!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'(

Tracing the Law

History of Fiqh and the Schools of Sunni Law

The source books of the Four Schools of Fiqh

LAW P101 LAW P101

Phase One: Collection the opinions of the founder of the school

Codification and commentary of ‘Dhahir al-Riwayah

‘al-Nawadir al-Riwayah’ (rare narrations)

‘Dhahir al-Riwayah’ (well know narrations)

Books of Fatwa.

Phase two: Composition of summary texts for use in Seminaries

Mukhtasar al-Tahawi of Abu Ja’far ibn Muhammed al-Tahawi [d.321]Mukhtasar al-Karkhi of Abu al-Hasan ʿUbaydillah al-Karkhi [d.341]

Mukhtasar al-Quduri of Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Quduri [d.428]

Six works complied by Muhammed ibn Hasan al-Shaybani: Jami al-Kabir; Jami al-Shaghir; al-Siyar al-Kabir; al-Siyar

al-Saghir; al-Ziyadat; al-Mabsut.

Early summaries [320-420 H]

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'(LAW P101

Phase two: Composition of summary texts for use in SeminariesLater mukhtasar works [± 590 - 710 H]

Bidayat al-Mubtadi by Burhan al-Dīn ʿAli

al-Marghinani [d. 593]

Improvement of al-Qaduri & Jami’ al-Saghir

Al-Wiqayah fi Masa’il al-Hidayah by Taj al-Shari’ah Mahbubi [d. 673]

Summary of al-Hidayah

Itself summarised into ‘al-Nuqayah’

al-Mukhtar lil-Fatwa

by Abu al-Fadl Abdillah

al-Mawsuli [d. 683]

‘Majma’ al-Bahrayn Ibn al-Sa’ati [d. 694]

Based on Mukhtasar al-Quduri & “The

legal differences’ by Najm al-Din al-Nasafi

al-Kanz al-Daqa’iq by Abu al-Barakat al-

Nasafi [d. 710]

‘Jami al-Kabir, Jami’ al-Shaghir, ‘Ziyadat‘ & al-

Qaduri, & legal differences by Najm al-Din al-Nasafi

Other Important Works

Bada'i' al-Sana’i fi tartib al-Shari’i by Ala' al-Din

al-Kasani [d. 587]

al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah

Tanwir al-Absar by Shams al-Dīn al-

Tumurtashi [d. 1004]

‘al-Durr al-Mukhtar’, Commentary by al-Haskafi

‘al-Radd al-Muhtar’. Hashiyah of Mohammed Amin Ibn Abidin [d.1252]

Nur al-Idah, al- Maraqi al Sa’adat-

Maraqi al-Falah

By al-Shurunbulali [d. 1069]

Hashiyah al-Tahtawi Ahmed ibn Muhammed al-Tahtawi

[d.1231]

Hashiyah al-Tahtawi Ahmed ibn Muhammed

al-Tahtawi [d.1231]

Fath al-Qadir - Ibn Humam [d.761]

Commentary - ‘al-Hidayah by al-Marghinani

‘al-Binayah’ by al-‘Ayni [d.855]. !"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'(

LAW P101

Phase One: Collection the opinions of the founder of the school

Codification and commentary of ‘Dhahir al-Riwayah

‘al-Nawadir al-Riwayah’ (rare narrations)

‘Dhahir al-Riwayah’ (well know narrations)Books of Fatwa.

Phase two: Composition of summary texts for use in Seminaries

Mukhtasar al-Tahawi of Abu Ja’far ibn Muhammed al-Tahawi [d.321] Mukhtasar al-Karkhi of Abu al-Hasan ʿUbaydillah al-Karkhi [d.341] Mukhtasar al-Quduri of Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Quduri [d.428]

Later mukhtasar works [± 590 - 710 H]

Bidayat al-Mubtadi by Burhan al-Dīn ʿAli ibn Abi Bakr al-Marghinani [d. 593]

Improvemnt of al-Qaduri + Jami’ al-Saghir

Al-Wiqayah al-Riwayah fi Masa’il al-Hidayah by Taj al-Shari’ah ibn Ubaydillah [or Ahmed] al-Mahbubi [d. 673]

Summary of al-HidayahItself summarised into

‘al-Nuqayah’

al-Mukhtar lil-Fatwa by Abu al-Fadl

Abdillah al-Mawsuli [d. 683]

‘Majma’ al-Bahrayn Ibn al-Sa’ati [d. 694]

Based on Mukhtasar al-Quduri & “The legal differences’ by Najm

al-Din al-Nasafi

al-Kanz al-Daqa’iq by Abu al-Barakat Ahmad al-Nasafi [d.

