKrishna Dalmia Vs. Naryan, (1989) Cr LJ 443(MP).

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Te accused was charged for issuing a cheque with the14.intention to cheat and when cheque was dishonoredof insuffi ciency of funds in account the respondentinitiated criminal proceedings. Te petitioneraccused approached High Court for quashing of theproceedings on the ground that suit is of civil natureso no criminal proceedings can be started. It was heldthat when single transaction could spell out morethan one offence, then it could become the basis of a

complaint and would provide combined ground forprosecution u/s 138 negotiable Instrument Act andSection 420 IPC. Sosamma Vs. Rajendra & others,Cr. LJ 2196 (Ker).

A criminal prosecution for cheating can be based on15.a contract which cannot be enforced in a civil Courtor is hit by Section 24 of Contract Act. If A inducesB to part with a (*) on the assurance that he wouldexert his influence over the Income-tax Offi cer so asto persuade him assess B in a particular manner, insuch a situation if the elements of cheating are madeout A cannot evade prosecution, it being immaterialwhether the offence involved an illegal or void contractwhich could not be enforced in a civil Court Ramashankar Sukla Vs. Rikbab Kumar Jain. AIR 1952 All428: 1952 Cr LJ 747.

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FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION

S. RAMANI, IPS Retd.Former Director General of Police (raining)

More than at any other point of time in the past, the issueof corruption has come to acquire a lot of significance today.Tese are the days of globalization, liberalization and free trade.It is true that with increasing economic growth, corruptionhas also grown exponentially and truly astronomical figuresare being cited as indicative of the extent of the malaise. Noone really knows the exact figures. It is almost impossible

to attempt a calculation of the figure. However it has to beaccepted that corruption impacts our lives in a number ofways. It may even cost our lives or in less grave cases, ourhealth, security and financial well being. For example wecan take into account the grave fire tragedy that took placein a cinema hall in New Delhi called Upahaar, on 13th June1997 in which 59 people died and a large number of others

sustained injuries. Te trial court held that many offi cialsof the Delhi Vidyut Board, Delhi Police and the MunicipalCorporation of Delhi turned a blind eye to the violations thatwere rampant in the Cinema Hall as a result of which theaccident took place. In fact the Delhi High Court awarded asum of Rs. 18 crores to be paid as compensation to the victimsand their relatives. Since corruption is eating into our vitals

and is costing us dearly on several fronts, it is necessary totake a good look at the anti corruption initiatives so that oursociety can be saved from the ill effects. Just to get an ideaof the extent of the problem in our country we may take a

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look at the Corruption Perception Index(CPI), published byransparency International (I) for the year 2008. Tis list isacknowledged universally as the most reliable. India is ranked85 in a list of 180 nations. It matters little whether we haveimproved our position as compared to the previous years listor that countries like Bulgaria, Romania and Columbia areranked above us or countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan areranked below us. Te simple fact is that a lot of ground has tobe covered by us in our fight against corruption.

Te question therefore arises as to what can be done. Forthis I had a look at the list of nations that figure high up inthe CPI published by I. Hong Kong is listed at no.12 forthe year 2008 and has a CPI score of 8.1 in a scale of 10 (10is highly clean and 0 is highly corrupt). I particularly choseHong Kong, because some years ago it was not considered assuch a highly rated society as far as vigilance and integrity were

concerned. How could Hong Kong manage such a remarkableturn around?

Graft was a big problem in Hong Kong up to theseventies. After World War II Hong Kong emerged as amajor production base for both local entrepreneurs as well aswestern companies, to meet the requirements of the Western

World that was rebuilding after the war. Tis led to increasein corruption, more so in the police. Te problem was sosevere that it led to a public uprising, particularly after a PoliceSuperintendent, who was notoriously corrupt, had fled thecountry to evade being brought to justice. Te demand wasthat he be brought back to face trial. Te government gave inand this led to the creation of a dedicated and independent

anti corruption agency called the ICAC the IndependentCommission against Corruption. Tis Commission wassuccessful in bringing the wanted person from London. Hewas subsequently jailed for four years. Te Anti CorruptionBranch of the Hong Kong Police was responsible for fighting

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graft till then, but since most of the corruption was in thePolice, a separate body, away from the Police was created.

Tere are some unique features that have made the ICACa very successful agency. First of all, it was made completelyindependent, and answerable only to the Chief Executive (whois the head of Hong Kong government). It was given adequateresources and good statutory backing needed to combat graft.Let us look at this a little more closely to get a clear idea of theorganization and method of functioning.

o begin with the ICAC had strength of 682 offi cers,three times more than the erstwhile Anti Corruption Branchof the Hong Kong Police. Now it has nearly 1,300 offi cers.Te Commission has three Departments which are

a. Law Enforcement

b. Corruption Prevention and

c. Community Relations.

Tus it may be seen that a three pronged approach isadopted by the Commission while dealing with graft. Equalattention is given to all the three wings. Tey believe that alongwith a sustained drive against the corrupt by the enforcementwing, it is also essential to take preventive measures andplug loopholes which is done by the Corruption PreventionDepartment. Tey also wanted to build a culture of vigilancein the society and have community support. Tis is taken careof by the Community Relations Department.

Having said this much, let us take a still closer look at the

working of these three wings. Let us begin with the OperationsDepartment. Tis is the main investigating Wing. It enforcesthe ICAC Ordinance, the Prevention of Bribery Ordinanceand the Elections (Corrupt and illegal conduct) Ordinance. It

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also investigates offences such as black mail by a PrescribedOffi cer (public servant here in India) by misuse of his offi ce.It also takes up enquiries into complaints against PrescribedOffi cers which are indicative of corruption. An important pointto note is that the Department even investigates complaints ofcorruption in the private sector, where the employees cheatand accept gratifications from suppliers, agents etc. Teir anticorruption investigations are not confined to the public sectoralone. Te Operations Department is the largest Departmentin the ICAC. Besides reporting to the Commissioner of theICAC, it also reports to the Operations Review Committee,which oversees all ICAC investigations. Te ReviewCommittee has wide terms of reference and gets a large numberof reports from the Commissioner on investigations taken upand prosecutions launched and so on. It would also advise theCommissioner on sending information to the Departments,

based on the investigation taken up. Te Commissioner ofthe ICAC may also seek advice from the Committee on suchmatters as he may deem necessary. Te committee can bring tothe notice of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, (who is theexecutive head) any aspect of the Operations Department orany problems faced by the Committee, in carrying out its task.Te committee has both offi cial and non offi cial members.

