Traffic Engineering Handbook 5th Ed. - James L. Pline

8/12/2019 Traffic Engineering Handbook 5th Ed. - James L. Pline

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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

HANDBOOKFifth Edition

James L. PlineEditor

Institute of Transportation Engineers


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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Traffic engineering handbook / James L. Pline, editor. 5th ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0935403329

1. Traffic engineeringHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Pline, James L.II. Institute of Transportation Engineers.HE333.T68 1999388.3 12dc21 99-41568

CIP


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The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) is an international educational and scientific

association of transportation and traffic engineers and other professionals who are responsible

for meeting mobility and safety needs. The Institute facilitates the application of technology and

scientific principles to research, planning, functional design, implementation, operation, policy

development and management for any mode of transportation by promoting professional devel-opment of members, supporting and encouraging education, stimulating research, developing

public awareness, and exchanging professional information; and by maintaining a central point

of reference and action.

Founded in 1930, the Institute serves as a gateway to knowledge and advancement through

meetings, seminars, and publications; and through our network of more than 17,000 members

working in some 92countries.

The electronic online versions of all ITE resources and information have the same copyright as

the printed version; your purchase is for your use only, electronic or printed versions of ITE

resources may not be shared with others without express written permission from ITE. You mayuse an E-Document on your computer and/or print it; however, it is illegal to email ITE E-Documents

or to print and distribute multiple copies.

Institute of Transportation Engineers

1099 14th Street, N.W., Suite 300W

Washington, DC 20005-3438 USA

Telephone: +1 202-289-0222

Fax: +1 202-289-7722

ITE Web Site: www.ite.org

ISBN: 0-935403-32-9

1999 Institute of Transportation Engineers. All rights reserved.

Publication No. TB-010A1000/AGS/0404

This book was previously published by Prentice-Hall Inc.


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CONTENTS v

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii

1 INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1James L. Pline

What is Traffic Engineering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

ITEs Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Scope of the Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

The Relationship Between the Handbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2 ROAD USERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Robert Dewar

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Driver Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Driver Characteristics and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Work Zone Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Truck Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Motorcyclists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Vehicle Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

References for Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

3 VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50William D. Glauz and Douglas W. Harwood

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Vehicle Types and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Vehicle Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Design Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Turning Radii and Offtracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Resistance to Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Acceleration Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Deceleration Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Vehicle Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Transit and Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Bicycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

References for Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Contents


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4 TRAFFIC AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Michael Kyte and Stan Teply

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Basic Variables of Traffic Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Capacity and Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Observed Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

References for Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

5 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS FOR ENGINEERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126Simon Washington

Probability and Statistics Context and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Probability Distributions and Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Issues in the Design of Engineering Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157


6 EFFECTIVE PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165Patricia B. Noyes

The Changing Environment of Transportation Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

The Role of the Public in Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Who Is the Public? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

The Myth of Technically Compelling Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Building Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Effective Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Conflict Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Involving the Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Partnering and Interagency Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Public Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Maintaining Consensus and Professional Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187


7 COMMUNITY SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190Timothy Scott Bochum and Toan Nguyen

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

The Basic Structure of Traditional Transportation Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Traffic-Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Community-Oriented Safety Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Major Areas and Components of a Safety Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

Taking Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

CTSP Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215Safety Education and Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Balancing the Pros and Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217


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8 TRAFFIC REGULATION AND CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219Kay Fitzpatrick and Gerald Ullman

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Lane Regulation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Intersection Regulation and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235Speed Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

Emergency Condition Regulations and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252


9 TRAFFIC CALMING APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257Andrew P. OBrien and Raymond E. Brindle

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257

Traffic Calming in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Implications of the Wider View of Traffic Calming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

Strategic Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Level I Traffic Calming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

Assessment of Level I Traffic Calming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

Alternatives to NTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

Regulatory, Legal, and Performance Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Level II Traffic Calming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

Level III (Metropolitan) Traffic Calming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299


10 ACCESS MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306Frank J. Koepke

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

Access Management Policies and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

Access Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Intersection Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327

Retrofit Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

Access Management Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345


11 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348Timothy R. Neuman and Richard Stafford

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348Geometric Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350

Elements of Geometric Highway Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364

Highway Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391

Summary of Geometric Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409


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12 TRAFFIC SIGNS AND MARKINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411Robert R. Canfield

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411

Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

Traffic Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415Special Signing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423

Sign Location, Mounting, and Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

Pavement Markers, Delineators, and Object Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432

Object Markers and Delineators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

