Trade union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf

8/17/2019 Trade union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.pdf

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rade unionm Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

rade union (British English / Australian English / New Zealand English / South African English /

ibbean English; also trades union), labour union (Canadian English), or labor union (Americanglish) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting

integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care

retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better

rking conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of unionmbers (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers.

e most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of

r employment".[1] This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules

erning hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

ons may organize a particular section of skilled workers (craft unionism),[2] a cross-section of workers

m various trades (general unionism), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry

dustrial unionism). The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members andemployer and in some cases on other non-member workers. Trade unions traditionally have a

stitution which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levelsgovernment depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning.

ginating in Great Britain, trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial

volution. Trade unions may be composed of individual workers, professionals, past workers, students,

rentices and/or the unemployed.

ontents

1 Origins during Industrial Revolution

2 Definition3 History

3.1 National general unions

3.2 Legalization and expansion

4 Prevalence5 Trade unions by country

5.1 United Kingdom

5.2 Germany

5.3 Scandinavia

5.4 Belgium

5.5 United States

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5.6 Canada

5.7 Mexico

5.8 Costa Rica

5.9 Colombia

5.10 India

5.11 Japan

5.12 Australia

6 Structure and politics

7 Shop types

8 Diversity of international unions

9 International unionization

10 Criticisms

11 Union publications

12 Film

13 See also

14 Notes and references

15 Further reading

16 External links

rigins during Industrial Revolution

ring the Industrial Revolution the factory workers spend a lot of hours in their dirty and dangerous work.

the 1800s, workers became more active in politics. To press for changes in their working conditions theyn together in voluntary groups called unions. A union protests for all the workers in a particular trade.

s groups engaged in collective bargaining (negotiations between workers and their employers. They

ed for better working conditions and higher wages. If factory owners denegate these petitions, workers

ld strike or refuse to work. Talented workers led the way in forming unions because their talents gavem extra bargaining power. This made the employers have trouble because replacing such talented workers

hard. At the beginning of this period Britain denied the workers the right of forming unions but with the

s of the years Britain tolerated unions. Finally the unions spread around the world and in 1886 several

ons formed an organization named American Federation of Labor. A series of strikes won AFL membersher wages and shorter hours.

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efinition

ce the publication of the History of Trade Unionism (1894) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, the

dominant historical view is that a trade union "is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose

maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment."[1] Karl Marx described trade unions thus;

.the value of labour-power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions, whose

portance for the […] working class can scarcely be overestimated. The trade unions aim at nothing less

n to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is traditionally maintained in the various

nches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below itsue” (Capital V1, 1867, p. 1069).

modern definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that a trade union is "an organization

sisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of

and conditions of employment for its members."[3]

historian R.A. Leeson, in United we Stand (1971), said:

Two conflicting views of the trade-union movement strove for ascendancy in the nineteenth

century: one the defensive-restrictive guild-craft tradition passed down through journeymen's

clubs and friendly societies, ... the other the aggressive-expansionist drive to unite all 'labouring

men and women' for a 'different order of things'.

cent historical research by Bob James in Craft, Trade or Mystery (2001) puts forward the view that trade

ons are part of a broader movement of benefit societies, which includes medieval guilds, Freemasons,

dfellows, friendly societies, and other fraternal organizations.

e 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners"masters"). In The Wealth of Nations, Book I, chapter 8, Smith wrote:

We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combination of masters, though frequently of those of

workmen. But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant

of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constantand uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate[.]

When workers combine, masters ... never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil

magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much

severity against the combination of servants, labourers and journeymen.

Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries, although Smith argued that it shouldmain illegal to fix wages or prices by employees or employers. There were severe penalties for attempting

rganize unions, up to and including execution. Despite this, unions were formed and began to acquire

itical power, eventually resulting in a body of labour law that not only legalized organizing efforts, but

ified the relationship between employers and those employees organized into unions.

istory

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Early 19th century workplace

militancy manifested in the Luddite

riots, when unemployed workers

destroyed labour saving machines

e origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century Britain, where the rapid expansion of

ustrial society then taking place, drew women, children, ruralrkers and immigrants into the work force in large numbers and in

w roles. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour

ntaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its

innings,[1] and would later be an important arena for the

elopment of trade unions. Trade unions have sometimes been

n as successors to the guilds of medieval Europe, though the

tionship between the two is disputed, as the masters of the guildsployed workers (apprentices and journeyman) who were not

wed to organize.[4][5]

de unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later

n the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers

enacted in the Kingdom of England. As collective bargainingearly worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial

volution, the government began to clamp down on what it saw as

danger of popular unrest at the time of the war. In 1799, thembination Act was passed, which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers.

hough the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread ines such as London. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as Luddism and had been prominent

truggles such as the 1820 Rising in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a general strike, which

soon crushed. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, although the

mbination Act 1825 severely restricted their activity.

the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed.

sibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society,

nded in 1818 in Manchester. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when

de unions were still illegal.[6]

tional general unions

e first attempts at setting up a national general union were made in the 1820s and 30s; the National

ociation for the Protection of Labour was established in 1830 by John Doherty, after an apparentlyuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The

ociation quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of textile related unions, but also

uding mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000

ividuals spread across the five counties of Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and

cestershire within a year.[3] To establish awareness and legitimacy, the union started the weekly Voice of

People publication, having the declared intention "to unite the productive classes of the community in

common bond of union."[4]