Te Operations Department takes a pro active approach touncover corrupt practices by maintaining contacts, by use ofInformation echnology and by deploying under cover agents.It seeks to co-ordinate with other law enforcement agenciesin Hong Kong and main land China. It seeks to build aninternational net work to fight graft by exchanging visits andinformation and training. Te Department is well equipped

with modern gadgets and equipments.

Regarding the Corruption Prevention Department, it maybe seen, that its main job is to effectively plug loopholes whichmay lead to corrupt practices. It examines the practices and

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procedures of government departments and public bodies andtries to amend those that may lead to corruption. It also advicesprivate organizations and individuals about measures to be taken,to prevent corruption. It has a professional team to do the joband this consists of government offi cers, engineers, surveyors,accountants and auditors and Information echnology specialists.Tis Department works with managements of companiesand organizations and in a way, acts as their consultants. TeDepartment monitors developments in public policies, law andgovernment schemes and advices the concerned, so that ab initio,anti corruption initiatives are put in place. Te Departmentaims at building partnerships to prevent corruption. Te servicesrendered by the Department to private bodies are free of cost. TeCorruption Prevention Department has developed Best PracticeModules aimed at the private sector on how to plug corruptionloopholes. Companies are encouraged to draw up a written code

of conduct for the staff to help prevent corruption and fraud.Te Community Relations Department (CRD)

mainly focuses on educating the public against the evil ofcorruption and tries to enlist its support in combating graft.Tis Department has two wings. One wing is a specialist unitwhich maps out strategies to promote public awareness anddisseminate anti corruption messages through mass media.It also seeks to promote basic values through schools andeducational institutions. Te second wing has regional offi ces.Face to face contacts with different segments of the society areorganized here. Te CRD offi cers work with different groupsand produce tailor made programs to meet the needs of thetarget groups.

Te Independent Commission against Corruption(ICAC) has a good mechanism to oversee the vigilance healthof its own staff.

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On comparison of the methods and systems followed bythe ICAC with those here in India, it may be seen, that theyare mostly available here also. No doubt, we have excellentlaws and very good institutions headed by persons of very highcaliber. Yet the results that we have achieved are not impressiveenough, when compared to Hong Kong. We are way down inthe Corruption Perception Index prepared by ransparencyInternational. Tere may be several reasons for our poortrack record. One may be our size. Te other may be the loweducation levels and poverty of the people. Yet another may besocio economic situation and the excessive dependency on thegovernment and its services by the people for many day to daythings. Last but not the least, may be our election process. TeElection Commission of India has proposed several reformsin the electoral process which are aimed at preventing manymalpractices. Te root cause of all our problems lies there. As

and when the political will is found to implement the reforms,our problems on the vigilance front, will stand mostly solved.

I would like to end this article with one more observation.oday corruption has become a global problem and hasassumed such menacing proportions that the United Nationsitself had to come out with a convention against corruption.Te convention highlights the preventive measures to beadopted. It calls for criminal laws to cover a wide range of actsof corruption, if they are not already crimes under the domesticlaws. Besides the traditional crimes, other acts like trading ininfluence and concealment and laundering of proceeds ofcorruption is also sought to be criminalized. International cooperation has been sought to be strengthened in every aspectof fight against corruption, including prevention, investigationand the prosecution of offenders. Member countries arerequired to take measures that will help tracing, freezing,seizing and confiscation of proceeds of corruption. Assetrecovery has been emphasized in the convention. Tis is very

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important. Te needs of countries seeking the return of theillicit assets, has to be reconciled with the legal requirementsof the country whose assistance is sought. Such a measurewill redress the worst effects of corruption. It will also send amessage to the corrupt offi cials that there will be no place tohide the ill gotten wealth. India is a signatory to the conventionand we have mostly complied with all the requirements. Yetthere is a lot of work to be done. Eternal vigilance is the priceto pay, not only for Liberty, but for our fight against graft. Ascorrupt offi cials find out newer and newer methods of makingmoney, the agencies will have to adopt different strategies tocounter them. We can never let our guard down.

FuG

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DRUGS A READY RECKONER

S. DAVIDSON DEVASIRVAHAM, IPSZonal Director

Narcotics Control BureauSouth Zonal Unit, Chennai

Drug traffi cking is the illegal global trade activity in drugs orcontrolled substances that have been classified as illegal drugsor as controlled substances under the drug laws of differentcountries. Te value of Global illegal drug trade is estimatedto be $321.6 Billion in the Retail market, $94 Billion in thewholesale market and $12.8 Billion in the producer market.

Illegal drug trade is the most lucrative and profitable businessactivity in the underworld market and closely followed by theillegal trade in counterfeit goods, which is estimated to have aGlobal Retail market value of $313.61 Billion.

Despite stringent legal provisions across the world illegaldrug trade continues to thrive in different parts of the worldwith increase in production and demand for illegal drugs.

Drug traffi cking operatives are one of the stealthiest operatorswho operate across borders with a network of individuals fromthe supply regions to the demand regions. Te network ofdrug traffi cking operatives include the cultivators/producers/manufacturers, suppliers / traders / distributors, carriers/transporters / couriers, operators / coordinators / facilitators,receivers and the street level peddlers. Tis complicatednetwork operates on a need to know basis and all the differentstages of drug traffi cking are executed in the most clandestinemanner.

