Trade Routes: Trade Routes: Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Silk Road, Indian Ocean,

Trans-SaharanTrans-Saharan

The spread of economic activity, The spread of economic activity, religion, and disease through religion, and disease through

tradetrade

Essential Question:Essential Question:

►How were the Trans-Saharan Trade, How were the Trans-Saharan Trade, Indian Ocean and Silk Routes similar? Indian Ocean and Silk Routes similar?

►How were these trade routes different? How were these trade routes different?

►Essay Q: Compare and Contrast the Essay Q: Compare and Contrast the Trans-Saharan trade, Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan trade, Indian Ocean trade and Silk Routes. trade and Silk Routes.

Impact of TradeImpact of Trade

►Brought wealth and access to foreign Brought wealth and access to foreign products and enabled people to products and enabled people to concentrate their efforts on concentrate their efforts on economiceconomic activitiesactivities best suited to their regions best suited to their regions

►Facilitated the spread of Facilitated the spread of religiousreligious traditionstraditions beyond their original beyond their original homelandshomelands

►Facilitated the transmission of Facilitated the transmission of diseasedisease

Checks for Understanding Checks for Understanding (CFU)(CFU)

► Economic activity: What would an example Economic activity: What would an example of a commodity in West Africa that may of a commodity in West Africa that may have helped bring economic prosperity? have helped bring economic prosperity?

► Religion: Provide an example of a Religion: Provide an example of a religion/religious philosophy that was spread religion/religious philosophy that was spread by trade? by trade?

► Disease: What disease was spread as a Disease: What disease was spread as a result of trade? Which empire is primarily result of trade? Which empire is primarily responsible for this outbreak? responsible for this outbreak?

Classical CivilizationsClassical Civilizations► Classical empires such as the Han, Kushan, Parthian, and Classical empires such as the Han, Kushan, Parthian, and

Roman brought order and stability to large territoriesRoman brought order and stability to large territories They undertook massive construction projects to improve They undertook massive construction projects to improve

transportation infrastructuretransportation infrastructure The expanding size of the empires brought them within The expanding size of the empires brought them within

close proximity to or even bordering on each otherclose proximity to or even bordering on each other► As classical empires reduced the costs of long-As classical empires reduced the costs of long-

distance trade, merchants began establishing an distance trade, merchants began establishing an extensive network of trade routes that linked much extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and northern Africaof Eurasia and northern Africa

► Collectively, these routes are known as the Collectively, these routes are known as the ““Silk Silk RoadsRoads”” because high-quality silk from China was because high-quality silk from China was one of the principal commodities exchanged over one of the principal commodities exchanged over the roadsthe roads

Where did it go?Where did it go?

► Linked China and the Holy Roman EmpireLinked China and the Holy Roman Empire The two extreme ends of EurasiaThe two extreme ends of Eurasia

► Started in the Han capital of ChangStarted in the Han capital of Chang’’an and went west to the an and went west to the Taklamakan DesertTaklamakan Desert There the road split into two main branches that skirted There the road split into two main branches that skirted

the desert to the north and souththe desert to the north and south► In northern Iran, the route joined with roads to ports In northern Iran, the route joined with roads to ports

on the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf and on the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf and proceeded to Palmyra (modern Syria)proceeded to Palmyra (modern Syria) There it met roads coming from Arabia and ports on the There it met roads coming from Arabia and ports on the

Red SeaRed Sea► The Silk Roads also provided access at ports like The Silk Roads also provided access at ports like

Guangzhou in southern China that led to maritime Guangzhou in southern China that led to maritime routes to India and Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka)routes to India and Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka)

Organization of Long-distance Organization of Long-distance TradeTrade

► Individual merchants usually did not travel Individual merchants usually did not travel from one end of Eurasia to the otherfrom one end of Eurasia to the other

► Instead they handled long-distance trade in Instead they handled long-distance trade in stagesstages