834, the Welsh socialist Robert Owen established the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. Theanization attracted a range of socialists from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests

r the Tolpuddle Martyrs' case, but soon collapsed.

re permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The

ndon Trades Council was founded in 1860, and the Sheffield Outrages spurred the establishment of the

des Union Congress in 1868, the first long-lived national trade union center. By this time, the existence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_trade_union_centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_Union_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Outrageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Trades_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Consolidated_Trades_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#endnote_Webb2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#endnote_Webbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doherty_(trade_unionist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Protection_of_Labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_Act_1825https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_Risinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_Labourershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-webb-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FrameBreaking-1812.jpg


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Poster issued by the London

Trades Council, advertising a

demonstration held on June

2, 1873

Labour union demonstrators held at

bay by soldiers during the 1912

Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence,

Massachusetts

the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by liberal

ddle class opinion. In Principles of Political Economy (1871) John Stuartl wrote:

If it were possible for the working classes, by combining among

themselves, to raise or keep up the general rate of wages, itneeds hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be

punished, but to be welcomed and rejoiced at. Unfortunately the

effect is quite beyond attainment by such means. The multitudeswho compose the working class are too numerous and toowidely scattered to combine at all, much more to combine

effectually. If they could do so, they might doubtless succeed in

diminishing the hours of labour, and obtaining the same wages

for less work. They would also have a limited power of

obtaining, by combination, an increase of general wages at the

expense of profits.[7]

galization and expansion

de unions were finally legalized in 1872, after a Royalmmission on Trade Unions in 1867 agreed that the establishment

he organizations was to the advantage of both employers and

ployees.

s period also saw the growth of trade unions in other

ustrializing countries, especially the United States, Germany andnce.

he United States, the first effective nationwide labouranization was the Knights of Labor, in 1869, which began to

w after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series

ourt decisions.[8] The Federation of Organized Trades and Laborons began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not

ectly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the American

eration of Labor or AFL.

Germany the Free Association of German Trade Unions was formed in 1897 after the conservative Anti-

ialist Laws of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were repealed.

France, labour organization was illegal until 1884. The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and

rged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions) in 1895 to form

General Confederation of Labour (France).

revalencee prevalence of unions in various countries can be assessed using the measure “union density”. The

nition of union density is “the proportion of paid workers who are union members”.[10]

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Union election campaigns with an illegal firing

increased during the Reagan administration[9]

de union density figures are provided below for various countries:[11][12][13]

rade unions by country

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Public sector workers in Leeds

striking over pension changes by the

government in November 2011

Workers on strike in Oslo, Norway,

2012

ited Kingdom

derate New Model Unions dominated the union movement from

mid-19th century and where trade unionism was stronger than theitical labour movement until the formation and growth of the

our Party in the early years of the 20th century.

de unionism in the United Kingdom was a major factor in some

he economic crises during the 1960s and the 1970s, culminating

he "Winter of Discontent" of late 1978 and early 1979, when anificant percentage of the nation's public sector workers went on

ke. By this stage, some 12,000,000 workers in the United

gdom were trade union members. However, the election of the

nservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher at the general election

May 1979, at the expense of Labour's James Callaghan, sawstantial trade union reform which saw the level of strikes fall. The level of trade union membership also

sharply in the 1980s, and continued falling for most of the 1990s. The long decline of most of the

ustries in which manual trade unions were strong – e.g. steel, coal, printing, the docks – was one of the

ses of this loss of trade union members.[14]

2011 there were 6,135,126 members in TUC-affiliated unions, down from a peak of 12,172,508 in 1980.

de union density was 14.1% in the private sector and 56.5% in the public sector.[15]

rmany

de unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848, and still play an

portant role in the German economy and society. The most important labour organization is the German

nfederation of Trade Unions (Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund or DGB), which represents more than 6lion people (31 December 2011) and is the umbrella association of several single trade unions for special

nomic sectors.

andinavia

de unions (Danish: Fagforeninger, Swedish: Fackföreningar) hasng tradition in Scandinavian society. Beginning in the mid-1800s,

de unions today have a large impact on the nature of employment

worker's rights in many of the Nordic countries. One of the

gest trade unions in Sweden is the Swedish Confederation of de Unions, (LO, Landsorganisationen), incorporating unions such

he Swedish Metal Worker's Union ( IF Metall = Industrifacket

tall), the Swedish Electrician's Union (Svenska

ktrikerförbundet) and the Swedish Municipality Worker's Union

enska kommunalarbetareförbundet ).

day, the highest rates of union membership are in the

ndinavian countries. In 2010, the percentage of workersonging to a union (or total labour union "density") was 68.3% in Sweden and 54.8% in Norway, while it

34.9% in Ireland and 18.4% in Germany.[16] Excluding full-time students working part-time, Swedish

on density was 70% in 2011, 2012 and 2013.[17] In all the Nordic countries with a Ghent system -

eden, Denmark and Finland - union density is about 70%. The considerably raised fees to Swedish union