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A successful drug traffi cking operation involves the passageof the drug in custody from the supply region to the demandregion. Since the distance between the supply and demandregions are vast, the operatives adopt some of the finestconcealment techniques to escape the layers of enforcementand security agencies they have to pass through. Te operativesnetwork is Intra-State, Inter-State and International incharacter. Tough these operatives usually have a specifiedrole in drug traffi cking, there is no hard and fast rule in termsof roles to be played in exigencies. Te traditional operativesare street smart in maintaining their anonymity and continueto exist in fictitious names to different customers and clients.

Te stealth among the bigger operatives is more profoundthat they escape the dragnet of the enforcement and securityagencies very often. Despite a multi-agency approach towardsdrug law enforcement in the country, most of the operatives

continue to remain at large or unnoticed or unidentified bythe enforcement and security agencies.

Tough there have been regular seizures of drugs andcontrolled substances by different enforcement agencies, theoperatives arrested and prosecuted are largely confined tothose who were in possession of the contraband at the time

of seizure. Tere are also some significant instances in whichlarger number of operatives have been arrested and prosecuted.Due to the geographical spread and trans-border nature ofdrug traffi cking, the entire network is hardly neutralized.Due to the complex and complicated nature of this network,most of the enforcement agencies leave their tasks unfinishedor sometimes even unattended due to manpower and

coordination constraints of operating across jurisdictions.

Tis article aims to create awareness among the readersabout the major Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substancesthat are abused in society. It is imperative for law enforcement

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offi cers to have some basic knowledge and idea about thedifferent drugs that ruin societies and also fund terror outfitsin some parts of the world.

HEROIN

What is it?

Heroin is a semi synthetic drug that is produced

by treating Opium alkaloid, Morphine withAcetic Anhydride.

Source Opium derived form Poppy plant (PappaverSomniferum)

Discovery

1874, English chemist, Alder wright(Synthesized)

1898, German chemist, Heinrich Dreser (BayerChemical company introduced as medicine)

rade/StreetNames

Smack, House, Junk, ar, Ball, scag, Rufus,Garbage, Big `H, Boy, Brown, Brown Sugar,

Crap, Shit, China man.

Active Substance Di-acetyl Morphine.

Psychophysical

actionActs as a Narcotic Analgesic and as a depressant.

PreparationMethod

Morphine is extracted from opium by MohrProcess or Lime method. Morphine is further

mixed with acetic anhydride to produce Heroin.

OPIUM MORPHINE + ACETIC ANHYDRIDE = HEROIN

Lime method + Charcoal

(Lime + Ammonium chloride) + Sodium Carbonate

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Colour &

Identification

Colour ranges from off white to pale grey ordark brown or tan.

Usually seen in powder form.

White heroin is considered the most refined

and most potent

Te powder may be fine or granular andmay also consist of a mixture of powder and

chunks

Packed mostly in paper bindles, glassine envelopes, sealable coin bags, folded

aluminium foil envelopes, small balloons for

retail sales and in plastic for import/export.

ProducingRegions

Golden Crescent (Afghanisthan, Pakistan and

Iran), Golden riangle (Myanmar, Laos Vietnam, Tailand), Mexico, Colombia, Peru

and India

Methods of

Administration

Injection, Smoking, Snorting

Injection : Te effects of Heroin ingested

intravenously are felt within 7 to 8 secs and

produces a rush which lasts one to five minutes.

Intramuscular Injection : Effects felt within 5 to

8 minutes

Chasing the Dragon : Smoking method

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Effects

Psychophysical effects last four to six hours

Medical Use : Releives both cough and

diarrohea. Effective pain killer and tranquilizer.

Immediate Effect: Euphoria, Drowsiness, Nausea,

Respiratory deprpk[k[h4ijhjfession, contractedpupils, Itchy nose and skin, dry mouth, Sweating,

Urine retention, Vomiting, sedation.

Long erm Effects : olerence, dependence,

malnutrition, constipation, decreased appetite,

Abscesses, High incidence of infection andinfections diseases, Early death.

Effects of Overdose : Slow & Shallow breathing,Convulsions, Coma, possible death.

Global MarketValue

$64.82 Billion

Estimated GlobalUsers

12 Million

Global PoppyCultivation

& Opium

Production

235,700 Hectares of Poppy Cultivation in 2007(238,000 Hectares in 1998 Highest so far)

Afghanistan: 193,000 Hectares and 8870 M of

Opium in 2007 is 92% of the Global Production.

Price per gram

Africa - $34.25, Asia Pacific - $ 132.26, Central

and South America - $ 41.60, Europe - $ 78.14,

Middle East - $ 28.10, North America - $ 178.30

COCAINE

What is it?

Cocaine is a semi-synthetic drug that

is extracted from the Coca leaves in theAndean Region of South America.

Source Coca Leaf(Erythroxylon Coca)

Discovery 1860, Albert Nieman, German student

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rade / Street NamesBernice, Big C, Chick, Coke, Dust, Flake,Girl, Blow, Nose candy, Snow, oot, white,white girl, Rock, Crack, Hubba.

Active substance C17H21NO4 - Benzoylmethylecgonine

Psychophysicalaction

Stimulant of the central nervous system

Preparation methodHarvested coca leaves are dried and putthrough a chemical process

Dried coca leaves Cocaine alkaloids Cocaine Paste+ Strong alkali (Lime or cement) + water (yellowish)+ Solvent (gasoline or Kerosene) + Acid 40 % to 60 % Cocaine+ Alkali

Cocaine Paste Cocaine Base Cocaine Hydrochloride+ Water (75 % Cocaine) + Ethyl Acetate (85% and above)+ Sulphuric Acid + Hydrochloric acid+ Potassium Permanganate or Hydrogen Chloride gas+ Alkali

Colour &Identification

Usually seen in the form of a fine whitepowder, flakes, small chunks or rocks or acombination of these forms.

Flake is the highest quality but seldomseen.

Crack has often been described as lookinglike chunks of soap or plaster.

Powdered form is called as duff.

Ranging from bitter to sweet taste.

Packaging is mostly in small glass vials,aluminium foil, paper bindles and plastic bags.

