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TrademarkBy: Dasmine Reddish
Road Map Origins of Trademark Characteristics of Trademarks Goals of Trademarks Sources Law of Trademarks Successful attempts at federalization Requirement of Trademark Protection Distinctiveness Secondary Meaning of Trademark Nonfunctionality
Origins Of Trademark Marks or symbols have been
found on ancient artifacts discovered in the Mid and Far East
Trademarks were used in medieval times by members of guilds to identify the work of craftsmen within the guild
Trademarks were employed by Anglo-Americans to prevent “palming off” by junior producers trading on the good will of senior producers
Characteristics of Trademarks A trademark is always appurtenant
to commercial activity
Trademarks are appropriated through adoption and prior use
The three key types of identifiers applied are R, SM and TM. Registered trade marks include the letter R inside of a circle. SM, which stands for Service mark, is listed with unregistered marks that are utilized to promote or brand services. Tm is listed after unregistered marks that are used to promote or brand specific goods.
Goals of Trademarks Prevent mistake, deception,
and confusion with regard to the origin of goods
Identification of goods or services
Garner marketing or competitive advantages
Protect the public from unscrupulous vendors
Protect a prior user’s good will
Sources Law of Trademarks Unlike Patents and Copyrights, there
is no express constitutional grant of power to regulate this form of intellectual property
In early American history, the states grew their own complex and sophisticated body of trademark common law
Congress made various attempts in 1870 and 1876 to federalize the law of trademarks, but these attempts were deemed unconstitutional by The Trademark Cases (1879) (holding Congress had no power to regulate purely state matters such as trademark rights)
Successful attempts at federalization
In response to The Trademark Cases, Congress passed trademark statutes in 1881 and 1905, which both addressed interstate use of trademarks
Congress passed the Lanham Act in 1946, the most recent substantive revision of trademark legislation
The Lanham Act does not expressly create new rights (caveat - federal cause of action), nor does it codify common law; instead the Act provides a means of federal enforcement, through registration, of state trademark rights
Requirement of Trademark Protection
Inherent Distinctiveness
Acquired secondary meaning
Nonfunctionality
Distinctiveness This requirement is fundamental to
the nature of trademark
Anything claiming protection under trademark principles must be capable of identifying the particular goods and services with which it is used, and distinguishing those goods and services from the goods and services of others in the marketplace
Categories (Distinctiveness Spectrum) of marks of generally increasing distinctiveness are (1) generic, (2) descriptive, (3) suggestive, and (4) arbitrary and fanciful marks
Secondary Meaning of Trademark
Provides for trademark protection of marks that are not inherently distinctive
Descriptive marks usually rely upon special proof of distinctiveness before protection will be afforded by common law and statute
Descriptive marks must be shown to have acquired customer recognition (secondary meaning), which serves primarily to identify the source of the products or services, and not merely to describe their nature, quality, characteristics, ingredients, or geographic origins
Generic marks constitute the very product and, therefore, cannot be registered or appropriated exclusively to one manufacturer’s use, even upon a showing of secondary meaning, because competition would be unjustifiably impaired
Nonfunctionality Trademark protection is granted to
symbols or features that are not functional
Protection of functional features would deprive producers of the right to use those features necessary to make a product work
Doctrine of functionality: if a feature is required to perform a particular utilitarian function, and if there are insufficient commercially viable alternatives to perform the same function equally well, no single producer will be allowed to claim exclusive rights in the feature
Works Cited http://law.jeyamart
icle.com/the-characteristics-of-a-trademark/
http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/basics/BasicFacts.pdf