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mployment funds carried out by the new center-right government in January 2007 caused largembership losses in both unemployment funds and trade unions. From 2006 to 2008 union density

lined by six percentage points: from 77% to 71%.[18]

lgium

h 54% of the workers belonging to a union Belgium is a country with one of the highest percentages of

our union membership. Only the Scandinavian countries have a higher labour union density. The biggest

on with around 1.7 million members is the Christian democrat Confederation of Christian Trade UnionsCV-CSC) which was founded in 1904.[19] The origins of the union can be traced back to the "Anti-

ialist Cotton Workers Union" that was founded in 1886.[20] The second biggest union is the socialist

neral Federation of Belgian Labour (ABVV-FGTB) which has a membership of more than 1.5 million.[21]

e ABVV-FGTB traces its origins to 1857, when the first Belgian union was founded in Ghent by a group

weavers. The socialist union, in its current form, was founded in 1898. The third 'big' union in Belgium is

liberal General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium (ACLVB-CGSLB) which is relatively

all in comparison to the first two with a little under 290 thousand members.[22] The ACLVB-CGSLB was

nded in 1920 in an effort to unite the many small liberal unions. Back then the liberal union was knownhe "Nationale Centrale der Liberale Vakbonden van België". In 1930 the ACLVB-CGSLB adopted its

rent name.[23]

ides these "big three" there is a long list of smaller unions, some more influential then others. These

aller unions tend to specialize in one profession or economic sector. Next to these specialized unions

re is also the Neutral and Independent Union that reject the pillarization that, according to them, the "big

ee" represent. There is also a small Flemish nationalist union that exists only in the Flemish-speaking partBelgium, called the Vlaamse Solidaire Vakbond. The last Belgian union worth mentioning is the very

all, but highly active anarchist union called the Vrije Bond.

ited States

our unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States.eir activity today centres on collective bargaining over wages, benefits and working conditions for their

mbership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract

visions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and supporting endorsed candidates at

state and federal level.

st unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created in

5, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL-CIO in 2005. Both advocate policies andslation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, and take an active role in politics. The

L-CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues.

2010, the percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States (or total labour union "density")

11.4%, compared to 18.3% in Japan, 27.5% in Canada and 70% in Finland.[24] Union membership in

private sector has fallen under 7%[25] – levels not seen since 1932. Unions allege that employer-incited

osition has contributed to this decline in membership.

e most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as teachers, police and other non-

nagerial or non-executive federal, state, county and municipal employees. Members of unions are

proportionately older, male and residents of the Northeast, the Midwest, and California.[26]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Yeselson-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-BLS01272012-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_to_Win_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL-CIOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaininghttps://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Bondhttps://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Solidaire_Vakbondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillarizationhttps://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrale_en_Onafhankelijke_Vakbondhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Liberal_Trade_Unions_of_Belgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weavinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Federation_of_Belgian_Labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Christian_Trade_Unionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-18


9/21

Child labourers in an Indiana glassworks. Trade unions have an objective

interest in combating child labour.

on workers in the private sector average 10-30% higher pay than

-union in America after controlling for individual, job, and labour

rket characteristics.[27] Because of their inherently governmental

ction, public sector workers are paid the same regardless of union

liation or non-affiliation after controlling for individual, job, andour market characteristics.

e economist Joseph Stiglitz has asserted that, "Strong unions haveped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it

ier for CEOs, sometimes working with market forces that they

e helped shape, to increase it". The decline in unionization since

Second World War in the United States has been associated withonounced rise in income and wealth inequality and, since 1967,

h loss of middle class income.[28][29][30][31]

nada

our unions have existed in Canada since the early 1800s. There is a record of skilled tradesmen in theritimes having a union organization during the War of 1812. Canadian unionism had early ties withtain. Tradesmen who came from Britain brought traditions of the British trade union movement, and

ny British unions had branches in Canada. Canadian unionism ties with the United States eventually

laced those with Britain.

lective bargaining was first recognized in 1937, following a strike by the United Auto Workers at the

neral Motors' plant in Oshawa, Ontario. Justice Ivan Rand issued a landmark legal decision following a

ke in Windsor, Ontario, involving 17,000 Ford workers. He granted the union the compulsory check-off union dues. Rand ruled that all workers in a bargaining unit benefit from a union-negotiated contract.

erefore, he reasoned they must pay union dues, although they do not have to join the union.

e post-World War II era also saw an increased pattern of unionization in the public service. Teachers,

ses, social workers, professors and cultural workers (those employed in museums, orchestras and art

eries) all sought private-sector collective bargaining rights. The Canadian Labour Congress was founded

956 as the national trade union center for Canada.

he 1970s the federal government came under intense pressures to curtail labour cost and inflation. In

5, the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau introduced mandatory price and wage controls. Under the

w law, wages increases were monitored and those ruled to be unacceptably high were rolled back by theernment.

ssures on unions continued into the 1980s and '90s. Private sector unions faced plant closures in many

nufacturing industries and demands to reduce wages and increase productivity. Public sector unions came

er attack by federal and provincial governments as they attempted to reduce spending, reduce taxes and

ance budgets. Legislation was introduced in many jurisdictions reversing union collective bargaining

hts, and many jobs were lost to contractors.[32]

minent domestic unions in Canada include ACTRA, the Canadian Union of Postal Workers, thenadian Union of Public Employees, the Public Service Alliance of Canada, the National Union of Public

General Employees, and Unifor. International unions active in Canada include the International AllianceTheatrical Stage Employees, United Automobile Workers, and United Steelworkers.

exico

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Steelworkershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Automobile_Workershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Theatrical_Stage_Employeeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Public_and_General_Employeeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Alliance_of_Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Public_Employeeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Postal_Workershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTRAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_trade_union_centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontariohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Randhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshawa,_Ontariohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Auto_Workershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maritimeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midnight_at_the_glassworks2.jpg


