Traditional games and sport in an european scenario Ites ... ·...

Traditional sports and games in an European scenario

“Ga.M.E.S.Net -‐ European cultural diversity through the promotion and protection of nthe traditional sports and games” -‐ Preparatory Action: European partnership on Sport (EAC/S03/2013) – Priority n. 3: Promoting Traditional European Sports and Games – G.A. N EAC –2013–0489]

Team: Ites juegos

Marta D’Atri (Italy) -‐ Coordinator Alberto Ramos Alonso (Spain) -‐ Reviser

TRADITIONAL SPORTS AND GAMES IN AN EUROPEAN SCENARIO MARTA D’ATRI, ALBERTO RAMOS ALONSO

2

Index 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................3

2. Traditional sports and games ................................................................................................4

3. Games and sports ..................................................................................................................6

4. Common features..................................................................................................................9

4.1. Origins ............................................................................................................................9

4.2. When and why?............................................................................................................10

4.3. How they travelled .......................................................................................................11

5. The importance of nursery rhymes .....................................................................................12

6. How to pass them................................................................................................................13

6.1. Projects in schools ........................................................................................................14

6.2. Projects in collaboration with other institutions ..........................................................14

7. Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................16

Sources index ..............................................................................................................................17

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................17

Web sites reference................................................................................................................17


3

1. Introduction This work has as main objective to present the popular games and sports and their importance

in different spheres of life today. To do this we have decided to work in a parallel and

contingent way, studying the different aspects of games, general and specific aspects, not

forgetting a section dedicated to present the ideas and projects that can be used for the

diffusion and the rediscovery of forgotten popular games.

First you need to take into account the fact that the authors of the work are two people from

different countries and we don’t want to emphasize the difficulties of working together, but

we would like to highlight the great possibilities that we had to compare and share the

information and memories' childhood.

It is clear that the work does not pretend to be a comprehensive manual of popular games,

neither about a single country, nor more countries. What we tried to do was to present some

games trying to highlight those that are present in most countries with the same shape (for

example, the game called "Mosca cieca" in Italy, can be found also in Spain as "Gallinita ciega”

in England “Hoodman's Blind” and in France “Colin-‐Maillard" and also in many other countries

that we could not appoint whereas one of the games most common in Europe1).

For reasons of language, personal experience and accessibility of sources, it is possible that our

work will present more information about the games of our respective countries (Italy and

Spain) and of our regions in particular (Umbria and Castilla y Leon). This is not meant to be

offensive to any person and for any country, but, as already mentioned, depends for the most

part by the accessibility of the sources, which, in the case of our territories we found in

libraries and archives, while in the case of other countries, we had to do searches on internet,

just by consulting sources and digital documents.

1 Interesting would also linger on the different origins of the names of the games. In this case we see that two of those presented are related to the world of nature, while the other two are probably of medieval origin and refer to human characters.


4

2. Traditional sports and games One of the first difficulties encountered has been to understand the difference between games

and sports and what mean by popular. Having completely different values between them it

should make a clear distinction between these "disciplines". Starting with the first, we know

that sport generally means activities designed to develop the skills together physical and

mental, as well as the complex of exercises and events that are related to them, assuming

designated locations, organizational structures, teams and especially the compliance with rules

codified by appropriate bodies. It is then, greatly different from the game in the proper sense.

And yet, lately, with the advent of professionalism and with the conditioning of the moving

interests, the sport has become more and more a performance fee, with the only goal of the

promotion of trade and to give an image of corporate, municipal or national.

In contrast, game means the activities that take place outside of work, and for that, Aristotle

had approached him to happiness and virtue. Taking a step forward, in our century, we see

how the subject has been treated by many philosophers, but also in terms of anthropological

and pedagogical view. Huizinga, in his book Homo Ludens of 1938 speaks of the game as "free

action, perceived as fictitious and located outside of real life, however, able to absorb fully the

individual who plays; action not linked to the interests defined or utility, which takes place in a

time and in a space specifically defined, according to fixed rules, and raises social relations that

easily surround themselves with mystery or centralize through their diversity in the ordinary

world"2.

More recently, other subjects have recognized the usefulness of the game because it is able to

adapt man to society and its educational function and aesthetics. The game in all its forms -‐

either as a simple activity as spectacle -‐ is one of the main ways to use the free time of many

people.