Special Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

Channelizing Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

Sign and Marking Warrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

Traffic Marking Warrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

Sign Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

Sign Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448

Pavement Marking Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451Sign Shop Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451


13 TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453Raymond S. Pusey and George L. Butzer

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453

Related Technical Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454

Definitions Arranged by Related Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454

Basis of Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

Removal of Traffic Signal Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462

Cabinet Types and Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462Basic Types of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463

Controller Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

Signal Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466

Signal Controller Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468

Local Intersection Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480

Signal Progression and Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482

Signal Timing Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484

Signal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484

Signal Interconnection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488

Traffic Signal Heads and Optical Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491

Vehicle and Pedestrian Signal Illumination Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496

Pedestrian Signal Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497

Signal Hardware and Mounting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498

Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509

Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509

Preemption/Priority Control of Traffic Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520

Temporary and Portable Traffic Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

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Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

Lane-Use Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

Ramp-Metering Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524

Control at One-Lane, Two-Way Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524

Signal Monitor Units (Conflict Monitors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525Electrical Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526

Signal Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526


Organizations to Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528

14 PARKING AND TERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529Willard A. Alroth

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529

Parking Operations Related to Facility Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530

Design Elements Related to Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531Elements of Good Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531

Liability Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546

Parking Lots: Special Elements and Layout Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547

Access, Fee Collection, and Reservoir Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549

End Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551

Boundary Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551

Wheel Stops, Speed Bumps, and Humps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552

Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552

Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553

Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

Car Stacking Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

Garage Design: Surface Versus Structure Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

Site Characteristics, Access, and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556

Use and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557

Interfloor Travel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557

Structural Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559

Short Versus Long-Span Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560

Underground Garages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561

Mechanical or Elevator Garages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561

Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562

Pedestrian Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562Safety and Surveillance Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563

Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565

Boundary Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

Drainage and Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

CONTENTS ix


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Interior Signing and Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567

Revenue Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567

Design Elements for Large Parking Generators:

Characteristics Affecting Parking Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568

Shopping Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568Office Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572

Industrial Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572

Change of Mode Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574

Curb Parking: Street Purpose and Typical Curb Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580

Disadvantages and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581

Warrants for Parking Prohibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583

Methods of Prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583


15 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590

Thomas HicksTraffic ManagementA General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590

Operational Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592

TM Strategies and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598

TMPutting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611

Appendix A: Maryland Standard Operating Procedures Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619

Appendix B: Freeway Incident Detour Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629

Appendix C: Roadwork Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631

Appendix D: Accident in Work Zone Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632

Appendix E: Guidelines for Reporting an Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632

Appendix F: Incident Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633

Appendix G: Interagency Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636

Appendix H: Dynamic Message Sign Use Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638

Appendix I: Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639


16 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642Gary Euler

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642

What is ITS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646

Important Considerations in Implementing ITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656

Experience with ITS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676

Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685References for Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688

x TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK


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PREFACE xi

Preface

When the Institute of Traffic Engineers was created in 1930, one of the key roles the leadership identified for this new

organization was to develop and disseminate technical information. Professionals and lay persons alike needed materialto provide an objective understanding of transportation issues.

Consequently, in 1939, when ITE had fewer than 200 members, the Institute accepted a proposal from the National

Conservation Bureau to prepare the first Traffic Engineering Handbook. This publication became a reality in 1941. It

was truly a milestone accomplishment, representing the first book dedicated to the subject of traffic engineering.

The Institute has taken seriously the need to provide objective information pertaining to the state-of-the-art in

transportation engineering. The 1941 Traffic Engineering Handbookwas subsequently updated in 1950 and 1965.

In 1976 and again in 1982, the first and second editions of the Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbookwere

prepared. The revised title was a reflection of the broadening perspective being given to traffic engineering by

the profession.

In updating the 1982 edition of the Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook, the editorial committee realized

that the amount of relevant information that warranted inclusion had become extensive. Justification existed to prepare

both a Traffic Engineering Handbookand a Transportation Planning Handbook. The initial publication of these two

separateHandbooks occurred in 1992.

The editorial committee working on the 1999 update of theHandbooks determined that the practice of preparing two

separate Handbooks should be continued. Each Handbook was carefully reviewed for state-of-the-art content and

completeness. At the same time, both Handbooks are designed to be stand-alone publications. As a result, some

duplication of material is necessary to assure that eachHandbookadequately covers the necessary subject matter.