10/21

Costa Rican agricultural unions

demonstration, January 2011

ore the 1990s, unions in Mexico had been historically part of a state institutional system. Between 1940,

the 1980s worldwide spread of neo-liberalism through the Washington Consensus, the Mexican unionsnot operate independently, but instead as part of a state institutional system, largely controlled by the

ng party.[33]

ring these 40 years, the primary aim of the labour unions was not to benefit the workers, but to carry out

state's economic policy under their cosy relationship with the ruling party. This economic policy, which

ked in the 1950 and 1960s with the so-called "Mexican Miracle", saw rising incomes and improved

ndards of living but the primary beneficiaries were the wealthy.[33]

he 1980s, Mexico began adhering to Washington Consensus policies, selling off state industries such as

road and telecommunications to private industries. The new owners had an antagonistic attitude towards

ons, which, accustomed to comfortable relationships with the state, were not prepared to fight back. A

vement of new unions began to emerge under a more independent model, while the formeritutionalized unions had become very corrupt, violent, and led by gangsters. From the 1990s onwards,

new model of independent unions prevailed, a number of them represented by the National Union of

rkers / Unión Nacional de Trabajadores.[33]

rent old institutions like the Oil Workers Union and the National Education Workers' Union (Sindicato

cional de Trabajadores de la Educación, or SNTE) are examples of how the use of government benefitsnot being applied to improve the quality in the investigation of the use of oil or the basic education in

xico as long as their leaders show publicly that they are living wealthily. With 1.4 million members, the

chers' union is Latin America's largest; half of Mexico's government employees are teachers. It controls

ool curriculums, and all teacher appointments. Until recently, retiring teachers routinely "gave" their

long appointment to a relative or "sell" it for anywhere in between $4,700 and $11,800.[34]

sta Rica

Costa Rica, trade unions first appeared in the late 1800s to support

rkers in a variety of urban and industrial jobs, such as railroad

lders and craft tradesmen.[35] After facing violent repression, such

during the 1934 United Fruit Strike, unions gained more power

owing the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War.[35] Today, Costa Ricanons are strongest in the public sector, including the fields of

cation and medicine, but also have a strong presence in the

icultural sector.[35] In general, Costa Rican unions support

ernment regulation of the banking, medical, and education fields,

well as improved wages and working conditions.[36]

lombia

il around 1990 Colombian trade unions were among the strongest in Latin America.[37] However the

0s expansion of paramilitarism in Colombia saw trade union leaders and members increasingly targeted

assassination, and as a result Colombia has been the most dangerous country in the world for trade

onists for several decades.[38][39][40] Between 2000 and 2010 Colombia accounted for 63.12% of trade

onists murdered globally.[41] According to the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) there

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-ITUCres-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-JFA11-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-SITRAPEQUIA-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-SITRAPEQUIA-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-SITRAPEQUIA-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-wsj-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Education_Workers%27_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-BotzJay01052010-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-BotzJay01052010-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Miraclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-BotzJay01052010-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Consensushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agricultores,_manifestaci%C3%B3n_San_Jos%C3%A9_Costa_Rica,_enero_2011.jpg


11/21

2011 National Trade Union Council

( Zenrokyo) May Day march, Tokyo

e 2832 murders of trade unionists between 1 January 1986 and 30 April 2010,[41] meaning that "onrage, men and women trade unionists in Colombia have been killed at the rate of one every three days

r the last 23 years."[42]

dia

ndia the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics

m the Ministry of Labour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008,

re are 11 Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour.[43]

pan

our unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meijiiod as the country underwent a period of rapid

ustrialization.[44] Until 1945, however, the labour movement

mained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights,[45] anti-union

slation,[44] management-organized factory councils, and political

isions between “cooperative” and radical unionists.[46] In themediate aftermath of the Second World War, the US Occupation

horities initially encouraged the formation of independent

ons.[45] Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to

anize,[47] and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February,

7.[45] The organization rate, however, peaked at 55.8% in 1949 and subsequently declined to 18.2%

06).[48]

The labour movement went through a process of reorganization from 1987 to 1991[49]

fromch emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations, Rengo, Zenroren, and

nrokyo, along with other smaller national union organizations.

stralia

pporters of unions, such as the ACTU or Australian Labor Party (ALP), often credit trade unions withding the labour movement in the early 20th century. This generally sought to end child labour practices,

prove worker safety, increase wages for both union workers and non-union workers, raise the entire

iety's standard of living, reduce the hours in a work week, provide public education for children, andng other benefits to working class families.[50]

ructure and politics

ons may organize a particular section of skilled workers (craft unionism, traditionally found in Australia,

nada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US[2]), a cross-section of workers from

ious trades (general unionism, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands,

UK and the US), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry (industrial unionism,nd in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the

). These unions are often divided into "locals", and united in national federations. These federations

mselves will affiliate with Internationals, such as the International Trade Union Confederation. However,

apan, union organization is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions, i.e. unions that are

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_unionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Poole.2C_M._1986-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_unionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_classhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_livinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker_safetyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenrokyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenrorenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENGOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Jil-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Cross-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Cross-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Weathers-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Nimura-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Cross-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Nimura-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-ITUC2010-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-ITUCres-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#Japanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenrokyohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUGW_May_Day_2011.jpg


12/21

Cesar Chavez speaking at a 1974United Farm Workers rally in Delano,

California. The UFW during Chavez's

tenure was committed to restricting

immigration.

e Great Southwest Railroad Strike

1886 was a trade union strike

volving more than 200,000

rkers[51]

cific to a specific plant or company. These enterprise unions,

wever, join industry-wide federations which in turn are membersRengo, the Japanese national trade union confederation.