In addition to being an action of separation from work, serves to develop skills and to reveal

the potential of a person through the comparison with the expression of the social instincts.

Everything eventually ends with the satisfaction of a premium even if symbolic. Then, without

a doubt, the game has an appreciable function biological and healthy -‐ for example, in the

2 Huizinga J., Homo ludens, Einaudi, Torino, 1972


5

bocce game, in addition to developing the muscles of the arms, legs and the elasticity of the

spine, also develop skills such as balance, concentration and coordination3.

So the game is an important and fundamental part of every person's life that allows people to

meet, establish relationships and also fight in a situation controlled by the rules. And someone

says there's nothing more serious than game.

In this chapter we tried to highlight the main differences between game and sport. In fact, this

differentiation between the two activities is very difficult especially in a historical perspective,

because in many cases those who now call games (ex. Tournaments), had very precise and

codified rules and were originally seen as an integral part of daily life. And then the term sport

is quite modern and in ancient times the activities that we now call sports were mentioned as

games.

That said, we have chosen not to make a precise differentiation between traditional games

and sports and, although we have chosen as the reference period for the search of the games

that go from the 1800 until the middle of 1900, most of the games who meet have ancient

origins and it is impossible not to refer to the Middle Ages or earlier.

3 Principi C., Memoria marchigiana sui giochi popolari con le bocce, in AA.VV., Giochi, tornei e sport, AndreaLiviEditore, 2005

Hopscotch in a nineteenth-‐century painting by French painter Theophile Emmanuel Duverger.


6

3. Games and sports This part presents a list of popular games and sports that we met, essencially expanding the

list of those presented for the festival, sometimes representing them because particularly

present in our traditions. It is clear that to make a complete list of games and at an European

level, it is virtually impossible considering the great heritage we have. We must then consider

that there is a lot of literature on the subject4 even if there is no monographies at European

level.

Do not we split the games from sports for all the reasons given above and because we felt it

was particularly difficult to make a correct categorization (think that the Olympic Games even

if you define games are the ultimate expression of the sport).

We finally decided to split the games and sports that we deemed particularly important,

common to several countries or particularly characteristic, in the categories. We therefore, ball

games, launch games, games that you can play inside, playground games, racing games.

Most of these games have a long history. In fact, the “ruzzola” and the “Hopscotch”5 are also

found in Roman tales; crossbow, capture the flag and jumping rope in those medieval.

Some games are common throughout Europe, such as marbles, horseshoe, steals

handkerchief. Others are specific to a certain region or a specific area, even if they find the

variants in different countries such as “la calva” from Spain and Csukozès from Hungary.

Some will still play today, while others have been abandoned and are remembered through

sectoral associations.

4 Only for Italy we found dozens of books that list and treat the popular games from various points of view, analyzing them at the national, but also regional level. What we have considered the most comprehensive in terms of historic point of view is: La Sorsa, S., Come giuocano i fanciulli d’Italia, Studio editoriale insurbia, 1979 5 Hopscotch can be found in most parts of Europe and the world. Already due to Chinese culture or the Egyptian one, is also found in the Roman Empire under the name clàudus, "the game of the lame", in reference to the rule of jumping with one foot. Probably for reasons of conquests and invasions and the fact that the game is simple, easy to understand and does not need anything hard-‐to-‐find, has a great spread and we find it everywhere, in England for example with the name hopscotch, dama in Bulgaria, marelle or pallet in France, nebe in Czech Republic, nonet in Spain and so on.


7

Where possible we have included the name in the three languages of presentation of the

work, but we decided not to describe them analytically because, it would become a job too

complex and, in any case, partial. We then left to mention the games, so to speak. For each of

those presented we associate a hyperlink that refers to a youtube video, which explains or

shows how you play these games. We decided to combine new technologies with ancient

traditions, because we felt it was important to show the many possibilities that this union can

bring.

