The Study of Traffic Accident Costs in Thailand
Faculty of Engineering Prince of Songkla University
8 April 2008
Department of Highways
รศ. ดร.พิชัย ธานีรณานนท Project Leaderนายแพทย วิทยา ชาติบัญชาชัย Medical Team Leader
ศ. ดร.ยอดพล ธนาบรบิูรณ Accident Costing Model Team Leader
ศ. ดร.พลายพล คุมทรัพย Economics Team Leader
Peter Waugh Road Safety Team Leader
รศ ลําดวน ศรีศักดา Assistant Project Leader
Study Team
IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion
Overview
“Knowing the Enemy”知己知彼,百戰不貽﹔不知彼而知己,一勝一負﹔不知彼不知 己,每戰必貽
Know yourself and your enemy outcome of a 100 wars are assured
Know yourself but not your enemy the outcomes are 50 50
Know not yourself nor your enemy all wars are lost
Sun Tzu’s The Art of War
Introduction
5
The Art of Life
To liveTo live well To live better
Alfred North Whitehead
ThailandThailand: 76 ProvincesCapital: BangkokArea: 514,000 km2
Population (2005):62.4 million GDP (2005): $559.5 billion GDP per capita: $2,100
IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion
Overview
Objectives
To detail a sound and comprehensive method of calculating traffic accident costs which enables values to be regularly updated.To enable the application of cost benefit analyses in traffic accident reduction projects.To identify actual traffic accident costs and the burden placed on society for use in raising the awareness of policy makers and the public.
Scope of the Study
5 Provinces for the Pilot Case Study in Thailand :
1. Khon Kaen2. Lampang3. Nakhonsawan4. Bangkok5. Songkhla
IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion
Overview
In Thailand road accidents are considered one of the top three public health problems in the country. Despite the Government’s best efforts, there are sadly over 13 000 deaths and more than one million injuries each year as the result of road accidents, with several hundred thousand people disabled. An over-whelming majority of the deaths and injuries involve motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians.The Royal Thai Government regards this problem to be of great urgency and has accorded it high priority in the national agenda. We are also aware of the fact that effective and sustainable prevention of such injuries can only be achieved through concerted multisectoralcollaboration.
Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra’sLetter to WHO
Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister, Thailand, 2004
Road Traffic Accident Situationin Thailand
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Trend in Accident Occurrences and Fatalities.
No.of Accidents
Fatalities 16,727124,530
Road Traffic Accident Situationin Thailand
Percentage of Vehicles in Carsh.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year PedestrianBicycle
Tricycle
Motorcycle
Mortor Tricycle
Passenger Car
Van
Pickup Truck
Heavy Bus
6 Wheels Truck
10 Wheel or more Truck
Farm Vehicle
Taxi
Others
Typical Motorcycle Crash
Cost of Fatality in Road Accident
The Precious Human Life
Cost of Fatality in Road Accidentin ASEAN
IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusion
Overview
Human Capital Approach
Human Costs Category
Loss of Productivity Costs
Quality of Life Costs
Medical Costs
EMS. Costs
Long Term Care Costs
Property Damage Costs Category
Vehicle Damage Costs
Non-Vehicle Damage Costs
General Crash Costs Category
Insurance Administration
Police Administration
Judicial System Costs
ERS. Costs
Travel Delay Costs
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Human Costs Category
Human Costs Category
Loss of Productivity CostsQuality of Life CostsMedical CostsEmergency Medical Service CostsLong Term Care Costs
Quality of Life
The loss of quality of life reflects pain, grief, and suffering experienced by victims of road crashes, and by their families and friends.
Medical Costs
The unit cost for treatment of crash patients at pre-hospital care, hospital care and rehabilitation stages
Emergency Medical Service Costs
These costs cover staff cost,material cost, and capital cost of emergency medical service unit.
Long Term Care Costs
These are costs associated with continuous provision of service to patients after discharge. They include follow-up at OPD, ER, drug room in OPD, laboratories in OPD etc.