Western Europe, professional associations often carry out thections of a trade union. In these cases, they may be negotiating

white-collar and/or professional workers, such as physicians,

ineers or teachers. Typically such trade unions refrain from

itics or pursue a more liberal politics than their blue-collar

nterparts.

nion may acquire the status of a "juristic person" (an artificial

al entity), with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the

rkers it represents. In such cases, unions have certain legal rights,

st importantly the right to engage in collective bargaining with the

ployer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and other terms and conditions of employment. Thebility of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to industrial action, culminating in either strike action

management lockout, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activities may develop

und these events.

In other circumstances, unions may not have the legal right to

represent workers, or the right may be in question. This lack of status

can range from non-recognition of a union to political or criminalprosecution of union activists and members, with many cases of

violence and deaths having been recorded historically.[52]

Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle. Social

Unionism encompasses many unions that use their organizationalstrength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to

their members or to workers in general. As well, unions in some

countries are closely aligned with political parties.

Unions are also delineated by the service model and the organizing

model. The service model union focuses more on maintaining

rker rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typicallyolves full-time union organizers, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaders

hin the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. Many

ons are a blend of these two philosophies, and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated.

Britain, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions has resulted in the formation of a reactionary

ht-wing trade union called Solidarity which is supported by the far-right BNP. In Denmark, there are

me newer apolitical "discount" unions who offer a very basic level of services, as opposed to the

minating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing.[53]

ontrast, in several European countries (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland),

gious unions have existed for decades. These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the

trines of orthodox Marxism, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting thatployees' interests always are in conflict with those of employers. Some of these Christian unions have had

me ties to centrist or conservative political movements and some do not regard strikes as acceptable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_%E2%80%93_The_Union_for_British_Workershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_organizerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizing_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Movement_Unionismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout_(industry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_actionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_actionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contracthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juristic_personhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENGOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southwest_Railroad_Strike_of_1886https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Railway_Strike_1886_-_E_St_Louis.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delano,_Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farm_Workershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Chavezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesar_chavez2.jpg


13/21

A rally of the trade union UNISON in

Oxford during a strike on 28 March

2006

itical means for achieving employees' goals.[2] In Poland, the biggest trade union Solidarity emerged as

anti-communist movement with religious nationalist overtones[54] and today it supports the right-wing

w and Justice party.[55]

hough their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are usually formed through

mocratic elections. Some research, such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial

ations Research and Training,[56] argues that unionized workers

oy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized.

hop types

mpanies that employ workers with a union generally operate on

of several models:

A closed shop (US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK)employs only people who are already union members. Thecompulsory hiring hall is an example of a closed shop – in thiscase the employer must recruit directly from the union, as wellas the employee working strictly for unionized employers.A union shop (US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well, but sets atime limit within which new employees must join a union.An agency shop requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiatingtheir contract. This is sometimes called the Rand formula. In certain situations involving state publicemployees in the United States, such as California, "fair share laws" make it easy to require these sortsof payments.An open shop does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers. Where a union is

active, workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract(free riders) and those who do not. In the United States, state level right-to-work laws mandate theopen shop in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based onunion membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.

EU case concerning Italy stated that, "The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies

ognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ("negative" freedom of

ociation/trade union freedom), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-

onized employees."[57]

Britain, previous to this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret

atcher's government restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to join a union

now illegal. In the United States, the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 outlawed the closed shop.

2006 the European Court of Human Rights found Danish closed-shop agreements to be in breach of

icle 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It was stressed that

nmark and Iceland were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the

clusion of closed-shop agreements.[58]

versity of international unions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Acthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_ridershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_shophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_formulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_shophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_shophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiring_hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_shophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Poole.2C_M._1986-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISONhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg


14/21

on law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. For example, German and Dutch

ons have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in corporate boards and co-

ermination than have unions in the United States.[59] Moreover, in the United States, collective

gaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark,

many or Sweden, unions most often negotiate with employers associations.

ncerning labour market regulation in the EU, Gold (1993)[60] and Hall (1994)[61] have identified threeinct systems of labour market regulation, which also influence the role that unions play:

“In the Continental European System of labour market regulation, the government plays animportant role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, which provides the basis foragreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers oremployers’ associations on the other. This model was said to be found in EU core countries such asBelgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to someextent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU untilthe EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new Eastern European member states in 2004.In the Anglo-Saxon System of labour market regulation, the government’s legislative role is muchmore limited, which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any

union and/or employers’ associations which might represent these parties in the decision-makingprocess. However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businessesand a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labourrelations. Ireland and the UK belong to this category, and in contrast to the EU core countries above,these countries first joined the EU in 1973.In the Nordic System of labour market regulation, the government’s legislative role is limited in thesame way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, in contrast to the countries in the Anglo-Saxonsystem category, this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements, which covers mostindustries and most firms. This model was said to encompass Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

Here, Denmark joined the EU in 1973, whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995.”[62]

e United States takes a more laissez-faire approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most

rkers' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Thus it comes closest to the above

glo-Saxon model. Also the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come

sest to the Anglo-Saxon model.