Ball games:

Pelota Vasca Las canicas; Gioco delle biglie; Marbles Fiolet Bolos serranos; Andalusian Bowling Calcio storico fiorentino Pelota valenciana; Valencian Handball

Launch games:

Juego de la rana; Gioco della rana; Game of frog Herradura; Ferro di cavallo; Horseshoes Lanzamiento de bochas por la calle; Boccia su strada; Street bocci ball throwing Ruzzola Ruzzola del formaggio Palet similar a Palet Gascon y a Jogo da Malha y a Hoyetes Lancio dell’uovo Peonza; Trottola; Spintop Tirachinas; Tiro con la fionda; Hand catapult La Calva (similar a Csukozès) Quilles au Maillet

Games that you can play inside:

Veo veo; Vedo, vedo; I spy Calienta manos Parchis OCA; Il gioco dell’oca Piedra, papel o tijera simialar a Morra Novuss

Racing games:

Escondite; Nascondino; Hide and Seek Carrera de sacos; Corsa dei sacchi LAS CUATRO ESQUINAS; I quattro cantoni Pilla pilla; Acchiapparella; Tag Un, dos, tres, escondite inglés Un due tre stella; Statues Juego del pañuelo; Rubabandiera; Capture the Flag (una variante es Kendozès)


8

Playground play:

Rayuela; Campana; Hopscotch Gallina ciega; Mosca cieca; Hoodsman’s Blind La carretilla; Il carretto Juego de la soga; Tiro alla fune La goma; Saltare la corda; Chinese jump rope These are just some of the typical traditional games we have, list and catalog them all would

be impossible!

The crossbow and archery were out of this classification but in any case they seemed to us

very important. These sports have become traditional games although previously capabilities

essential for human life, for hunting and combat.

Ballesta; Balestra; Crossbow Tiro con arco; Tiro con l’arco; Archery Some of these games are very familiar to us because they are very common in our territory. In

Umbria is well known the "ruzzola", typical game and still practiced by many people. The goal

is to throw a wooden wheel with the help of a fine cord fabric. The player that with the fewest

number of throws eaches the finish line wins. It is played on the streets wih little traffic and

often the competition is for teams. The game has very ancient origins as early as 600 in Rome

we have evidence that you were playing the game of "Ruzzola" along the Aurelian walls at

Piazza del Popolo6. In more recent times we see that the game has been banned in the region

considered as dangerous and disturbing. In the early '30s were identified some roads where

you can play the game while still not officially authorize the occupation of public spaces. At the

end of the 30s, with the rise of fascism and creation of job after fascists, popular sports were

revalued and there was also a recognition by the institutions.

In Castilla y León there are two entrenched games, which are the frog game and “billar

romano”. The first has different varieties in his name, as for example in the province of León is

called "la rana maragata" and it is also known in Latin America. The dynamic is launching

pieces of metal like coins at a distance of several meters to a wooden box at the top has holes

and depending on the hole between the player will get more or less points, with the hole with

more points which is the mouth of the frog. Moreover the billar romano is a variety of

“Petanca” in which it differs mainly because the game field is enclosed by wood so that the

balls can bounce off the walls.

6 Paita Almo, A Roma ai tempi di Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Fabri Editore, 1998


9

4. Common features In this section of the work, we wanted to give an explanation for what may be the common

aspects of the different games in different countries. For example, we have analyzed the

origins of popular games and sports, why they are played and and when and how some games

have traveled in the territories.

4.1. Origins Mainly we can recognize two distinct origins and fairly recognizable: the military art and the

world of work.

For what concerne the military art and training, we can see it very well for all games related to

war (ex. for Tournaments) and fighting techniques (struggles). As a variant of the military

games we have for example hunting (all over Europe, in different historical periods there are

hunts of bears, pigs or the bulls7) and games with horses (in Palios8). If we do an historical

excursus, only in the Umbria region, we see that in Norcia, in the '600, during the carnival was

organized a fox hunt within the city walls9 or Terni in 1800 there was something similar of a

Corrida in the arena Gazzoli10. The famous Spanish Corrida too may be associated with this

type of sport. Another sport that you could add to this category is the Florentine Football,

which was born in the Renaissance by the warlike ideas of people of Florence, which especially

in the beginning, you could associate more to a fight that a sport.

In all these games we can not deny a direct connection with the Roman people and with

gladiators -‐ in fact, even in court tournaments were using real weapons and risked the life, the

difference was that everything was codified in rituals for the nobility.