27
Property Damage Costs Category
Property Damage Costs Category
Vehicle Damage CostsNon-Vehicle Damage Costs
29
General Crash Costs Category
General Crash Costs Category
Insurance Administration CostsPolice Administration CostsJudicial Administration CostsEmergency Rescue Service CostsTravel Delay Costs
31
Thailand Accident Costing Model
Thailand Accident Costing Model
Human Capital Approach Total Traffic Accident Costs = A+B+C
Human Costs Category, (A) = A1+A2+A3+A4+A5
Property Damage Costs Category, (B) = B1+B2
General Crash Costs Category, (C) = C1+C2+C3+C4+C5
Thailand Accident Costing Model Human Costs Category (A)
Total EMS costs = [No. of EMS cases]severity x [average EMS costs]severity* the average EMS costs by severity cover labor cost, material cost, and capital cost
EMS. Costs(A4)
Human Costs Category (A)
Total Longtterm Care Cost = [No. of disabilities] x [average long term care cost]
Long term Care Cost (A5)
Total medical costs = [No. of casualties]severity x [average hospitalization expenses]severity
Medical Costs(A3)
Total quality of life costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [estimated added percentage of quality of life costs]severity
Quality of Life Costs(A2)
1) Lost output in terms of income loss from fatality = [No. fatalities by age range] x [foregone income ]* the foregone income is calculated from a wage function showing relationship
between wage and age2) Lost output in terms of income loss from serious injuries
to disabilities (no work) = [No. serious injuries to disabilities by age range] x [foregone income, if abilities and work ]
3) Lost output in terms of income loss from serious injuries to disabilities (work) = [No. serious injuries to disabilities by age range] x [foregone income, if abilities and work ]* Assume effectiveness reduced by 30%
4) Lost output in terms of income loss from injuries = [No. of injuries]severity x[ No. of day in Hospital ]x[average wage per day ]
5) Lost output in terms of income loss involving those relatives and friends who take care of the injured and the disabled = [No. of injuries]severity x[ No. of day to take care ]x[average wage per day ]* No of carer to injuries, 1:1
Loss of Productivity and Long term Care Costs(A1)
Estimating FormulaCost Element
Thailand Accident Costing Model Property Damage Costs Category (B)
Total non-vehicle damage costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average non-vehicle damage costs]severity* the average non-vehicle damage costs by severity are obtained from Department of Highways
Non-Vehicle Damage Costs(B2)
Total vehicle damage costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average vehicle damage costs]severity
Vehicle Damage Costs (B1)
Property Damage Costs Category (B)
Estimating FormulaCost Element
Thailand Accident Costing Model General Crash Costs Category (C)
Total travel delay costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average travel delay costs]severity
Travel Delay Costs (C5)
Total ERS costs = [No. of ERS cases]severity x [average ERS costs]severity* the average EMS costs by severity cover labor cost, material cost, and capital cost
ERS Costs (C4)
Total judicial system costs = [No. of attendances by court cases]severity x [average judicial system costs]severity* the average judicial system costs by severity cover expertise fee, transportation expenditure, service fee, court costs and others.
Judicial System Costs (C3)
Total police administrative costs = [No. of attendances by police]severity x [average insurance administrative costs]severity* the average police administrative costs by severity are all staff wages and other expenses born by police work
Police Administration Costs (C2)
Total insurance administrative costs = [No. of crashes]severity x [average insurance administrative costs]severity* the average insurance administrative costs by severity are all expenses born by insurance companies
Insurance Administration Costs (C1)
General Crash Costs Category (C)
Estimating FormulaCost Element
IntroductionObjectives and Scope of the StudyRoad Traffic Accident SituationMethodologyFindings and Conclusions
Overview
Number of casualties by severities in the year of 2004
14,254 fatalities217,039 serious injuries775,245 slight injuries9,078 disabilities
Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004Human Costs Category (A)
Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004Property Damage Costs Category (B)
Traffic Accidents Costing in Thailand 2004General Crash Costs Category (C)
Total Traffic Accident Costs 2007
2.818,285,462232,8552007
2.857,816,474222,8282006
3.007,087,660213,2322005
3.146,489,847204,0502004
Percentage ofGDP
GDP(Million Baht)
Total Traffic Accident Costs(Million Baht)
Year
ที่มา : มูลคาความสูญเสียไดจากการคํานวณ200
Conclusions
Percentage of the Crash Cost Component for Thailand in 2004
Loss of productivity costs 17.65 %
Loss of quality of life costs 37.99 %
Vehicle damage costs 22.53 %
Travel delay costs 15.24 %
Medical Costs 2.27%
Long term care costs 2.53 %
Insurance administration costs 1.18 %Non-vehicle damage costs 0.20 %
Police administration costs 0.19 %
Judicial system costs 0.46 %
Emergency rescue service costs 0.03%
Emergency medical service costs 0.13%
Total Road Traffic Accident Cost to Thailand for 2007
232855 million BahtEqual to 2.81 % of GDP
Average Value of Costs according to Crash Severity for Thailand in 2007
45,898 A Property Damage Only Crash34,761 A Slight Injury
147,023 A Serious Injury6,167,061 A Disability5,315,556A Fatality
Average value of Costs (baht)Crash Severity
Average Value of Costs according to Crash Severity for Bangkok 2007
146,773 A Property Damage Only Crash154,850 A Slight Injury301,746 A Serious Injury
12,435,767 A Disability11,078,982 A Fatality
Average value of Costs (baht)Crash Severity
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ที่มา : MCOT
We have to do the best we can. This is our sacred human responsibility.
Albert Einstein