The primary purpose of theHandbooks is to provide practicing professionals and other interested parties with a basic

day-to-day source of reference on the proven techniques of the practice. The Handbooks provide guidelines, and are

not a documentation of standard practices. Although not intended to be used as textbooks, theHandbooks should serve

as a valuable reference source. EachHandbookchapter contains a listing of key references.

The transportation engineering profession continues to broaden in scope. This is reflected by the new chapters in the

1999 editions that were not part of the 1992 editions. The world remains a dynamic place, and transportation continues

to be key to economic competitiveness and quality of life. New issuessuch as sustainable transportation, smart

growth, seamless intermodal systems, innovative financing, and a recognition of the importance of better operating

the transportation systemincreasingly are becoming a part of what the profession must address. Many of these

issues are touched upon in theseHandbooks. No doubt the editors of future editions of theHandbooks will have the

opportunity to significantly expand on the current knowledge base.

Dennis L. Christiansen, P.E.

Senior Editor

Wolfgang S. Homburger, P.E.Associate Senior Editor


12/33


13/33

Acknowledgments

The planning and completion of the Traffic Engineering Handbookwas a group effort of the authors, reviewers, edi-

tors, copyeditors, and ITE staff. This publication is the result of many hours of cooperation between people across dif-ferent time zones, locales, and areas of employment. It is a tribute to our modern communications systems and the sharing

of knowledge that the work was completed so quickly and successfully. TheHandbookeffort was organized in 1997

with the major work started following the ITE Annual Meeting. Chapter authors prepared their material in 1998 with

the editing and publishing being done in 1999.

The opportunity to work with a diverse group of knowledgeable people is always a privilege and an enlightening

experience. The cooperative effort of authors and reviewers to provide a final product on schedule was sincerely appre-

ciated. Please recognize these people when you have an opportunity in your contacts and note their contribution to the

knowledge in the profession. The efforts of ITE Headquarters staff in administering the project, guiding the schedule,

and overseeing the editing and publishing process made the job much easier. My special thanks goes to Thomas W. Brahms,

Shannon Gore Peters, Agneta Meln-Wilmot, and Ann ONeill.

I must say that I have never worked with a better editorial board. Dennis Christiansen, John Edwards, and Wolf Hom-

burger were very responsive and provided constructive assistance and necessary guidance to finish the Handbookontime and as planned. The opportunity to work with all of these people is sincerely appreciated.

James L. Pline

Editor

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii


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Handbook Editorial Committee

Chair: Dennis L. Christiansen

Editors: John D. Edwards, Jr.

James L. Pline

Associate Editor: Wolfgang S. Homburger

Panel of Chapter Reviewers

Gerson J. Alexander Wayne K. Kittelson James R. Robinson

James C. Barbaresso Chester R. Kropidlowski Edward J. Seymour

Alan M. Clayton David A. Kuemmel Gary H. Sokolow

Olin K. Dart, Jr. Joel P. Leisch Gaye G. Sprague

Phillip Demosthenes Herbert S. Levinson Dennis W. Strong

R. Marshall Elizer, Jr. Jeffrey A. Lindley Dr. Heikke Summala

John E. Fisher Terry A. Little Larry Sutherland

Bruce E. Friedman John M. Mason, Jr. Wayne K. Tanda

John J. Fruin Joseph M. McDermott Carol H. Tanesse

David G. Gerard Francis P. Navin Rod J. Troutbeck

Glenn M. Grigg Jennifer Ogle Rudy Umbs

Jerome W. Hall Martin T. Pietrucha William G. van Gelder

James M. Hunnicutt Weston S. Pringle Stephen N. Van Winkle

Leslie N. Jacobson Colin A. Rayman Scott W. Wainwright

Neil S. Kenig Richard A. Retting Eugene M. Wilson

xiv TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK


15/33

Transportation is among the primary factors influencing society and the quality of life. Mobility is an integral compo-

nent of successful economic development, industry, education, use of recreation facilities, national and international trade,

and investment. The vast intermodal network of transportation facilities has created a complex society that depends on

the continuing efficiency and economic vitality of freight and passenger services. Transportation engineering is the pro-

fession that makes it all work to serve the public, with traffic engineering representing a specific segment of the trans-

portation field. Both are defined in more detail below.

What is Traffic Engineering?The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) defines transportation and traffic engineering as follows:

Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional

design, operation, and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe,

rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.

Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design,

and traffic operations of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships

with other modes of transportation.