ontrast, in Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be

mmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protectionndividuals. However, the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to create a balance

power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers associations. Thisws much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to the narrow boundaries for

ividual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union, employee associations

d to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers.uch an employees association is competing against another union, its leverage may be questioned by

ons and then evaluated in a court trial. In Germany, only very few professional associations obtained the

ht to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctors association

rburger Bund and the pilots association Vereinigung Cockpit. The engineers association Verein Deutscherenieure does not strive to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses.

yond the classification listed above, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions

tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to represent the interests of the

rking class. Typically this is a left-wing, socialist, or social democratic party, but many exceptions exist,

uding some of the aforementioned Christian unions.[2] In the United States, trade unions are almostays aligned with the Democratic Party with a few exceptions. For example, the International

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamstershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-Poole.2C_M._1986-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democrathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-winghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_Deutscher_Ingenieurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-fairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-determination


15/21

therhood of Teamsters has supported Republican Party candidates on a number of occasions and the

fessional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) endorsed Ronald Reagan in 1980. In Britainde union movement's relationship with the Labour Party frayed as party leadership embarked on

vatization plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's interests. However, it has strengthened once

re after the Labour party's election of Ed Miliband who beat his brother David Miliband, to become

der of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes. Additionally, in the past, there was a group knownhe Conservative Trade Unionists or CTU. A group formed of people who sympathized with right wing

y policy but were Trade Unionists.

torically, the Republic of Korea has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate,collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the lunar new year.

ternational unionization

e largest trade union federation in the world is the Brussels-based International Trade Union

nfederation (ITUC), which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories,

h a combined membership of 166 million. The ITUC is a federation of national trade union centres, such

he AFL-CIO in the United States and the Trades Union Congress in the United Kingdom. Other globalde union organizations include the World Federation of Trade Unions.

ional and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form

bal union federations, such as Union Network International, the International Transport Workers

eration, the International Federation of Journalists, the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance or

blic Services International.

riticisms

de unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers, those having secure jobs, at the cost of

sider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced and the shareholders of the unionizediness.

he United States, the outsourcing of labour to Asia, Latin America, and Africa has been partially drivenncreasing costs of union partnership, which gives other countries a comparative advantage in labour,

king it more profitable to purchase disorganized, low-wage labour from these regions.[63] Milton

edman, economist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, sought to show that unionization produces

her wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries areonized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.[64]

the other hand, several studies have emphasized so-called revitalization strategies were trade unions

mpt to better represent labour market outsiders, such as the unemployed and precarious workers. Thus,

instance, trade unions in both Nordic and southern European countries have devised collective

gaining agreements that improved the conditions of temporary agency workers.[65]

nion publicationseral sources of current news exist about the trade union movement in the world. These include

ourStart and the official website of the international trade union movement Global Unions. A source of rnational news about unions is RadioLabour which provides daily (Monday to Friday) news reports.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Unionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabourStarthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Services_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Transport_Workers_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Network_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_union_federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_New_Yearhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Koreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Trade_Unionistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Milibandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Milibandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reaganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters


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bor Notes is the largest circulation cross-union publication remaining in the United States. It reports news

analysis about union activity or problems facing the labour movement. Another source of union news is

Workers Independent News, a news organization providing radio articles to independent and syndicated

io shows in the United States.

lm

The 2010 British film Made in Dagenham, starring Sally Hawkins, dramatizes the Ford sewing

machinists strike of 1968 that aimed for equal pay for women. Bastard Boys, a 2007 dramatization of the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute.The 2000 film Bread and Roses deals with the struggle of poorly paid janitorial workers in LosAngeles and their fight for better working conditions and the right to unionize.

Hoffa, a 1992 American biographical film directed by Danny DeVito and based on the life of Teamsters Union leader Jimmy Hoffa.The 1985 documentary film Final Offer by Sturla Gunnarsson and Robert Collision shows the 1984union contract negotiations with General Motors.The 1979 film Norma Rae, directed by Martin Ritt and starring Sally Field, is based on the true storyof Crystal Lee Jordan's successful attempt to unionize her textile factory.

The 1978 film F.I.S.T., directed by Norman Jewison and starring Sylvester Stallone, is loosely basedon the Teamsters Union and their former President Jimmy Hoffa.The 1959 film I'm All Right Jack , a comedy with Peter Sellers playing the shop steward Fred Kite.The 1954 film On the Waterfront , directed by Elia Kazan, concerns union violence amonglongshoremen.Other documentaries: Made in L.A. (2007); American Standoff (2002); The Fight in the Fields (1997);With Babies and Banners: Story of the Women's Emergency Brigade (1979); Harlan County, USA(1976); The Inheritance (1964)Other dramatizations: 10,000 Black Men Named George (2002); Matewan (1987); AmericanPlayhouse – "The Killing Floor" (1985); Salt of the Earth (1954); The Grapes of Wrath (1940); Black Fury (1935); Metello (1970).

e also

Labor federation competition in the United StatesLabor Management Reporting and Disclosure ActList of trade unionsNew Unionism

Salt (union organizing)Textile and clothing trade unionsUnion busting

otes and references

1. Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). History of Trade Unionism. Longmans and Co. London. ch. I

2. Poole, M., 1986. Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London UK: Routledge.

3. "Trade Union Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved July 27, 2011.

4. (1928). The Guild and the Trade Union (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19280303&id=rN9VA

AAAIBAJ&sjid=AdgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7279,410871). The Age.