710]

‘Jami al-Kabir, Jami’ al-Shaghir, ‘Ziyadat‘ & al-Qaduri, & legal

differences by Najm al-Din al-Nasafi

Other Important Works

Bada'i' al-Sana’i fi tartib al-Shari’i by Ala' al-Din al-

Kasani [d. 587]

al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah

Tanwir al-Absar by Shams al-Dīn al-Tumurtashi

[d. 1004]

‘al-Durr al-Mukhtar’, Commentary by al-Haskafi

‘al-Radd al-Muhtar’. Hashiyah of Mohammed Amin Ibn Abidin [d.1252]

Work on Ibadat

Nur al-Idah, al-Shurunbulali [d. 1069]

Maraqi al Sa’adat al-Shurunbulali [d. 1069]

Maraqi al-Falah al-Shurunbulali [d. 1069]

Hashiyah al-Tahtawi Ahmed ibn Muhammed al-Tahtawi [d.1231]

six works complied by Muhammed ibn Hasan al-Shaybani: Jami al-Kabir; Jami al-Shaghir; al-Siyar al-Kabir; al-Siyar al-Saghir; al-Ziyadat; al-Mabsut.

Hashiyah al-Tahtawi Ahmed ibn Muhammed al-Tahtawi [d.1231]

Early summaries [320-420 H]

Fath al-Qadir - Ibn Humam [d.761]

Commentary - ‘al-Hidayah by al-Marghinani

‘al-Binayah’ al-‘Ayni [d.855].

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( LAW P101

The four source books of the Maliki school

2.1.1 al-Mudawanah.

Imam Malik

Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim [d.191]

by Sahnun ibn Sa’id. [d. 240]

The work of Imam Malik, his student Ibn al-Qasim,

as well as his student Sahnun through the

refinement of the work of Asad ibn Furat.

2.1.2 al-Asadiyyah.

Imam Malik

Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim

by Qadi Asad ibn Furat[d.213]

This was the initial main compendium of Malik’s legal edicts and was studied by the

jurists of a-Qayrawan. Eventually replaced by the

Mudawanah

2.1.3 al-Wadiha.

Imam Malik

Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Qasim and others

by the Abd al-Malik Ibn Habib. [d. 238]

Became the main Maliki source text for

the school in Andalusia.

2.1.4 al-‘Utbiyyah.

Imam Malik

Ibn al-Qasim, Ibn Nafi, Ash’hab, Yahya ibn Yahya & Sahnun,

By Muhammed al-‘Utbi[d. 255].

Containing the narrations of it came to replace al-Wadiha in

Andalusia.

The summary and amalgamation of the four source books.

‘al-Nawadir’. By Abu Zayd al-Qayrawani [d. 386. H]

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Maliki school LAW P101

‘Jami’ al-Ummahat‘ By Ibn Hajib. [d. 646 H]

The final summary and editing of the work of Abu Zayd.

Khalil ibn Ishaq [d.776]

Commentated on ‘Jami’ al-Ummahat’ - al-Tawdih

Summarised ‘Jami’ al-Ummahat’ -al-Mukhtasir Khalil

Commented on by:-Muhammed al-Hattab,

-al-Ajhuri (three commentaries), -Abdal-Baqi al-Zurqani,

-al-Ulaysh -al-Amir.

al-Dardir [d.1201] ‘Sharh al-Kabir’ Summarised al-Mukhtasir Khalil in ‘Sharh al-Saghir’.

Commented on his own book in ‘Aqrab al-Masalik’,

The summary and amalgamation of the four source books.!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'(

‘al-Nawadir’. By Abu Zayd al-Qayrawani [d. 386. H]

Hashiyyah of al-Dasuqi [d.1230]

The Maliki school

al-Mudawanah. al-Asadiyyah. al-Wadiha. al-‘Utbiyyah.

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Shafi’i school

The Shafi’i School: Khurasan & Baghdad

Kitab al-Umm; Kitab al-Imla’a; al-Buwayti; Mukhtasar al-Muzani

Four books of Imam al-Shaf’i.

1.1 Khurasan - Generations of scholars

8th generation Imam al-Haramyn al-Juwayni.