For those that take origin in the work life we can see all the games and sports that have a clear

reference to the land, to work or just to the poverty of the rural world: in fact, the most

important and probably the most obvious thing that we met in the mayor part of the popular

games of each country, is the use of materials and everyday objects or that you can meet

easily and cheaply. We can see examples in all the games that were made with a handkerchief

7 Agenda 2008, Direzione generale per gli archivi 8 The most famous Palio is maybe the Palio di Siena, but everywhere in Europe are common shows of this type. 9 Valesini Pierluigi, Mos Maiorum, Nuova Eliografica, 2004 10 David Elisabetta, Massoli Cesare, Feste, giochi e tornei, in Terni, a cura di Michele Giorgini, Elio Sellino Editore, 1993


10

or providing for the launch of various objects such as logs and rocks or other equally easy to

find in nature.

Besides these, we meet other activities of more ancient origin, who come from cultures of the

past that have influenced very strongly the territory, as the Roman culture, the Phoenician or

the Celtic11.

It is clear that this distinction has no boundaries well defined: there are games where you can

find all these aspects, games that can be traced back to these origins, and in this case more

than in the other, is the experience of a single person may have influenced the transmission of

a tradition.

4.2. When and why? Another common aspect is the purpose of the games: in many cases, the ultimate goal was to

demonstrate the winner’s physical abilities, such as strength and speed, or mental, as Canning.

Each one a key to win the game. A very important part was to demonstrate superiority over

other participants. So today we can also say that the important thing is to participate, but in

the past it was often essential to achieve victory.

Some games are closely linked to a specific period of the year or special holidays. On many

occasions, the games have become a fundamental part of both pagan and religious festivals,

often affected by the pagan Christian doctrine that he has kept the external aspects to ensure

that the people remain tied to the tradition.

It is very important to analyze the contexts of action of a particular game or sport and see

what the occasion was held, because tied to it, we can meet a whole range of activities and

features -‐ for example, games that are made for the May or in general to celebrate the spring,

express the joy of man for the rebirth of nature12.

So in fact, we have both pagan and religious festivals for the traditions for the May, where the

tree is transformed over time into the greasy pole13, and traditions connected to the fire.

In the latter case, we see that the fire was sacred because it was a sign of purification and in

many festivals, religious or not, a fire was lit. The main ritual tied when the fier, over time

become a game of skill, was to jump the fire and is extended throughout Europe, as a sign of

11 Fabbi Ansano, Folklore in valnerina, a cura di Pierluigi Valesini, Edizioni Era Nuova, 1997 12 Fabbi Ansano, Folklore in valnerina, a cura di Pierluigi Valesini, Edizioni Era Nuova, 1997 13 For all the traditions about the trees and their meanings we can’t forgot “Il ramo d’oro” by Frazer.


11

strength, capacity and sporty with a strong aspect of superstition because it was believed that

the fire could deliver us from evil14.

Always linked to parties where he lit the fire, in Malignano di Cascia the children, did the game

of "corsa dei bacarozzi" (the race of the Cockroach), they captured some bugs and put above

them small candles. Then, teased them to make them run and won who had captured the

insect that had covered much ground15.

4.3. How they travelled The traditionals games and sports are characters very important in a sociological and

anthropological study of a society as it reflects the overall level, material and spiritual life of a

given environment. How is it then that in regions far from each other and with different

characteristics are similar games and sports?

The elements of which take into account in a research analysis of this type are many. First of all

we can see how it is impossible not to take account of the achievements, of domination, of

migration, which allowed a development very large and a travel of informations that allowed

us to find practiced, for example, the greek-‐Roman fight, in all the territories of the Roman

conquest. Similarly, going back even further, we see the aforementioned traditions of May and

the tree of May and all events connected to them, which have their origin in the culture

Phoenician, Greek and Celtic. So we can see that in all the territories where there werw these

cultures, these traditions are still alive today, many similar to each other. As far as we are

concerned, to the traditions of May, are linked different games, each one full of meanings and

propitiation for the summer and fertility16. The tradition that is certainly the most famous is

the greasy pole: in the town square or in a public space of equal importance, it rose a wooden

pole, the top of which was placed a flag or a handkerchief, or gifts. The boys are challenged to

climb the tree to get the gifts on top, while the girls danced and sang at the base. In some

countries it is tradition that groups of girls or children pass between the houses and leave the

gift of a branch of a plant in bud, to wish fertility and good luck, receiving in exchange small

gifts. In Lithuania and England is elected the most beautiful girl in the town, who is named

"Queen of May" and is the symbol of the festival. In some countries, such as France and Italy, it

was customary to sing and dance around the tree intertwining colored threads around the

structure.