5. Kautsky, Karl (April 1901). "Trades Unions and Socialism". International Socialist Review 1 (10). Retrieved July 27,

2011.

6. G. D. H. Cole (2010). Attempts at General Union. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.

7. Principles of Political Economy (1871)Book V, Ch.10 (http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/mill/book5/bk5ch10), para. 5

" "

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. . .9. Bernstein, Aaron (May 23, 1994). "Why America Needs Unions But Not the Kind It Has Now". BusinessWeek .

0. Johnson, S., 2004. An empirical examination of union density in six countries: Canada, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua,

the United States and Venezuela. Washington, DC, US: Inter-American Development Bank, Research Network

Working Paper £R-487, p.5, available at: http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubR-487.pdf.

1. Johnson, S., 2004. An empirical examination of union density in six countries: Canada, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua,

the United States and Venezuela. Washington, DC, US: Inter-American Development Bank, Research Network

Working Paper £R-487, available at: http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubR-487.pdf.

2. Hall-Jones, P., 2010. Unionism and Economic Performance. Internet article & statistics. Available at:

http://www.newunionism.net/library/member%20contributions/news/Unionism%20and%20Economic%20Performan

3. OECD, 2010. Statistics on Trade Union Density. Paris, France: OECD.stat Extracts Web¬site [online]. Available at:http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DEN.

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5. "United Kingdom: Industrial relations profile". EUROPA. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

6. "Trade Union Density" (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DEN) OECD StatExtracts. 2010.

Accessed: 28 April 2013.

7. Anders Kjellberg Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos arbetsgivarförbund och

fackförbund (http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1545448&fileOId=1545800),

Department of Sociology, Lund University. Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility.

Research Reports 2013:1, Appendix 3 Tables A-D (in English). Updated in 2014

8. Anders Kjellberg "The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007" (http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=dow

nloadFile&recordOId=1964092&fileOId=2064087) Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies (NJWLS) Vol. 1. No 1

(August 2011), pp. 67-93

9. http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/957/Binnenland/article/detail/1166041/2010/10/05/Aantal-leden-christelijke-vakbond-

neemt-jaar-na-jaar-toe.dhtml

0. https://www.acv-online.be/acv-online/het-acv/Wie-zijn-we/Geschiedenis/Geschiedenis.html

1. http://www.vlaamsabvv.be/art/pid/13618/Hoeveel-leden-telt-het-ABVV.htm

2. http://www.aclvb.be/over-aclvb/structuurkerncijfers/

3. http://www.aclvb.be/over-aclvb/historiek/

4. Trade Union Density (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DEN) OECD. StatExtracts. Retrieved: 17

November 2011.

5. Union Members Summary (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm) Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 27,

2012 Retrieved: 26 February 2012

6. Not With a Bang, But a Whimper: The Long, Slow Death Spiral of America’s Labor Movement (http://www.tnr.com/

blog/plank/103928/not-bang-whimper-the-long-slow-death-spiral-americas-labor-movement)| Richard Yeselson|

June 6, 2012]

7. 8-31-2004 Union Membership Trends in the United States (http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi

?article=1176&context=key_workplace) Gerald Mayer. Congressional Research Service. 8-31-2004

8. Doree Armstrong (February 12, 2014). Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership, influence (ht

tp://www.washington.edu/news/2014/02/12/jake-rosenfeld-explores-the-sharp-decline-of-union-membership-influen

ce/). UW Today. Retrieved March 6, 2015. See also: Jake Rosenfeld (2014) What Unions No Longer Do (http://www.

hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674725119). Harvard University Press. ISBN 06747251159. Keith Naughton, Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green (February 20, 2015). As the Rich Get Richer, Unions Are Poised for

Comeback (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-20/unions-poised-for-comeback-as-middle-class-wag

es-stall). Bloomberg. Retrieved March 6, 2015.

"A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage

disparity. Those trends have since continued, said Bruce Western, a professor of sociology at Harvard

University who co-authored the study."

0. Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2012-06-04). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future

(Kindle Locations 1148-1149). Norton. Kindle Edition.

1. Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman, "Estimates of Union Density by State," Monthly

Labor Review, Vol. 124, No. 7, July 2001.2. [1] (http://www.mapleleafweb.com/old/education/spotlight/issue_51/history.html) Retrieved July 14, 2013.

3. Dan La Botz U.S.-supported Economics Spurred Mexican Emigration, pt.1 (http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?opt

ion=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=5059) , interview at The Real News, May 1, 2010.

4. Juan Montes; José de Córdoba (21 December 2012). "Mexico Takes On Teachers Over School Control". Wall Street

Journal.

5. "Historia del Sindicalismo". SITRAPEQUIA website (in Spanish). San José: Sindicato de Trabajadores(as) Petroléros