Silk Road Trade to the WestSilk Road Trade to the West

► Silk and spices traveled west Silk and spices traveled west from southeast Asia, China, and from southeast Asia, China, and IndiaIndia China was the only country in China was the only country in

classical times where classical times where cultivators and weavers had cultivators and weavers had developed techniques for developed techniques for producing high-quality silk producing high-quality silk fabricsfabrics

Spices served not just to Spices served not just to season food but also as drugs, season food but also as drugs, anesthetics, aphrodisiacs, anesthetics, aphrodisiacs, perfumes, aromatics, and perfumes, aromatics, and magical potionsmagical potions

Chinese silk making

Silk Road Trade to the EastSilk Road Trade to the East

► Central Asia produced large, strong horses Central Asia produced large, strong horses and jade that was highly prized by Chinese and jade that was highly prized by Chinese stone carversstone carvers

► The Roman empire traded glassware, jewelry, The Roman empire traded glassware, jewelry, works of art, decorative items, perfumes, works of art, decorative items, perfumes, bronze goods, wool and linen textiles, pottery, bronze goods, wool and linen textiles, pottery, iron tools, olive oil, wine, and gold and silver iron tools, olive oil, wine, and gold and silver bullionbullion Mediterranean merchants and manufacturers often Mediterranean merchants and manufacturers often

imported raw materials such as uncut gemstones imported raw materials such as uncut gemstones which they exported as finished products in the which they exported as finished products in the form of expensive jewelry and decorative itemsform of expensive jewelry and decorative items

Spread of Religion: Buddhism Spread of Religion: Buddhism and Hinduismand Hinduism

► Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) first announced his doctrine first announced his doctrine publicly in India in 528 B.C. publicly in India in 528 B.C. By the 3By the 3rdrd Century B.C., Buddhism Century B.C., Buddhism

was well-established in northern was well-established in northern IndiaIndia

► Buddhism was especially Buddhism was especially successful in attracting successful in attracting merchants as convertsmerchants as converts Merchants carried Buddhism Merchants carried Buddhism

along the Silk Roads where it first along the Silk Roads where it first established a presence in the established a presence in the oasis towns where merchants and oasis towns where merchants and their caravans stopped for food, their caravans stopped for food, rest, lodging, and marketsrest, lodging, and markets

► Hinduism also spread along the Hinduism also spread along the Silk Roads, primarily along the Silk Roads, primarily along the sea lanessea lanes

Spread of Religion: Spread of Religion: ChristianityChristianity

► Antioch, the western Antioch, the western terminus of the overland terminus of the overland Silk Roads, was an Silk Roads, was an important center in early important center in early ChristianityChristianity

► Like other religions, Like other religions, Christianity followed the Christianity followed the trade routes and trade routes and expanded east expanded east throughout throughout Mesopotamia, Iran, and Mesopotamia, Iran, and as far away as Indiaas far away as India

► However, its greatest However, its greatest concentration was in the concentration was in the Mediterranean basin, Mediterranean basin, where the Roman Roads, where the Roman Roads, like the Silk Roads, like the Silk Roads, provided ready provided ready transportationtransportation

Disease: Bubonic PlagueDisease: Bubonic Plague

► During the 1330s plague erupted in During the 1330s plague erupted in southwestern Chinasouthwestern China

► During the 1340s, Mongols, merchants, and During the 1340s, Mongols, merchants, and other travelers helped to spread the disease other travelers helped to spread the disease along trade routes to points west of Chinaalong trade routes to points west of China

► It thrived in the trading cities of central Asia It thrived in the trading cities of central Asia where domestic animals and rodents where domestic animals and rodents provided abundant breeding grounds for provided abundant breeding grounds for fleas and the plague bacillusfleas and the plague bacillus

► By 1346 it had reached the Black Sea ports By 1346 it had reached the Black Sea ports of Caffa and Tanaof Caffa and Tana