Although this definition has been in use for some time, it does not address all functions of the profession. The ITE Task

Force working on traffic engineering certification found it necessary to provide a more precise definition. Accordingly,it defined traffic engineering as that branch of engineering which applies technology, science, and human factors to

the planning, design, operations and management of roads, streets, bikeways, highways, their networks, terminals, and

abutting lands. The objective of traffic engineering is to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, efficient, convenient,

and environmentally compatible movement of people, goods, and services.

The functional areas within traffic engineering are described as follows:

Traffic Operations is the science of analysis, review, and application of traffic tools and data systemsincluding acci-

dent and surveillance recordsas well as volume and other data gathering techniques necessary for traffic planning.

It includes the knowledge of operational characteristics of persons and vehicles to determine the need for traffic con-

trol devices, their relationship with other traffic characteristics and the determination of safe transportation systems.

Traffic Design consists of the design of traffic control devices and roadway operational design. Operational design con-

cerns the visible features of a roadway dealing with such roadway elements as cross sections, curvature, sight distance,channelization, and clearances; and thus it depends directly on the characteristics of traffic flow.

Traffic Planning includes the determination of personal and freight travel patterns on the basis of engineering analysis

of the traffic and demographic characteristics of present, future, and potential land use plans. The determination of these

patterns assists in the second step of traffic planning: formulation of recommendations for transportation systems and

networks of roadways.

INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Traffic Engineering

James L. Pline, P.E.

President, Pline Engineering, Inc.


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Traffic Engineering Research includes the investigation of theoretical and applied aspects of all areas of traffic

engineering to develop new knowledge, interpretations, and applications. Research areas include hypothetical testing;

development of traffic hardware; theory formulation; and methods of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of existing

phenomena and knowledge.

The traffic engineering profession has been growing and expanding its horizons for the past 70 years. As each decadebrings a shift in professional activities to respond to technological advancements, the engineering field needs to address

new areas. This publication covers activities that are probably not covered in the above definitions. Accordingly, the def-

initions will change over time as the profession meets the publics need for transportation.

ITEs RoleITE is an international educational and scientific association of transportation and traffic engineers, transportation

planners, and other professionals responsible for meeting mobility and safety needs. ITE facilitates the application of

technology and scientific principles to research, planning, functional design, implementation, operation, policy devel-

opment, and management for all modes of transportation. This is accomplished by promoting professional development

of members, supporting and encouraging education, stimulating research, developing public awareness, exchanging pro-

fessional information, and maintaining a central point of reference and action.

ITE was founded in 1930 and continues to serve as a gateway to knowledge and advancement through meetings, sem-

inars, and publications for members, the engineering profession, and the public. The membership is composed of

15,000 individuals working in 80 countries. ITEs more than 80 local and regional organizational units and more than

90 student chapters provide additional opportunity for information exchange, participation, and education. The vision

of ITE, as approved by the International Board of Direction, is stated:

To be the organization of choice for individual transportation professionals responsible for meeting societys needs

for safe and efficient surface transportation systems.

ITEs purpose is twofold:

To enable engineers and other professionals with knowledge and competence in transportation and traffic engi-

neering to contribute individually and collectively toward meeting human needs for mobility and safety.

To promote the professional development of its members by supporting and encouraging education, stimulating

research, developing public awareness, and exchanging professional information.

ITEs programs include publications; standards development; technical committee research and reports; professional

development seminars; training; and local, regional, and international meetings.

ThisHandbook published by ITE, is provided to the membership, other professionals, and interested persons to further

the objectives and purposes of the transportation profession. The publication has been developed and prepared by ITE

members and other selected authors to present the latest information on the specific subject areas. Additionally, a

group of members has reviewed the material to ensure that it is current and accurate relative to professional practice.

Scope of the PublicationMembers of the traffic engineering profession, other professionals, and laypersons seeking to understand traffic

engineering issues have relied on the Traffic Engineering Handbookfor information on the state of the art of established

practice in traffic engineering. This publication represents the Fifth Edition, providing significant and long-term

documentation of ITEs achievements. The First Edition, published in 1941, was the first book ever dedicated to the subject

of traffic engineering. Editions in 1950 and 1965 expanded the knowledge and applications in the field. The 1976 and

2 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOK


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1982 editions were combined into one publication entitled Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook, reflecting

the professions expanded focus on all modes of surface transportation. The 1992 editions once again provided separate

publications on traffic engineering and transportation planning, because the scope of material to be covered was more

than ample for two publications. Although this is the Fifth Edition of the Traffic Engineering Handbook, it represents

the seventh ITE publication that addresses traffic engineering.