1.2 Baghdad - Generations of scholars

6th generation Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi.Abu Ishaq al-Mirwazi

Nihayat al-Matalib al-Muhadhab

‘Kitab al-Majmu’ al-Nawawi

al-Basit al-Wasit al-Wajiz al-Khulasah

Imam al-Ghazali

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Shafi’i schoolImam al-Ghazali

Imam al-Ramlial-Muharrir

al-Nawawi al-Minhaj.

Ibn Hajr al-Haytami (Tuhfah al-Muhtaj)

Muhammed al-Ramli (Nihayah al-Muhtaj)

Abu Qasim al-Rafi’i (d. 623)‘al-Aziz’,

al-Nawawi al-Rawdah al-Talibin’

al-Basit al-Wasit al-Wajiz al-Khulasah

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Shafi’i school

The Shafi’i School: Khurasan & Baghdad

Kitab al-Umm; Kitab al-Imla’a; al-Buwayti; Mukhtasar al-MuzaniFour books of Imam al-Shaf’i.

1.1 Khurasan - Generations of scholars8th generation Imam al-Haramyn al-Juwayni.

1.2 Baghdad - Generations of scholars6th generation Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi.

Nihayat al-Matalib al-Muhadhab

‘Kitab al-Majmu’ al-Nawawi

al-Basit al-Wasit al-Khulasah

Imam al-Ghazali

al-Wajiz

Imam al-Ramli: al-Muharrir

al-Nawawi: al-Minhaj.

Ibn Hajr al-Haytami (Tuhfah al-Muhtaj)

Muhammed al-Ramli (Nihayah al-Muhtaj)

Abu Qasim al-Rafi’i‘al-Aziz’,

al-Nawawi al-Rawdah al-Talibin’

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Hanbali schoolCollecting and codifying the Hanbali school

Stage oneAhmed ibn Muhammed al-Khallal [d.321]

‘al-Jami li Ulum Ahmed ibn Hanbal’

Stage Two:Abu Qasim al-Khiraqi al-Baghdadi [d.334]

Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi±300 commentaries

al-Mughni

Stage Three: Creation of a graded series of text: The efforts of Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi [d.620]

Al-Umdah Al-Muqni Al-Kafi

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Hanbali school

al-Mughni

Stage Three: Creation of a graded series of text: The efforts of Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi [d.620]

Al-Umdah Al-Muqni Al-Kafi

Commentary

Baha al-Din al-Maqdasi [d.624]

‘al-Uddah Sharh al-Umdah’.

Commentary

Summary

Zad al-Mustaqni’ al-Hajawi al-Damishqi

[d.968] ‘al-Sharh al-Kabir’

‘Abd al-Rahman bin Qudamah

al-Maqdisi

[d.672]

‘Al-Insaf fi Marifa

al-Rajih min al-Khilaf’.

Ali bin Sulayman al-Mardawi

[d.885]

‘Muntaha al-Iradat

Ibn Najjar al-Fatuhi.

‘Sharh Muntaha al-Iradat

Mansur ibn Yunus al-Buhuti [d.1051]

Commentary

(& al-Muharrar & al-Furu’ )

Al-‘Iqna’ -

al-Hajawi [d.968]

‘Kashaf al-Qina’

al-Buhuti [d.1051]

LAW P101

!"#$!%&"#$'(')*('"!+,--./01

!"#$$%&'( The Hanbali school

al-MughniAl-Umdah Al-Muqni Al-Kafi

Commentary

Baha al-Din al-Maqdasi [d.624]

‘al-Uddah Sharh al-Umdah’.

Commentary

Summary

Zad al-Mustaqni’ al-Hajawi al-Damishqi

[d.968] ‘al-Sharh al-Kabir’

‘Abd al-Rahman bin Qudamah

al-Maqdisi

[d.672]

‘Al-Insaf fi Marifa

al-Rajih min al-Khilaf’.

Ali bin Sulayman al-Mardawi

[d.885]

‘Muntaha al-Iradat

Ibn Najjar al-Fatuhi.

(& al-Muharrar & al-Furu’ )

Al-‘Iqna’ -

al-Hajawi [d.968]

‘Kashaf al-Qina’

al-Buhuti [d.1051]

‘al-Jami li Ulum Ahmed ibn Hanbal’

Mukhtasar al-Khiraqi

‘Sharh Muntaha al-Iradat

Mansur ibn Yunus al-Buhuti [d.1051]

Commentary

LAW P101