http://sitrapequia.or.cr/gestor/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323777204578193882792320310.html?mod=googlenews_wsjhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Newshttp://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=5059https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_La_Botzhttp://www.mapleleafweb.com/old/education/spotlight/issue_51/history.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Labor_Reviewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Westernhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-20/unions-poised-for-comeback-as-middle-class-wages-stallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674725115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Presshttp://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674725119http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/02/12/jake-rosenfeld-explores-the-sharp-decline-of-union-membership-influence/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=key_workplacehttp://www.tnr.com/blog/plank/103928/not-bang-whimper-the-long-slow-death-spiral-americas-labor-movementhttp://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htmhttp://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DENhttp://www.aclvb.be/over-aclvb/historiek/http://www.aclvb.be/over-aclvb/structuurkerncijfers/http://www.vlaamsabvv.be/art/pid/13618/Hoeveel-leden-telt-het-ABVV.htmhttps://www.acv-online.be/acv-online/het-acv/Wie-zijn-we/Geschiedenis/Geschiedenis.htmlhttp://www.hln.be/hln/nl/957/Binnenland/article/detail/1166041/2010/10/05/Aantal-leden-christelijke-vakbond-neemt-jaar-na-jaar-toe.dhtmlhttp://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1964092&fileOId=2064087http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1545448&fileOId=1545800http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DENhttp://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/country/united.kingdom_3.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3526917.stmhttp://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DENhttp://www.newunionism.net/library/member%20contributions/news/Unionism%20and%20Economic%20Performance.htmhttp://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubR-487.pdfhttp://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubR-487.pdfhttp://www.businessweek.com/archives/1994/b337360.arc.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357701/trade-union


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Químicos y Afines. 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.

6. Herrera, Manuel (30 April 2014). "Sindicatos alzarán la voz contra modelo neoliberal en celebraciones del 1° de

mayo". La Nacion (in Spanish) (San Jose). Retrieved 7 May 2014.

7. American Center for International Labor Solidarity (2006), Justice For All: The Struggle for Worker Rights in

Colombia (http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/ColombiaFinal.pdf), p11

8. An ILO mission in 2000 reported that "the number of assassinations, abductions, death threats and other violent

assaults on trade union leaders and unionized workers in Colombia is without historical precedent". According to the

Colombian Government, during the period 1991–99 there were 593 assassinations of trade union leaders and

unionized workers while the National Trade Union School holds that 1 336 union members were assassinated." –

ILO, 16 June 2000, Special ILO Representative for cooperation with Colombia to be appointed by Director-General (

http://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Media_and_public_information/Press_releases/lang--en/WCMS_007903/i

ndex.htm)

9. "By the 1990s, Colombia had become the most dangerous country in the world for unionists" – Chomsky, Aviva

(2008), Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class, Duke University

Press, p11

0. "Colombia has the world’s worst record on these assassinations..." – 20 November 2008, Colombia: Not Time for a

Trade Deal (http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/11/20/colombia-not-time-trade-deal)

1. International Trade Union Confederation, 11 June 2010, ITUC responds to the press release issued by the Colombian

Interior Ministry concerning its survey (http://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-responds-to-the-press-release.html?lang=en)

2. International Trade Union Confederation (2010), Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights: Colombia (http://

survey.ituc-csi.org/+-Colombia-+.html)3. [2] (http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20

111003061752/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf) October 3, 2011, at the

Wayback Machine.

4. Nimura, K. The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868–1914 (http://oohara.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp/nk/English/

eg-formation.html) (Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011

5. Cross Currents. Labor unions in Japan. (http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=japan&th

eme=work&subtheme=UNION&unit=JWORK079) CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011

6. Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui (Ed.), A Companion to Japanese History (pp. 493–

510). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

7. Jung, L. (30 March 2011). National Labour Law Profile: Japan. (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/jp.htm#tu) ILO. Retrieved 10 June 2011

8. Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training. Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis: 2009/2010. (http://www.jil.go.

jp/english/laborsituation/2009-2010/detailed_2009-2010.pdf) Retrieved 10 June 2011

9. Dolan, R. E. & Worden, R. L. (Eds.). Japan: A Country Study. Labor Unions, Employment and Labor Relations. (htt

p://countrystudies.us/japan/104.htm) Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved 12 June 2011

0. History of the ACTU. (http://actu.com.au/AboutACTU/HistoryoftheACTU/default.aspx) Australian Council of

Trade Unions.

1. "The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History (http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2011/08/09/10-biggest-strikes-in

-american-history/)". Fox Business. August 9, 2011

2. Amnesty International report 23 September 2005 (https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr23/031/2005/en/) –

fear for safety of SINALTRAINAL member José Onofre Esquivel Luna

3. See the website of the Danish discount union "Det faglige Hus" at http://www.detfagligehus.dk/ (website in Danish)

4. Jacek Tittenbrun, The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties (

http://www.marxist.com/revolt-polish-workers101001.htm) at Marxist.com

5. Solidarno!" popiera Kaczy#skiego jak kiedy! Wa$%s% (http://news.money.pl/artykul/solidarnosc;popiera;kaczynskieg

o;jak;kiedys;walese,177,0,615857.html) at news.money.pl {{{2}}}

6. "Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report" (PDF). Acirrt.com. Retrieved 2011-07-27.

7. Eurofound website "FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION/TRADE UNION FREEDOM",

http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/ITALY/FREEDOMOFASSOCIATIONTRADEUNIONFREEDOM-IT.htm

8. Eurofound, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2006/01/feature/dk0601104f.htm

9. Bamberg, Ulrich (June 2004). "The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation

process" (PDF). TUTB Newsletter. 24–25. Retrieved July 27, 2011.

0. Gold, M., 1993. The Social Dimension – Employment Policy in the European Community. Basingstroke England

UK: MacMillan Publishing

1. Hall, M., 1994. Industrial relations and the social dimension of European Integration: Before and after Maastricht,

pp. 281–331 in Hyman, R. & Ferner A., eds.: New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations, Basil Blackwell

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urther reading

Acocella, Nicola & Ciccarone, Giuseppe (1997), ‘Trade unions, non neutrality and stagflation’, in:‘Public Choice�

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