Producing RegionsAndean mountain region of south Americamainly in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia.

Method ofAdministration

Snorting, Nasal Inhalation, Injection andSmoking

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Effects

Immediate Effect: Euphoria, Rush producesa full body orgasm, Anxiety, Greater

confidence, Increased alertness, Release of

social inhibitions, eeth grinding, Violent

behaviors, alkative, Sweating, panic, Feelingsuperior and Body tremors.

It is a fast acting stimulant and has a shortduration.

Smoking: Rush lasts 1 to 5 minutes

High lasts 10 to 20 minutes

Snorting: Rush lasts 3 to 5 minutes

High lasts up to 60 minutes

Injection: Rush lasts 3 to 5 minutes

High lasts 20 to 30 minutes

Side EffectsWeight loss, Insomnia, Fatigue, Headaches,Nasal infection, Sexual dysfunction,

Paranoia, Magnons Syndrome.

Cocaine Crash

After the Cocaine level in the blood drops,

usually within 30-60 minutes, the user

experiences Cocaine Crash as the drug wears

off and Dysphoria sets in with pulse rate &

BP dropping to lower level.

Long term effects

Aggressiveness, Anxiety, Coma, Convulsions,delirium, Nausea, Strokes, Sudden

death, Psychosis, Paranoia, Malnutrition,

Hallucinations, Possible deaths, Restlessness.

Medical ProblemsAbscesses, Circulatory problems, Crack lung,HIV / uberculosis / Hepatitis C, Grey/

black sputum, Severe bowel gangrene.Global Market Value $ 70.45 Billion

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16 million

Coca Cultivation &Cocaine Production

181,600 Hectares of Global CocaCultivation in 2007, Colombia 99,000Hectares of Coca Cultivation.

994 M of Global Cocaine Production in2007, Colombia-600 M.

Price per gram

Africa - $ 32.42, Asia-pacific - $ 171.74,Central & South America - $15.19, Europe-

$87.10, Middle East-$65, North America-$86.15

MARIJUANA / HASHISH / HASHISH OIL

What is it?

Marijuana refers to the leaves and floweringtops of the cannabis plant that are dried toproduce a tobacco-like substance. Marijuanais a green or brown mixture of dried,shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers ofthe cannabis plant. It has more than 400chemicals. Hashish and Hashish oil arederivatives of Cannabis plant. It is the most

frequently used of all illicit drugs.

Source Cannabis Sativa Plant

Street Name

Astro urf, Bhang, Charas, Hay, Green,Grass, Ganja, Hemp, Herb, J, Jay, Jane,Kali, Dope, Shish oil, Weed oil, Shish,Finger, Candy bar, Skunk.

Active Substance Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (U - 9 HC)

Psychophysicalaction

Variable

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Preparation Method

Marijuana

Harvested Cannabis Plants are dried and

the resulting material is cut or ground toa suitable consistency. Prepared marijuana

contains fragments of leaves, branches,

stems and seeds. HC content varies from

1 to 20 %.

Charas / Hashish

It is the concentrated resin exuding from

the leaves and stems of cannabis plants.

Te resin is dried and pressed to be sold asHash. Te resin is expressed by rolling the

cannabis fronds between the hands or by

beating plants over a cloth and then scrapingthe sticky resin from the cloth. Hand

Rubbing, Shaking, sieving, water extraction

and thumbing are some of the methods by

which Hahshish is extracted.

Hashish Oil

Heating cut marijuana leaves or hashish

over a solvent solution (acetone, ethanolor petroleum ether). Hahshish oil is 3 to 4

times stronger than Hashish

Colour & identification

MarijuanaGreen leafy bush that ofen has a significant

odour, dull green or brownish in colour.

Hashish

Black, dark Brown, Light Brown, Reddish

Brown, Greyish Brown or Greyish green to

green.

May be granular or smooth, dry or soft.

Powder form is very rare.

Hashish Oil Syrup like solution with black or darkbrown colour and unpleasant odour

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Producing Regions

172 countries in the world

Exporting countries: Morocco, Nigeria,

South Africa, Ghana, Afghanistan, Pakistan,Kazakhstan

Methods of

Administration

Marijuana : Smoking

Hashish: Smoking, Oral

Hashish Oil: Smoking, Oral

Effects

Physical Effects

Acceleration of the heart rate, Dryness of

the mouth and throat, Slight drop in bodytemperature.

Psychological Effects

Euphoria

Rapid mood changes

Increased sensory perceptionFellings of anxiety, panic and

hallucinations.

Impaired short term memory

Effect of Overdose Fatique, Paranoia, Possible Psychosis

Global Market Value $ 141.80 Billion


165.6 million

Cannabis Cultivation& Production

41,400 M is the Global Marijuana

Production in 2006.(Americas-55%,Africa-22%)

6000 M of Global Hashish production

in 2007.

Price per gram

Africa - $ 0.79, Asia Pacific - $9.33,

Central & South Americas - $ 1.7, Europe

- $ 6.6, Middle East - $3.0, North America

- $ 11.25

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MDMA/ECSASY

What is it?

MDMA was developed as a precursor in

the production of other therapeuticallyactive drugs. Later this drug was reported

to generate warm feelings towards

others. Te drug was subsequently usedby the psychotherapists on individuals

experiencing emotional problems. It

became a party drug over the years.

Source

Safrole, a colorless or slightly yellow oil,extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of

sassafras plants is the primary precursor forall manufacture of MDMA.

Active Substance 3,4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Street NamesAdam, Ecstasy, X, XC, Clarity, Essence,

doctor, love drug

Psychophysical Action Hallucinogen

Discovery

1914, E. Merck Company, Germany

Te first medical test of this drug was

conducted by the US army in 1953 as part

of their research for psychological warfareagents.

ProducersBelgium, Netherlands, Germany, England,Canada

Method of Preparation

Complex Process, ime consuming andinvolves hazardous chemicals. Safrole,

Isosafrole or Piperonal are used as

precursor chemicals.