14 Fabbi Ansano, Folklore in valnerina, a cura di Pierluigi Valesini, Edizioni Era Nuova, 1997 15 Valesini Pierluigi, Mos Maiorum, Nuova Eliografica, 2004 16 Fabbi Ansano, Folklore in valnerina, a cura di Pierluigi Valesini, Edizioni Era Nuova, 1997


12

Some of these traditions are still alive today and you can still see through the festivals,

historical reconstruction or performances by folk music groups.

Another of the important aspects to be taken into account is, for example in the case of games

of medieval origin, the fact that the courts, in many cases, they were traveling, so they had not

a fixed place and moving they met different traditions from one part 'other of the kingdom,

knowing always new and making their own. Similarly, the nobles were moving, visiting, or for

other reasons, and so for example in the case of tournaments, there is a certain uniformity in

Europe.

As we have already said, one of the factors to look at in terms of the games of a territory, are

the conquests and invasions that have been made in that place. Similarly, another element

that has certainly influenced much the expansion of the cultural characteristics are the

migration. For example in the areas of the part of Dalmatia under the rule of the Duchy of

Venice, we can find games of clear Venetian influence. Thus, in the island of Hvar, from the

sixteenth century are of great popular attraction of the game "kukanje" the greasy pole, the

"borba Sakama", a combat punch, which was banned in Venice in the eighteenth and various

games with the ball, including some with the rules which are also found in Italy17.

A final aspect that we can analyze it as the similarity of the traditions can be linked to the

similitude of the territories, both from a geographical point of view that from a social point of

view and work. This means that the material used daily and the activities will be more or less

the same for a shepard of the Canary and a shepherd on the other side of Europe. So in

communities similar between them can be found in turn games can be common.

5. The importance of nursery rhymes An important part of the repertoire in question is that of children's songs. How appearance can

not be said to play effectively, but can not be left out of a study on the topic.

With children songs mean all the heritage that exists of songs, Count, nursery rhymes, tongue

twisters, riddles, rhymes sleep and all that is related to a repertoire that is not moving, but

strictly vocal.

17 Bajic Zarko, Natasa, I giochi di società più in voga sull’isola di Hvar nel XVII e XVIII secolo in AA.VV., Giochi, tornei e sport, AndreaLiviEditore, 2005


13

A deepening of the themes and meanings of this repertoire can be done through the essay by

Sandra Mantovani, "Lo daremo all’uomo nero"18 (We will give him to the boogey man) as well

as in a series of monographs dedicated to the games, where there is always a part devoted to

this.

Often the chants have a precise utility as used in count and lullabies, while other times they

are accompanied by hand movements, that help coordination.

6. How to pass them The games and traditional sports, as well as music, anchor us to our land, make us feel more

closely part of a territory and rediscover this feeling of belonging that, especially in recent

times, escapes us.

In practice the more fun activities than once, allows us to develop our imagination and joy that

our children are losing because more and more closed in the house in front of a television.

Do a search of this kind, allows us not only to find out that there are differences between one

country and another, related in most cases to the particular characteristics of the territory, but

also the similarities that are encountered. All this is to realize that we are not so different, we

play the same games and we have the same values. For example, in schools, which are

increasingly multicultural, it is possible to develop projects with the children to rediscover the

traditions of the countries of origin.

The real aim of which must be taken into account is to make known the games and popular

aport to new generations and to get them back to doing. Therefore we are going to discover a

whole series of very important values related to popular games. But how we do that?

The first important thing to do is to create contact networks the widest possible, at national

and International level, including the local institutions, but also schools, summer camps,

libraries, archives, tourist centers and associations. It is also important to find ways of

implementation arrangements of spread projects, which allow to reach the goal, without

devaluing the object (the games in this case).