Bubonic Plague in EuropeBubonic Plague in Europe

► In 1347 Italian In 1347 Italian merchants fled the merchants fled the plague-infected plague-infected Black Sea ports and Black Sea ports and unwittingly spread unwittingly spread the disease to the the disease to the Mediterranean Mediterranean BasinBasin

► By 1348, following By 1348, following trade routes, plague trade routes, plague had sparked had sparked epidemics in most epidemics in most of western Europeof western Europe

Illustration of bubonic Illustration of bubonic plague in the plague in the

Toggenburg Bible (1411)Toggenburg Bible (1411)

End of Silk RoadEnd of Silk Road► The spread of the bubonic

plague and the collapse of the Mongol Empire made overland travel on the Silk Roads more dangerous than before

► Muslim mariners began avoiding the overland route and bringing Asian goods to Cairo where Italian merchants purchased them for distribution in western Europe

► Europeans wanted access to those Asian goods without having to go through the Muslim middlemen

► They began seeking maritime trade routes directly to Asia which would largely displace the Silk Roads

► European Explorations

CFUCFU

►What were the three main impacts of What were the three main impacts of the Silk Trade Routes? the Silk Trade Routes?

►Why did the Silk Trade Routes come to Why did the Silk Trade Routes come to an end?an end?

►Which religion has not been mentioned Which religion has not been mentioned yet? Why do you think this is the case? yet? Why do you think this is the case?

Indian Ocean Trade: Indian Ocean Trade: Monsoon Mariners Monsoon Mariners

►The Indian Ocean trade increased The Indian Ocean trade increased between 1200 and 1500between 1200 and 1500

► It was stimulated by the prosperity of It was stimulated by the prosperity of Latin Europe, Asian, and African states Latin Europe, Asian, and African states

► It was also stimulated in the It was also stimulated in the fourteenth century, by the collapse of fourteenth century, by the collapse of the overland trade routes the overland trade routes

Indian Ocean TradeIndian Ocean Trade

► ““Zone of interactionZone of interaction””► First ocean to be First ocean to be

crossedcrossed► ““Sailor's oceanSailor's ocean””

Warm waterWarm water Fairly placid watersFairly placid waters Wind patterns: one Wind patterns: one

way = north of way = north of equator, the other = equator, the other = south of the equatorsouth of the equator

► Lateen Sail Lateen Sail allowed sailors to allowed sailors to sail across the sail across the Indian ocean, Indian ocean, could sail into windcould sail into wind

Indian Ocean Trade Cont. Indian Ocean Trade Cont.

►In the Red and Arabian Seas, trade was carried on dhows. From India on to Southeast Asia, junks dominated the trade routes

►Junks were Junks were technologically technologically advanced vessels, advanced vessels, having watertight having watertight compartments, up compartments, up to twelve sails, to twelve sails, and carrying and carrying cargoes of up to cargoes of up to 1,000 tons 1,000 tons

DhowsDhows

Junks

Indian Ocean TradeIndian Ocean Trade

► Junks were developed in China, but Junks were developed in China, but during the fifteenth century, junks during the fifteenth century, junks were also built in Bengal and were also built in Bengal and Southeast Asia and sailed with crews Southeast Asia and sailed with crews from those places from those places

►The Indian Ocean trade was The Indian Ocean trade was decentralized and cooperative, with decentralized and cooperative, with various regions supplying particular various regions supplying particular goods goods

Trade GoodsTrade Goods► Teak from IndiaTeak from India► Mangrove swamps in East AfricaMangrove swamps in East Africa► Arabian horses to IndiaArabian horses to India► Spices from Southeast Asia & Spices from Southeast Asia &

Spice IslandsSpice Islands► Frankincense from Arabia and Frankincense from Arabia and

AfricaAfrica► ***Desired far beyond the Indian ***Desired far beyond the Indian

Ocean worldOcean world► Slave trades & labor migrationsSlave trades & labor migrations

Slaves from East Africa to Slaves from East Africa to Arabia/IndiaArabia/India

From Southeast Asia to Southern From Southeast Asia to Southern AfricaAfrica

Africa: The Swahili Coast and Africa: The Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe Zimbabwe

►By 1500, there were thirty or forty By 1500, there were thirty or forty separate city-states along the East separate city-states along the East African coast participating in the African coast participating in the Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade

►The people of these coastal cities, the The people of these coastal cities, the ““SwahiliSwahili”” people, all spoke an African people, all spoke an African language enriched with Arabic and language enriched with Arabic and Persian vocabulary.Persian vocabulary.

