O C T O B E R 1 5, 2 0 0 8

T R A D I T I O N A L B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S

1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

A M E R I C A N B U I L D I N G: 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 5 0

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

Igneous- Formed by volcanic magma under various cooling conditions, includes granite

Metamorphic- Formed by alteration of igneous and sedimentary rock through pressure, heat, and groundwater movement, includes quartzite, marble, slate

Sedimentary- Formed by re-cemented sediments, includes sandstone and limestone

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

Clemson 1882

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

Clemson 1882 Clemson 1921

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

B U I L D I N G S T O N E

• Stone is a natural material with variable composition.

• Locally quarried stone may no longer be commercially available. It is often irreplaceable.

• Stone is a porous material that absorbs water and is vulnerable to freezing, salt damage, and biological growth.

• Cleaning methods must be tailored to the condition and type of stone and the type of soiling to be removed.

Acidic cleaners will damage calcitic stones such as limestone and marble and can etch all polished stones.

Aggressive mechanical cleaning methods can damage any type of stone.

Atmospheric pollution is extremely difficult to remove from silicate stones such as sandstone.

B R I C K & T E R R A C O T T A

B R I C K & T E R R A C O T T A

B R I C K & T E R R A C O T T A

B R I C K & T E R R A C O T T A

B R I C K & T E R R A C O T T A

• Brick and terracotta have a hard exterior, called the fire skin, that protects the more vulnerable interior.

• Brick and terracotta are man-made materials that can have variable durability and quality. In particular, glazed terracotta may have inherent manufacturing flaws.

• Locally made brick and terracotta have unique shapes, colors, and irregularities. These are difficult to replace with standard units.

• Terracotta was cost effective when used in many repeated elements. However, replacing individual decorative units can be costly.

• Brick and terracotta are porous materials that absorbs water and are vulnerable to freezing, salt damage, and biological growth.

• Terracotta was installed with metal anchors and framing. Corrosion of embedded metal elements can cause extensive damage.