One of the risks to which it is easier to fall is to simplify the game and the simple sports

competition, while behind the popular ones there is much more. First of all there is the history 18 Mantovani Sandra, “Lo daremo all’uomo nero”. Il repertorio infantile in Guida alla musica popolare in Italia, 2. I repertori, a cura di Roberto Leydi, Libreria Musicale Italiana, Lucca, 2001


14

of the game that can be more or less ancient and then the story of all the experiences of the

people who have played. Then there are values that should not be underestimated, but on the

contrary, must be highlighted: teamwork, trust towards his companion, the ability to surrender

to the game, the complicity with classmates etc. Surely the greatest difficulty lies in trying to

involve the younger generations that stay more and more hours in front of a screen and less

and less in the open air, to play and do sports, so we have to find a formule that can be

attractive for the digital natives . In addition we have to denote the fact that the costs of the

games and the popular sports, and everything that is connected to them, may be especially

low in comparison with other "modern" sports and see the diffucult economic situation

present throughout Europe there seems a very important that can be exploited.

6.1. Projects in schools In order to promote the popular games, one of the action to take is to disseminate and reteach

them in schools. Submit a project in a school allows us to work in a controlled manner with a

large number of children and young people and to study the popular games in different

aspects and points of view. Certainly can be taken into account the fact that working in the

schools of small towns, will be in any case easier than working in city schools, for greater

collaboration of teachers and local authorities in such projects and for increased sensitivity and

attention they have on this issue of the preservation of popular culture.

Another thing you can do is not to be limited to schools to work with children, but you can also

contact several universities to do research projects and also for the creation and activation of

work programs with children (ex. in the case of the Faculty of Education Science).

A practical example: February 26 of this year was presented in Perugia a book on

contemporary popular music in Umbria, one that has been rediscovered and sung today. The

book was created and promoted by the University for Foreigners of Perugia. While maybe not

leaning to the same institution, you can do something similar, rediscovering the current

protagonists of past games, or doing different jobs according to the territory or to the

historical period.

6.2. Projects in collaboration with other institutions Folk music groups, folk dance group, sporting or cultural association. Each of them might be

interested in projects that deal with popular games, entering into activities of biggest breath,

or creating initiatives starting from this theme.


15

Watch the games from a historical point of view, or from a cultural one or a point of view more

practical, open to many possibilities and interpretations for the creation of these initiatives,

perhaps involving not only the age group of children, but also that ones of adults and older

people.

Some examples:

• To engage and connect the three age groups (from grandfather telling their

experiences, the child who listens) perhaps with the help of a nursing home or a

community center for the elderly;

• Study days and / or conferences on a specific topic;

• Enter the information about the games in the studies of everyday life of a specific

historical period, or in pageants;

• Activation of competitions of popular games;

• Collaborations with sports clubs to practice games.

Anyway we believe is winning open to other institutions and associations, trying to involve as

many people as possible in every project carried out, also to have a voice comparison.


16

7. Conclusion As we have seen the rapid analysis presented, bring to light this issue and to rediscover these

activities is very important from several points of view.

As for social development, we must remember that the game is "a get-‐together, of liberation,

of expression." Through it the child "grows, learns, knows and compares with the others

having fun"19. From a historical point of view then, the importance of activities that have been

handed down for so long and who have survived so many social changes, are to be analyzed in

depth and to be valued.

To date, the popular culture is experiencing a period of crisis; you tend to lose dimenicare and

folk traditions, abandoning them because considered antique and obsolete in comparison of

new technologies and what we allow. We must therefore find formulas for inclusion of the

games within the social reality that allow a modern fruition accessible to all generations.

As mentioned several times previously many games are common to all of Europe and then to

know them and let them discover that it can not unite the various countries of the Union

because it is our common heritage, and we must become aware of it. The games and popular

sports are a precious heritage that must not be forgotten, but rather must be preserved and

carried forward to not forget that everything that differentiates us is nothing compared to

what unites us.