MDMA has an appearance similar

to Methamphetamine and has a faint

Liquorice-like odour.

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Method of

administration

Available in powder, capsule andtablet form.

Snorting, smoking, injecting, but isusually taken orally.

Physical Effects

Blurred vision, Dryness of mouth,Enhanced sense of smell, Increased

BP/ Body emperature / energy /

Heart Rate, Nausea, Sweating, eeth

grinding, dilation of pupil, urinary

retention.MDMA causes the release of large

quantities of serotonin in the brain.

Numerous MDMA deaths have

occurred at Raves. Most of these

deaths can be attributed to the effectsof serotonin toxicity (Serotonin

Syndrome)

Psychological Effects

Initial effects are felt within 30-45

minutes after oral ingestion. Most

intense effect occurs within 60-90

minutes after ingestion and persists atthe level for approximately two hours.

Altered perception of time, Euphoria,

change in visual perception, greaterself-esteem, Increased Openness,

Relaxed feeling, Decreased aggression,Decrease in sexual activity.

Most of the psychological effects are

short term and disappear as the drug

wears off.

Anxiety, confusion, depression,paranoia, panic attacks.

Price / ablet $ 10 to $ 50

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LSD

What is it?

LSD is a powerful semi-synthetic

hallucinogenic drug. LSD has become oneof the drugs of choice at Rave parties. LSDincreases visual and auditory perceptions,making rave experience more intense.

SourceErgot alkaloids of Claviceps, a fungus thatgrows on cereal grasses, particularly Rye.

Discovery1938, Albert Hofmann, Swiss scientist,

Sandoz CompanyActive Substance d-lysergic acid diethylamide

Street namesAcid, Big D, Cube, D, Dose, Dot, Paperacid, Spots, icket, Sunshine, Sandoz

Psychophysical action Hallucinogen

Precursor Chemicals

used in preparation

Lysergic acid, Lysergic acid amide,

Ergometrine, Ergocristine and Ergotaminetartrate.

Preparation method Curtis reaction or the Garbrecht synthesis

Effects

A powerful semi-synthetic Hallucinogenic drug.

Doses are measured in micrograms

Dose or hit of only 20 micrograms willaffect the body

Doses of fifty to seventy five microgramsproduce Euphoria.

Doses above the level of 75 microgramscan result in a trip

Drug of choice at Raves.

Increases visual and auditory perceptions

Tere is no evidence that LSD is

physically addictive.Feels initial mental effects of LSD after30-60 minutes. Te mental effects peakin 3 to 5 hours and wear off within 8 to12 hours of ingestion.

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Effects

Physically, there in increase in BP /Pulse Rate / emperature / Respiration

and the pupils dilate.

Mentally, there is a distortion of

sensory perception, along with

impaired judgment. Te user mayexperience vivid hallucinations

Identification

Pure forms of LSD crystals are usuallyclear or white in colour but impurities

may cause a yellow tan or even black

colour

Nearly all retails sales of LSD are in the

blotter paper form.

Usually sold in the form of blotters or

small tablets.

Methods ofadministration

Normally taken by placing a square or

ticket of blotter paper on the tongue.LSD can be mixed with liquids,

consumed with foods, or added to pills

or sugar cubes and is readily absorbedby the gastrointestinal tract.

LSD can also be absorbed by placing

drops in the eye.

LSD can not be ingested by smokingas it is destroyed by high heat.

AMPHEAMINES & MEHAMPHEAMINES

What is it?

Amphetamines are synthetic drugs that

have an amphetamine base and many ofthem have legitimate medical applications.

SourceSynthetic drug derived from Ephedrine /Pseudoephedrine chemicals.

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Discovery

1887, Synthesized as a cheap substitute forAsthma drugs in Germany

1937, Became available in ablet form.

rade / Street Name

Chalk, Batu, Meth, Crank, Crystal, Go, Go

fast, Hearts, Pep pills, Quartz, Speed, Zip,Wire, weak, Ice, Glass

Psychophysical Action Stimulant

Preparation method

1) Nazi method (Birch reduction method)

Ephedrine/ Pseudoephedrine + AnhydrousAmmonia + Lithium or Sodium Metal + water +solvent freebase Methamphetamine

Freebase methamphetamine + solvent + HydrogenChloride gas Methamphetamine

Hydrochloride

2) P2P Amalgam methodPhenyl-2-Propanone/Methylamine + Mercuric

chloride + Hydrochloric acid +Aluminum + Isopropanol + Sodium Hydroxide

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

3) Hydriodic acid and Red phosphorousreduction

Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine + denaturedalcohol/acetone/ other solvents + Hydriodic acid+ Red phosphorus Solution + Sodium Heating 5-8 Hrs

Hydroxide + water + solventfreebase Methamphetamine + Solvent

MethamphetamineHydrogen Chloride Gas

Hydrochloride


White powder sometimes with a slightcolouring towards yellow, brown or grey.

Meth can also be available in a specialcrystal form.

Ice resembles broken or powdered glass.

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Producing Regions

Germany, India and China are themajor producers of Ephedrine /

Pseudoephedrine (Precursors required for

producing Methamphetamine)

East and South East Asia, North

America, Europe and Oceania produce

Methamphetamines.

Methods of

AdministrationSnorting, Smoking, Oral, Injection

Effects

Relieves fatigue, reduces the need forsleep, increases energy and confidencelevels and brings about psychological and

physical exhilaration.

Te effects last between 4-12 hrs

Body develops tolerance,

Causes Methmouth oothdeterioration, alertness, Anxiety,

Euphoria, confusion, delirium, dry

mouth, dilated pupils, irritability, Jaw

clenching, Sweating, alkativeness, eethgrinding , Increased body temperature

/ Heart rate / respiration / BP/ self

confidence, lowered social inhibitions

Long-term effect: Physical and mental

problems.

Delusions, visual and auditory

hallucinations, violent behaviors,Magnons syndrome, Paranoia, seizures,

remors, suicidal thoughts, weight loss,

poor hygiene, Insomnia, chest pains,

Impaired coordination.

