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Trade Secret Injunctions Scope - Cloudinary · 2021. 1. 6. · in trade secrets cases, and it for...

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Trade Secret Injunctions’ Scope Chris Seaman AALS Annual Meeting Panel - Remedies in Uncertain Times Jan. 6, 2021
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Page 1: Trade Secret Injunctions Scope - Cloudinary · 2021. 1. 6. · in trade secrets cases, and it for that reason that courts have often set aside trade secrets injunctions as failing

Trade Secret Injunctions’ Scope

Chris SeamanAALS Annual Meeting

Panel - Remedies in Uncertain TimesJan. 6, 2021

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What is a Trade Secret?

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Trade Secret Misappropriation

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Trade Secret Litigation

Source:  Lex Machina

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May 11, 2016

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Trade Secret Litigation

Source:  Lex Machina

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Injunctive Relief in Trade Secret Cases

“Injunctive relief is the most commonly sought form of relief in trade secret litigation. Indeed, that equity will protect against the unwarranted disclosure or use of a trade secret is ‘settled beyond peradventure.’”

4 Milgrim on Trade Secrets  § 15.02

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UTSA § 2 (1985 rev.)(a) Actual or threatened misappropriation may be enjoined. Upon application to the court, an injunction shall be terminated when the trade secret has ceased to exist, but the injunction may be continued for an additional reasonable period of time in order to eliminate commercial advantage that otherwise would be derived from the misappropriation.

(b) If the court determines that it would be unreasonable to prohibit future use in exceptional circumstances, an injunction may condition future use upon payment of a reasonable royalty for no longer than the period of time the for which use could have been prohibited. . . .

(c) In appropriate circumstances, affirmative acts to protect a trade secret may be compelled by court order.

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DTSA - 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(3)In a civil action brought under this subsection with respect to the misappropriation of a trade secret, a court may—(A) grant an injunction—

(i) to prevent any actual or threatened misappropriation described in paragraph (1) on such terms as the court deems reasonable, provided the order does not—

(I) prevent a person from entering into an employment relationship, and that conditions placed on such employment shall be based on evidence of threatened misappropriation and not merely on the information the person knows; or(II) otherwise conflict with an applicable State law prohibiting restraints on the practice of a lawful profession, trade, or business;

(ii) if determined appropriate by the court, requiring affirmative actions to be taken to protect the trade secret; and(iii) in exceptional circumstances that render an injunction inequitable, that conditions future use of the trade secret upon payment of a reasonable royalty for no longer than the period of time for which such use could have been prohibited;

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Types of Injunctive Relief

• Preliminary Injunction– Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)– Preserve status quo during litigation– Can effectively determine outcome of TS dispute– Most federal courts apply Winter factors

1. Likelihood of success on merits2. P likely to suffer irreparable harm absent PI3. Balance of equities favors P4. Public interest

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Types of Injunctive Relief

• Permanent injunction– At/after entry of final judgment –Many (but not all) courts apply eBay factors:

1. Irreparable harm2. Inadequate remedy at law3. Balance of hardships favors P4. Public interest

– Lower courts split on presumption of irreparable harm in TS cases post-eBay

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Content of Injunctions

Every order granting an injunction … must:

(A) state the reasons why it issued;

(B) state its terms specifically; and

(C) describe in reasonable detail—and not by referring to the complaint or other document—the act or acts restrained or required.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(1)

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Scope of Injunctive Relief

“[T]he exact nature and duration of an injunctive remedy” in a trade secret case “must be tailored to fit the facts of the case and an injunction should generally be only as broad as necessary to protect the rights of the plaintiff.”

Roton Barrier v. Stanley Works, 79 F.3d 1112, 1121-22 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

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Scope of Injunctive Relief

• What? (Acts prohibited/required)

• Who? (Parties restrained/bound by injunction)

• Where? (Geographic scope/limits)

• When/How Long? (Duration)

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“Acts Restrained or Required”

• Prohibitory Injunction– Disclosure injunction– Use injunction

• Mandatory Injunction– Return/deletion/destruction of documents or 

electronic storage media containing TS info– Recall of products made using TS info– Steps to protect against further disclosure/use of TS– Create mirror image of drive(s)/server(s)– Certification/verification to court

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“Acts Restrained or Required”• Identification of relevant TS information– Specificity required

• “The problem of framing an appropriate order may be particularly acute in trade secrets cases, and it for that reason that courts have often set aside trade secrets injunctions as failing to comply with Rule 65(d)'s specificity requirements.” Minnesota Mining Co. v. Pribyl, 259 F.3d 587, 597-98 (7th Cir. 2001)

• See also MAI Sys. Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511, 522-23 (9th Cir. 1993) (reversing preliminary injunction in part where plaintiff failed to “specifically identify” alleged secrets claimed to reside within a “diagnostic software and operating system”); Litton Sys., Inc. v. Sundstrand Corp., 750 F.2d 952, 956 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (affirming denial of preliminary injunction where, inter alia, plaintiff “insiste[d] on postponing identification or description of such a broad universe of thousands of unidentified trade secrets”).