19 AA.VV., Dire, fare e giocare. Enciclopedia, Demetra, 2000

“Morra” players

“Ruzzola” players in 70’s


17

Sources index We tried to get as much material as possible to try to be as specific as possible in the

investigation and knowledge of the topic. To do that we have done research in archives and

libraries studying the available literature on the subject and also finding of documentary

material. We consulted: the State Archive of Terni, the fund of Archive of the province and the

fund of the Historical Archives of the city of Terni IV deposit; the municipal library of Terni; the

National Central Library of Rome; the Library of Granada. We then did research online, through

sites of sectoral association and helping with Wikipedia as reguarda the translation of the

names of the games. The following is a list of materials in print and online consultation.

Bibliography La Sorsa, S., Come giuocano i fanciulli d’Italia, Studio editoriale insurbia, 1979

Giochiamo a…, a cura di Ambra Danielli e Osvaldo Panfili, ed. Thyrus, Terni, 1982

AAVV, La società in costume. Giostre e tornei nell’Italia di Antico Regime, Edizioni dell’Arquata, 1986

Le tradizioni popolari in Italia. La festa, a cura di Alessandro Falazzi, Electa, 1988

David Elisabetta, Massoli Cesare, Feste, giochi e tornei, in Terni, a cura di Michele Giorgini, Elio Sellino Editore, 1993

Gorini Pietro, Giochi e feste tradizionali di Francia e d’Europa, 1994

Jeux et fêtes traditionnels de France et d'Europe / Pietro Gorini. -‐ Roma : Gremese, c1994.

Abbi Ansano, Folklore in valnerina, a cura di Pierluigi Valesini, Edizioni Era Nuova, 1997

AA.VV., Dire, fare e giocare. Enciclopedia, Demetra, 2000

Mantovani Sandra, “Lo daremo all’uomo nero”. Il repertorio infantile in Guida alla musica popolare in Italia, 2. I repertori, a cura di Roberto Leydi, Libreria Musicale Italiana, Lucca, 2001

AAVV, La giostra dell’arme 30 anni di storia, Tipolitografia Visconti, 2003

Valesini Pierluigi, Mos Maiorum, Nuova Eliografica, 2004

AAAVV, Giochi, tornei e sport dal medioevo all’età contemporanea, AndreaLiviEditori, 2005

Medieval Games and Recreation compiled by Tammy Pattie, 2011

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140342s.pdf

Web sites reference www.figest.it http://www.a-e-s-c.info/Clube_Europeu/les_jeux_traditionels_portugais.pdf http://www.jugaje.com/ http://www.jugaje.com/fr/source_popups/charte_unesco.pdf http://www.jugaje.com/fr/textes/Tradition%20et%20Modernite%20dans%20les%20jeux.pdf


18

http://www.jugaje.com/fr/textes/Texte%20Jaouen%20-%20Aranda%20-%20fr.pdf http://www.jugaje.com/fr/textes/Jeux%20et%20destins%20culturels%20-%20Parlebas%20fr.pdf https://books.google.it/books?id=n0q6vTX6SOcC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=jeux+populaires+traditionnels&source=bl&ots=tlOg9u-ksO&sig=0mu_Uqj3q8WdxDV8Fegq394J_QU&hl=it&sa=X&ei=ae7wVImoKMfmywP3woHYCQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/juegos-populares-y-tradicionales-de-toda-la-vida-348249/ http://listas.20minutos.es/lista/juegos-‐populares-‐y-‐tradicionales-‐de-‐toda-‐la-‐vida-‐348249/ http://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/trab_eventos/ev.1415/ev.1415.pdf http://www.albeos.org/IMG/pdf/CUADERNO_JUEGOS_TRADICIONALES-‐4.pdf http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/esto-‐me-‐suena-‐las-‐tardes-‐del-‐ciudadano-‐garcia/esto-‐suena-‐tardes-‐del-‐ciudadano-‐garcia-‐primera-‐hora-‐20-‐03-‐15/3055302/ http://www.jugaje.com/es/textes/Tradicion%20y%20Modernidad.pdf http://www.associazionegiochiantichi.it/Giochi-‐tradizionali/ http://www.prolocoplatania.it/antichi-‐giochi-‐popolari http://www.giochitradizionali.it/ http://www.jugaje.com/fr/textes.htm http://www.deportestradicionales.es/

Date post:	19-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vuque
View:	214 times
Download:	0 times

Traditional games and sport in an european scenario Ites ... ·...

Documents