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Yaba or Yaa baa

Local name of a methamphetamine andcaffeine tablet produced in the Golden

riangle (Burma, Laos and Tailand). Te

literal translation is

Crazy medicine. Tese tablets contain

25-30Mgms of Meth and 45-65 Mgms of

caffeine. Tey are Red, Orange or green incolour. Tey are embossed with an R or

WY.

ICE

Ice is a purified form of Methamphetaminethat is injested by smoking. Has an

appearance similar to broken pieces of ice

or glass. Ice is extremely powerful and has ahigh purity.

Global Market Value $ 28.25 Billion

Estimated Global users 24.7 million

Price per gram

Africa -$4.3, Asia Pacific - $155.86, Europe

- $31.87,

North America - $ 85.6

Production 330 Metric onnes to 770 Metric onnes

KEAMINE

What is it?

Ketamine is a rapid actinganesthetic, which is chemically

related to PCP (Phencyclidine,

phenylcyclohexylpiperidine). It hasstimulant, depressant, hallucinogenic and

analgesic characteristics.

Source

Te production of Ketamine is acomplicated multi step process using

Bromocyclopentane, Chlorobenzonitrile,

Methylamine and strong acids

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Discovery1962, Calvin Stevens, American Pharmacistand patented by Parke-Davis for use as an

anesthetic in humans and animals in 1966.

Street Names

Ket, Kit Kat, Super K, Vitamin K, Cat

Valium, K, Ket,

Special K

Active substance Ketamine HCL

Psychophysical

Action

Dissociative anesthetic and possesses

anesthetic, amnesiac and analgesicproperties.

Method ofadministration

Medical use : Intravenous or Intramuscularinjection

Recreational use : Snorting, oral,Intramuscular injection

Effects

Distorted Vision, Drunken Feeling, Dry

Mouth, Nausea, Numbness, remors,Vomiting, Increased BP / Heart Rate /

Body emperature, Loss of coordination,Sweating.

Recreation users take the drug toexperience the mellow, dreaming, wavy

feelings the drug produces. Tese effects

are often referred to as K-Land. Strongerdose produces an effect called K-Hole

Identification

Te powdered Ketamine has an appearance

similar to Cocaine.

Vials of Ketamine appear clear to yellowishin colour.

Price per gram $ 25 to $ 160

FuG

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THE NAXALITES MENACE A STUDY AND ANALYSIS

M.V. POORNACHANDERDeputy Supdt. of Police and

Vice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining),Ashok Nagar, Chennai 83.

Definition

Naxalite was born out of Naxalism. Tis nomenclature ispeculiar only to India.

Origin

Aftermath of British Raj, feudal landlords were enslaving theoppressed / deprived / downtrodden / landless / agriculturalpoor labourers into bonded labour. Tey were paid meagrewages for subsistence but were extracted with maximumlabour. Social unrest ensued. Te feudal landlords were toopowerful and the govt machinery were their stooges. Nexusbetween Politicians, Panchayatdars, local Police Tanedars

and landlords was wreaking havoc on the poor farmers.In a village named Naxalbari in the state of West Bengal,

in the 1950s, rose a cult figure by name Charu Mazumdarfrom the peasants family but educated person who took thecudgels on behalf of the oppressed poor people and advocatedthe educated youth to embrace the path of organized violenceagainst the atrocities of rich landlords and politicians and theirgoons and stooges and govt. agencies such as Police etc. Tisuprising was directed against the govt. establishments.

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Philosophy

Che Guevara was the forefather of guerilla warfare which

emanated from Latin America. Ambush technique of indirectwarfare was devised by him to demolish and destabilizethe Police or Army convoys of the govt on move but laterdeveloped into landmine blasts, bomb blasts, attacks onPolice / Army posts, blasting railway bridges / trains etc.Massacre of Police personnel, politicians and rich landlordswere perpetrated unabatedly. Tese ways and means were

adopted by the Naxalites who rose into armed rebellionstruggle. Tey cannot be termed as liberation fronts as such.Tey are extremists of Marxists / Leninists faction or Maoists.Philosophy is communism. Aim is to overthrow democraticelected govts. o eliminate haves and emancipate thehave nots. Tey were originally against the Monarchy. Teiroriginal symbol was sickle and Hammer. Aim is to terrorise

their targets.

Composition / Base / recruitment

All disgruntled youth joined the Naxalites band wagon.Oppression in any manner like female poor youth / girlsharassed / raped by Politicians, landlords or Police; innocentmale youths brutalized, unemployment, drudgery, socialostricisation, deprivation and abdication of house and land,segregation, poverty, starvation, denial of job opportunities andgenuine claims, Corrupt govt offi cials intransigent attitudes,neglect, let down by influenced of the society, infringementon their fundamental rights and liberties, insult and abuse onthe lower castes, etc. Most of them are educated youth.

Spread

Naxalites have spread into West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,Jharkand, Madya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Nepal, Maharashtra,Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, etc and now they are named as

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(PWG) Peoples War Group and Dalams. ULFA are alsoextremists. Militant amil Chauvinists organization likeNLA or NLF are also Naxalites only. Bodo militantsand Naga insurgents also can be classified as Naxalities sincethey are also upsurge movements / groups. Teir base rootseasily spread in to dry belt areas like Vidarbha and elengana,Warangal, Chattisgarh, Koraput, Bastar district. Teir mindsetis that rich are getting richer and poor are getting poorer. Teimbalance in the society is to be set right by them. Now they

join hands with ULFA, LE etc for training and weapons/ arms / ammunition acquisition. In recent times some ofthem were known to have joined Veerappans band wagon.Jail break is their forte now.

Conclusion / remedy

Te collector, RDO, Tasildar, BDO and revenue / govt

offi cials should address their grievances promptly, sincerelyand assuage their plight or apathy, create employmentopportunities, give vocational training, prevent the richlandlords and politicians from oppressing these poor sectionsof the society and exploiting them; Any injustice meted outto them to be addressed by the Media; Teir labour to beproperly waged; govt welfare schemes should reach them and

benefit them.