– TS need not be disclosed in order itself (can be in sealed appendix or other document)

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“Acts Restrained or Required”• Mixed authority on whether injunction can bar 

disclosure/use of formula “substantially similar” to TS– Yes

• See 05 Corp. v. Brandow, 517 N.W.2d 548 (Iowa 1994) (rejecting D’s challenge to injunction prohibiting D from using or disclosing “any of the trade secrets or confidential information which includes all or any part of the plaintiff's recipes for pizza sauce, pizza dough or grinders or any substantially similar recipes thereto”).

– No• See American Can Co. v. Mansukhani, 742 F.2d 314, 333 (7th Cir. 

1984) (disallowing injunction forbidding sale of inks "compositionally similar" to plaintiff's inks as impermissibly vague).

• See Peggy Lawton Kitchens, Inc. v. Hogan, 403 Mass. 732, 532 N.E.2d 54, 56 (Mass. 1989)  (vacating injunction that restricted the sale of cookies "substantially derived" from plaintiff's formula)

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Who Is Bound by Injunction?

(2) The order binds only the following who receive actual notice of it by personal service or otherwise:

(A) the parties;

(B) the parties’ officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys; and

(C) other persons who are in active concert or participation with anyone described in Rule 65(d)(2)(A) or (B).

Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(d)(2).

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Who Is Bound by Injunction?

What qualifies as a person or entity in “active concert or participation”? 

Two lines of cases:– Binds successors-in-interest to named parties– Anyone who aids/abets named parties to subvert the 

injunction

Rockwell Graphics v. DEV Industries, 91 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 1996) (vacating district court order holding that entities that bought D after bankruptcy were “not in privity” and thus not bound by injunction)

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Who Is Bound by Injunction?

“Innocent acquirer” of trade secrets– UTSA § 2(b) & commentary suggests royalty 

instead of injunction

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Geographic Scope• “An injunction against a party usually does not need to state a 

territorial scope to stop that party from using or disclosing trade secrets. . . . An unlimited territorial scope is needed for the proper protection of the information in light of the speed and efficiency of modern communications technology.” Jager, Trade Secrets Law § 7:17

• Examples:– Lamb-Weston, Inc. v. McCain Foods, Ltd., 941 F.2d 970, 974 (9th Cir. 1991) 

(affirming district court injunction prohibiting D from selling curlicue french fries worldwide based on misappropriated manufacturing process)

– Cisco Sys., Inc. v. Huawei Techs., Co., 266 F. Supp. 2d 551, 552–553 (E.D. Tex. 2003) (awarding a worldwide preliminary injunction against the use of plaintiff’s computer software source code and command interfaces) 

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Geographic Scope

• But scope of injunction may be limited if restrictive covenant like a noncompete or NDA include a geographic limitation 

– See, e.g., TEKsystems, Inc. v. Bolton, 2010 WL 447782 (D. Md. Feb. 4, 2010); Eutectic Corp. v. Astralloy Vulcan Corp., 510 F.2d 111 (5th Cir. 1975); All Stainless, Inc. v. Colby, 308 N.E.2d 481, 487-88 (Mass. 1974). 

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Duration

• Various approaches at common law:

– Perpetual injunction, even after TS info becomes generally known (Shellmar, 7th Cir. 1937)

– Injunction for fixed duration, based on estimated time for independent development of TS info (Winston Research, 9th Cir. 1965)

– No injunction if TS becomes generally known (Conmar Prods., 2d Cir. 1949)

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Duration

UTSA § 2(a):

“Upon application to the court, an injunction shall be terminated when the trade secret has ceased to exist, but the injunction may be continued for an additional reasonable period of time in order to eliminate commercial advantage that otherwise would be derived from the misappropriation.”

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Empirical Research

DTSA:• Preliminary injunction granted 58% of time 

during 2016-2017 (Levine & Seaman, 2018)

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Thank you!


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