Africa and Indian Ocean Africa and Indian Ocean TradeTrade

►Swahili cities, including Kilwa, were Swahili cities, including Kilwa, were famous as exporters of gold that was famous as exporters of gold that was mined in or around the inland kingdom mined in or around the inland kingdom whose capital was Great Zimbabwe.whose capital was Great Zimbabwe.

►Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe’’s economy rested on s economy rested on agriculture, cattle herding, and trade. agriculture, cattle herding, and trade.

►The city declined due to an ecological The city declined due to an ecological crisis brought on by deforestation and crisis brought on by deforestation and overgrazing.overgrazing.

Arabia: Aden and the Red Arabia: Aden and the Red Sea Sea

►Aden had enough rainfall to produce Aden had enough rainfall to produce wheat for export and a location that wheat for export and a location that made it a central transit point for trade made it a central transit point for trade from the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and from the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt Egypt

►AdenAden’’s merchants prospered on this s merchants prospered on this trade and built what appeared to trade and built what appeared to travelers to be a wealthy and travelers to be a wealthy and impressive city.impressive city.

Indian Ocean trade cont.Indian Ocean trade cont.

► In general, a common interest in trade In general, a common interest in trade allowed the various peoples and allowed the various peoples and religions of the Indian Ocean basin to religions of the Indian Ocean basin to live in peace live in peace

►Violence did sometimes break out, Violence did sometimes break out, however, as when Christian Ethiopia however, as when Christian Ethiopia fought with the Muslims of the Red fought with the Muslims of the Red Sea coast over control of trade.Sea coast over control of trade.

India: Gujarat and the India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast Malabar Coast

►The state of Gujarat prospered from the The state of Gujarat prospered from the Indian Ocean trade, exporting cotton Indian Ocean trade, exporting cotton textiles and indigo in return for gold and textiles and indigo in return for gold and silver silver

►Gujarat was not simply a commercial Gujarat was not simply a commercial center; it was also a manufacturing center; it was also a manufacturing center that produced textiles, leather center that produced textiles, leather goods, carpets, silk, and other goods, carpets, silk, and other commodities commodities

►GujaratGujarat’’s overseas trade was dominated s overseas trade was dominated by Muslims, but Hindus also benefited.by Muslims, but Hindus also benefited.

GujaratGujarat and Malabar Coast and Malabar Coast

Continued…Continued…►Calicut and other cities of the Malabar Calicut and other cities of the Malabar

Coast exported cotton textiles and Coast exported cotton textiles and spices and served as clearing-houses spices and served as clearing-houses for long-distance trade for long-distance trade

►The cities of the Malabar Coast were The cities of the Malabar Coast were unified in a loose confederation whose unified in a loose confederation whose rulers were tolerant of other religious rulers were tolerant of other religious and ethnic groups.and ethnic groups.

Southeast Asia: The Rise of Southeast Asia: The Rise of MalaccaMalacca

►The Strait of Malacca is the principal The Strait of Malacca is the principal passage from the Indian Ocean to the passage from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea South China Sea

► In the fourteenth century a gang of In the fourteenth century a gang of Chinese pirates preyed upon the strait, Chinese pirates preyed upon the strait, nominally under the control of the nominally under the control of the Java-based kingdom of Majapahit Java-based kingdom of Majapahit

Malacca cont.Malacca cont.