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HAVE AN EYE ON THE NATURE

M. KARUNANIHIAddl. Supdt. of Police,

amil Nadu Police AcademyChennai 40.

One impulse from a vernal wood may teach you more ofman of moral, evil and of good than all the sages can

William Wordsworth

One cannot deny that nature, the Almightys creationteaches lesson to the mankind which is also the creation,

of the Almighty. Te new inventions and developments ofscience are all taken from already existing flora and fauna. In asimilar way, we can take examples and guidelines from naturefor our day-to-day life and career. We should not forget thatcommonly practiced individual behaviour collectively formsocial culture.

Birds of same feather flock together

It is a common sight that we can catch often. A group ofbirds in the sky. How many of us have given thought to thetechnicality behind it. It is there to teach us a valuable lesson.Te bird migrates from one country to other in particularseason covering thousand of Kms. It is possible for them onlybecause of the manner by which they fly together. We can see

them flying in V Shape. It is for a purpose of flopping ofwings by the bird flying in the front, leading the group, wouldfacilitate the birds flying behind to flap slowly without takingmuch pain or effort equal to that of the leading bird. When

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the leading bird gets tired it would come back and next birdwould take that position. In the fashion they one by one take,the leading position and help the other birds to follow it withless effort and strain. Tis will stand as a lesson to all thoseparticipating in the joint venture which requires rather a selfregulation. Whether it is in a family or in an institution senseof belonging should be a watchword. If any one did injusticeto its capability, it would force others to step into the breachand suffer to achieve the objective.

We can aptly compare this with the method to be followedduring crowd control. Mob operation is a drill trained wellduring the period of basic training and subsequently in weeklyand inspection parades; it was refreshed to keep the skill alive.In practice some offi cers when they had to give lathi charge onan unruly mob, they are not advancing towards the crowd incolumn without leaving any chance for the crowd to advance

and also making sound to suppress the voice raised by themob. Tis method would give a cost effective result whereas the method adopted by some inexperienced offi cers wouldyield an adverse impact. Tey instead of advancing together,few bold and provoked offi cers run widely into the crowd andbeat the person caught along in fit of anger, without foreseeingthe consequences, only to get caught in the press lenses to face

the unfair criticism later.

Dog with a dry bone

Bone is the favourite food for a dog always but we might haveseen the dogs, which would be biting a completely dry oldbone for a long time enjoying the taste of it. But the reality is

different. When it breaks the bone by biting it hard the sharpedges of the broken bone puncture the gum of the dog andcause blood to ooze out. asting its own blood the dog wouldthink that it was the taste from the dry bone. It tallies with thebehaviour of a person who enjoys the ill-gotten money and

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benefit without foreseeing the consequences. In their thoughtit is the gravy train attached to their post of status. Tey failto understand that they are spoiling their own image by theircorrupt practice.

iny Roots of Coconut ree

A coconut tree occupies a small portion of land above the landthan other trees like banyan. It can bear a tender coconut atthe top with more sweet water only if its tiny roots travel long

distances under the earth in search of ordinary water.As a police personnel one has to sacrifice his personal

comfort, feeling and sentiments some times to enforce lawand maintain peace and thereby to give comfort to the public.Most of the occasions he has to suppress his natural feelingswhen he encounters unfair criticisms and undue reactionsfrom the public. Tis would enrich the image of the police

force as sweet coconut water.

Wisdom of a cat

A cat employs the same method to carry its young ones, andits prey normally the rat. But there is a vast difference in thepressure it exerts in the bite. In the same way enforcement

of law against criminals and antisocial elements must bedifferent from that on an ordinary citizen who violates traffi crules or any other local law in advertantly or out of ignorance.o differentiate this, the offi cer concerned should apply hiswisdom. Mere knowledge in law does not suffi ce to be asuccessful police offi cer but a wisdom for application of hisknowledge in an appropriate time and manner is a must.

How comes the greatness of Sun

Te sun is great but its greatness is appreciated only when itopens the soft petals of tiny flowers to help it to spread its

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fragrance in the air. Police offi cers may have enormous powers.As an investigating offi cer it is his discretion to arrest a person.But the way in which he uses his discretion speaks about hisintegrity and that only brings him reputation as a successfulpolice offi cer. He is not expected to throw his weight aroundto go ultra vires but to give importance to the victim whetherhe is poor, illiterate or down trodden.

Tis reveals the truth that our behaviour should be in linewith nature. Out natural instincts always guide us when we

go in deviation of natural law. Law of nature is not biased. Forinstance as per law of gravitation, even a richest or influentialperson would suffer the same risk if he falls from fifth floorof a building. But sometimes we ignore these warnings andrepent for it later after undergoing the sufferings as a result.We conveniently named it as experience, So .

Let us have an eye on the nature

Nature does nothing without purpose or uselessly

Aristotle

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THOTTINAYAK CRIMINALS OFGANDHINAGAR COLONY IN

THIRUVERAMBUR POLICE STATION

LIMITS OF TRICHY DISTRICT

M.V. POORNACHANDER

Deputy Supdt. of Police andVice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining),

Ashok Nagar, Chennai 83.

Origin

Te Tottinayaks originate from Kollakuppam village inNagari Police Station limits, Chittoor circle, Chittoor district

in Andra Pradesh. Tey are basically elugu speaking; mothertongue being elugu. Tose who have settled in amil Naduare also elugus but speak fluent amil. Interchange marriagestake place between Tottinayaks of Andhra Pradesh andamil Nadu. Tey are normally dark complexioned and withmedium statured build.

Modus Operandii

Teir chief method of operation is Diverting attention byseveral means, for eg:- filth rubbing on victims. In olden daysNight soil was used and in the recent past (for the past 20years or so) the youngsters who have taken over the mantleof criminality, use chewed Biscuits / Plantains, Pan supari.

Another way of diverting attention of the victim is by throwingrupee notes on the ground within the vicinity of the intendedprey / victim. Filthy substance is also rubbed on the vehiclesof transport used by customers coming out of Bank premisesor even rubbed on their bodies. Another unique method

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adopted is to throw itching powder (made out of Senthattyplant) on the bodies of probable victims, with the result thatitching spreads rapidly. Te victims attention is also divertedby means of engaging them in a conversation. One more M.O.followed by these notorious criminals is creating obstructionaround the vehicle of transport (of the Bank customers),parked infront of bank premises, sometimes, the victims cycletyre is also punctured. Bag lifting is their chief M.O. and theyperform it with much panache and sleek finesse. Bag lifting isexecuted in Bathing ghats, Bus stands, by diverting attentionof the victims. Usually two or more persons operate to ensurea coup de grace for these types of crimes (bag lifting) throughdiverting attention of the hapless victims. Tey do not adoptany violent methods to accomplish their nefarious goals.One of the main and interesting feature of these Tottinayakcriminals is that they completely avoid indulging in any house

breaking, robberies, dacoities etc. their principal M.O. isonly diverting attention.

Tottinayak ladies also operate in festivals, indulging inchain snatching from adults (ladies) as well as snatching ofchains and bracelets from children who are carried by theirparents on their hips. Minors (children) are also trained forassisting the lady criminals in committing crimes, for eg:- bag ,

lifting and for giving signals. Small boys between 10 years and16 years of age are trained and engaged to operate and act incertain manner, according to the signal given by the captain ofthe gang. Tottinayak criminals operate from outside the bankpremises, where as the RAMJINAGAR KEPMARIS operateeven from inside the bank premises, adopting the same M.O. diverting attention. At any cost, Tottinayaks avoid using arms

/ weapons for accomplishing their inveterate criminal pursuits.

General Information

Criminal behaviour is embedded in their minds. Illicit brewing

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is also a side profession of these criminals. Tey also resortto assaulting of the Police personnel who raid their habitats.Once when Tiruthani Police station crime Inspector raidedtheir hideouts, he was badly assaulted and mauled by oneKollakuppam gang leader called Military Kondaiyan.

A cashier of the LGB chain factory was deprived ofRs. 1 Lakh as he was coming out of the bank premises, afterwithdrawing the amount; his attention was diverted and thecash was looted by one accused Balu, a thottinayak criminal,

at Opanakara street in coimbatore. Te abode of Tottinayakcriminals is GANDHINAGAR settlement colony inthirverambur Police station limits of richy district in amilNadu. Tey have also operated in local district, borderingdistricts and even throughout amil Nadu and tend to operatein Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala too during festivalseasons.

Tese criminals caste name is Tottinayak. Hence, theyshould be called as Tottinayak only and NO as Koravas.Gandhinagar settlement colony comprises of approximatelymore than 500 Tottinayak criminals. Before this criminalssettlement colony was named as Gandhinagar, it was called asTiruverambur gang colony. In the beginning, these bandits

migrated from Andhra Pradesh to amil nadu and settledthemselves on the banks of the river Oyyakondan nearTiruverambur and hence they were called as Tiruveramburgang. But subsequently their settlement colony was namedGandhinagar, which now forms part of Tiruverambure Policestation limits. Tis colony is situated at about approximatelyone Km from the Triuverambur Police station on the anjore

to richy road, near the river banks. At Tiruverambur Policestation, for Tottinayak criminals, exclusively 37 historysheets are being maintained, out of which 10 are for DCs, 24for KDs, and 3 for Suspects. Since, this police station limits

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houses notorious Tottinayak criminals, it is highly sensitivefrom the crime point of view. Especially, when the operationsphere of the Tottinayaks ranges from bordering districts,bordering states to other states. Tese criminals seem to behighly proficient in speaking many languages and dialects ofIndia and therefore prone to commit crimes in other states.

Conclusion

Whatever be the reason for the opening of Tiruverambur

Police station, (being for BHEL complex), the primary onemust be to keep control over 500 families of Tottinayaks, oneof the notorious criminal tribes in the country. Tere shouldbe continuous tagging kept on these criminals who operate inmany states of India, with deadly effect and escape detectionwith ingenuity. Te Tottinayaks offer a fascinating studyof collective criminal behaviour, sanctioned by their peculiar

religious beliefs. While few of their families settle down tohonest labour, most of them continued their depredations andeven perfected the art of diverting attention, of the victims/ bank customers, while coming out of bank premises. Teyalso cannot be distinguished from the local populace becauseof their smart turnout, air of confidence and ease. Recoveryof the stolen property is possible normally through the police

offi cer who has gained the confidence of the elders in thecolony. A strategy should be evolved atleast to keep track ofthe movements of the Tottinayak youth, if not cure themof their chronic and inveterate criminality. Te brewing ofhomemade arrack by the Tottinayak women is too minor adelinquency to warrant mention here.

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CYBER ATTACK

M.V. POORNACHANDERDeputy Supdt. of Police and

Vice Principal (y) PRS, O/o Te IGP (raining),Ashok Nagar, Chennai 83.

Recently there was complete power failure / blackout forseveral hours in three Major Cities in USA. Investigationsrevealed the fact that nuclear power stations were fazed withcyber attack from Russia and China which was the handworkof technosavvy cyber crime experts patronized by those govtsand the intention was to destabilize USA using these means

and weaken it since they could not afford to subjugate USAthrough direct Warfare.

Muslim terrorists like A1 Quaeda are also envisaging cyberattack on USA.

Both FBI and CIA of USA hired the services of one Indian(cyber crime expert in counter cyber attack) by name AKIN

FADIA (MBA SANFORD UNIVERSIY) based inMumbai who started a software enterprise in Malaysia who also teaches counter cyber attack in many Countriesincluding India Author of a book title (Ethical Hackers Indian edition Rs. 300 only) to probe in to 9/11 attackon Sears win towers World rade Centres, aftermathinvestigations.

Learning subjects like cyber crime, Hacking, Countercyber attack, encrypting technology, Digital swapping, Cyberstalking etc gain importance now.

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