► In 1407, the forces of the Ming In 1407, the forces of the Ming dynasty crushed the Chinese pirates dynasty crushed the Chinese pirates

►The Muslim ruler of Malacca took The Muslim ruler of Malacca took advantage of this to exert his advantage of this to exert his domination over the strait and to domination over the strait and to make Malacca into a major port and a make Malacca into a major port and a center of trade.center of trade.

Spread of IdeasSpread of Ideas

►ReligionReligion Indian merchants brought by Brahmin priestsIndian merchants brought by Brahmin priests Muslim scholars brought by Arab merchantsMuslim scholars brought by Arab merchants Christian merchants brought by priestsChristian merchants brought by priests

►Trading LanguageTrading Language Swahili: mix of Arabic, Indian, and Bantu Swahili: mix of Arabic, Indian, and Bantu

(African)(African)

Indian Ocean Trade CFUIndian Ocean Trade CFU►What factor(s) led to rise of the Indian What factor(s) led to rise of the Indian

Ocean trade? Ocean trade?

►What empires/countries/kingdoms What empires/countries/kingdoms participated in Indian Ocean Trade- participated in Indian Ocean Trade- please list 2 places and provide please list 2 places and provide examples of what they traded. examples of what they traded.

►What other things were traded aside What other things were traded aside from goods? from goods?

Trans-Saharan TradeTrans-Saharan Trade► A series of powerful trading

kingdoms emerged in West Africa.

► The West African kingdoms controlled important trade routes that connected North Africa and West Africa.

► Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade North Africa was rich in the

salt that West Africa lacked. West Africa was rich in gold. The Trans-Saharan trade led

to an exchange of salt for gold.

►Began with Soninke Empire (Ghana) in the Began with Soninke Empire (Ghana) in the 55thth century century

►Linked to Mediterranean EmpiresLinked to Mediterranean Empires supplied supplied gold and saltgold and salt

►Used camels (Ibn Battuta, camel caravan Used camels (Ibn Battuta, camel caravan size = 1,000-12,000)size = 1,000-12,000)

►Eventually sent slaves northEventually sent slaves north

Trans-Saharan Trade

►Beginning of trade: GhanaBeginning of trade: Ghana►Height of trade: MaliHeight of trade: Mali►Decline of trade: Portuguese Decline of trade: Portuguese

invaders/Atlantic slave tradeinvaders/Atlantic slave trade

Trans-Saharan Trade

►Spread Of Islam: Spread Of Islam: Islamic Impact

Active trade with Islamic world (Dar al-Islam)Islamic world interested in Ghana:

“The richest king on the face of the earth by reason of wealth and treasure of [gold]”

By 11th C, Muslims part of culture of the Savannah

Ghana: 400-1200Ghana: 400-1200► Ghana was called the “land of

gold” but it did not have gold. Instead, the trade routes passed through Ghana and the kings of Ghana taxed all entering and exiting the kingdom.

► The kingdom of Ghana emerged as early as 500 A.D. It collapsed in the 11th century.

► The kings of Ghana used their wealth to build a powerful army and keep the peace within their empire.

► Religious Muslims, Almoravids, invaded and destroyed Ghana in the 1100s but another West African kingdom rose to power to protect the valuable Salt for Gold Trade.

Mali: 1250-1400Mali: 1250-1400► After decline of Ghana, the

West African Kingdom of Mali emerged as a great trading empire.

► Took control of Gold Trade► Most famous king: Mansa

Musa set up a great center of set up a great center of

learning in Timbuktulearning in Timbuktu Expanded empireExpanded empire Converted to Islam and Converted to Islam and

went on Hajjwent on Hajj►Gave away Gave away

tremendous amount tremendous amount of goldof gold

Songhai: 1450-1600Songhai: 1450-1600

►The West African kingdom of Songhai was the largest of the three trading kingdoms

►Muslim►controlled the profitable Trans-Saharan controlled the profitable Trans-Saharan

tradetrade►Eventually, the kingdom of Songhai fell Eventually, the kingdom of Songhai fell

to invading armies from Morocco in to invading armies from Morocco in 1591 (they had guns)1591 (they had guns)