The purpose of the publication is to collate, in one volume, basic traffic engineering information as a guide to the best

practice in the field. It provides a day-to-day source of reference on the principles and proven techniques in the prac-

tice of traffic engineering. A number of other publications are referred to as resources for more detailed information.

It is expected that the practicing professional will review these other publications for more detailed information.

The material presented herein is not intended to serve as a statement of a standard or recommended practice in the

profession. Other documents should be reviewed for that purpose. The material serves as a guideline for professional

traffic engineers to use with the application of engineering judgment in their daily activities. Although the publication

is not a textbook for higher education in basic or advanced traffic engineering, it has frequently and appropriately served

as reference source for the education community. Each chapter includes a list of publications that should be consulted

for specific reading in the subject area.

ThisHandbook has omitted some material included in previousHandbooks, and also covers new material. For the first

time in many years, the publication does not extensively address theHighway Capacity Manual. It was assumed thatanyone working in that specific area would have the most recent Transportation Research Board publication, available

software, and training to deal with capacity problems in detail, so little need exists to summarize that information. The

information on traffic studies has also been omitted because ITE publishes a complete reference on this subject.

Roadway lighting is not addressed in this edition; lighting design has become a specialty design area, and available training

and software provide more complete coverage than could be offered in a single chapter of this handbook. The previous

coverage on legal liability has been omitted because the ITE Expert Witness Council is currently developing anExpert

Witness Information Notebookto provide detailed information on this subject. This notebook will be available as a separate

publication through ITE.

New chapters have been added on statistics, public contact, traffic calming, and access management. The orientation

of the text is toward providing additional information with a cross-reference to a major publication that contains more

details. There is also an attempt to provide essential information and data frequently used by traffic engineers practicing

in smaller jurisdictions.

The Relationship Between the HandbooksConcurrent with the preparation of this fifth edition of the Traffic Engineering Handbook, the preparation of the sec-

ond edition of the Transportation Planning Handbookis also under way. As stated in the introduction to the Transportation

Planning Handbook:

Its purpose is to summarize typical practices and characteristics of transportation use to serve as a basic day-to-

day reference on proven techniques and study procedures in the practice of transportation planning.

The Transportation Planning Handbookprimarily addresses the planning and administration of transportation facilities

and systems rather than the operation, design, and management of facilities described the Traffic Engineering Handbook.

A certain amount of redundancy occurs between the handbooks, as is necessary and desirable, but the editors have madea concerted effort to remove contradictory information and make each publication complete in itself. The Traffic

Engineering Handbookaddresses the details of the traffic engineering functions, while the Transportation Planning

Handbookincludes a broader range of subject matter pertaining to transportation in general.

INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 3


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A

Absolute speed limit 244

Acceleration 14, 50

at intersections 76

by trucks 65

characteristics 54acceleration geometry 236

acceleration of gravity 5758,

63, 66

performance 61acceleration distances 334

high acceleration capability 32

slower acceleration 32

rates 60, 62, 319maximum acceleration rates

60, 63

acceleration 62of the passing vehicle 374

Access 36, 165, 284, 563

aisles 531, 544, 562

classification 310

cross easements 342

design 307, 312, 316, 578

limited-access highways 249

management 306309, 345

points 113, 225, 306, 339, 532

pedestrian access 339, 531,

562

shared 342

spacing 325

traffic access 556

Accident 678

analysis 19, 26

causation 9, 12, 28

classification 210

control 6

costs 210

countermeasures 205209

data 29, 38, 202, 218, 581, 676

database 190frequency 126, 225

hazard 271, 274, 581

investigation 9, 26, 147

involvement 4, 9, 24, 28

litigation 13

pedestrian 37, 40

potential 265, 270, 339, 383,

532

prediction and analysis 218

prone 2628

rate 7, 9, 40, 45, 203204, 234,

287288, 343, 392, 401, 582

record 10, 29, 237, 240, 444,

581

recurrence 199

reduction 200, 218, 251, 265,

266, 288289, 346

report 16, 35, 38, 191,

200201

risk 6, 18, 19, 44statistics 229

alcohol-related accidents 17

Active signs 424

Acuity 7

minimum acuity 22

of the older road user 418

visual acuity 7, 9, 13, 20, 22,

4546, 418

Adjacent land use 227, 267, 295,

327, 350, 364, 401, 409, 460

Administrative 210

administrative and enforcement

burdens 222

cost 210

directives 346

incentives 303

processes 653, 684

administrative rule 309310,

346

Advanced Mobile Traffic

Information and Communication

System 643

Advanced Traffic Management

Systems 688

Advanced Traveler InformationSystem (ATIS) 665

Advisory speed 245, 246, 427, 429

Aerial surveillance 600, 618

Aerodynamic drag 59, 160

Age 4

age and gender 45, 191

age and sex 194196

age differences in information

processing 23

alcohol and 17

behavioral compensation 28

child pedestrians 44

driver age 16, 348

driving problems 21

effects of age on sign legibility

21

fatality rates by age 194

injuries by age 195licensed drivers 45, 197

medical problems that increase

with age 20

minimum driving age 198

older driver 2022

older pedestrians 37, 4142,

46

reaction time 4, 12, 21, 4546,

90

relationship between age and

fatigue 17

research on 19

UFOV reduces with increasing

driver age 11

Agencies 55

enforcement agencies

242243, 252, 255, 290, 609,

632, 646

federal agencies 360362

government agencies 644, 671,

673, 686

highway agencies 55, 102,

222223, 311, 345, 360, 590,

597, 601

police agencies 603

regulating agencies 683

service agencies 284, 605state agencies 342, 360, 673,

683

support agencies 590

traffic engineering agencies

670

transit agencies 649, 666, 681

INDEX 689

INDEX


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transportation agencies 200,

236, 248, 307, 349, 591, 644,

658659, 667, 686

transportation management

agencies 645, 648, 656,

659670Air Resistance 5860

Airport 114

change of mode facilities 574

en-route information systems

650651

parking design 558

parking operations 530

peak-hour volumes 533

Alignment 6

accident pattern

countermeasures 206

alignment and cross section

356chevron alignment markers 19

control 358

curvilinear alignment 298

design 55, 368, 372, 391, 404,

407

free-flowing alignment 292

freeway alignment 392

geometric highway design 364

guidelines 408

high-speed alignment 380

highway alignment 353

horizontal alignment 348, 364,

368, 375, 380, 437

roadway alignment 6, 13, 426,

440, 494

speed and alignment 368

stable alignment 496

to improve SSD 374

vertical alignment 348, 352,

364, 369370, 374, 391, 405,

447

with DSD 398

Alley 258, 531, 551, 563, 580, 585

American Association of State

Highway and Transportation

Officials 12, 54, 76, 111, 224,

347, 419, 528, 543, 688

American Automobile Association

31, 39

American National Standards

Institute 566

Amphetamines 19

Angle parking 207, 228, 294, 298,

548, 569, 582, 583

Annual average daily traffic 133,

299

Anthropometry 31, 33

Antilock brake systems 67

Approach speed 206, 237, 248,

439, 444, 517

Arterial 93

access 343

classification 97

facilities 314

function of an arterial 313

high-speed arterial 308

highway 350351, 391, 399

improvement 290

major arterial 203, 314,

337338, 343, 409, 592movement along the arterial

105

operations 100

principal arterial 310311, 347

regional arterial 267, 294, 405

road 279, 287, 294, 297, 299,

300302, 335

strategic arterial 310

streets 225, 227, 232, 315, 335,

350, 405, 414, 449, 646, 677

suburban arterial 337, 400,

401, 403

system 290, 338, 453

traffic flow 316traffic management 648

urban arterial 78, 97, 105, 236,

244, 294, 329, 350, 378, 383,

389, 404, 592

Articulated buses 53

Attitudes 2425, 28, 32, 160, 251,

260, 262, 289290

Auditory reaction time 45

Auditory signal 47

Auxiliary lane 102, 316, 327, 329,

332, 334, 354, 378, 393, 396

Average daily traffic 93, 101, 204,331, 380, 517

Average running speed 81, 92

Average travel speed 8082, 92,

115

B

Ballast 442

Barbiturates 19

Barricade warning lights 454Barricades 441

Barrier 29, 241, 430

barrier type 380, 383

barrier-separated HOV lane

234

boundary barrier 536

Jersey Barrier 344

median barrier 283, 380

moveable concrete barrier

system 232

pedestrian barriers 209, 240

physical barriers 44, 281, 545

positive barrier separation 248reversible lane operations 231

roadside barrier 380, 438, 498

traffic barrier 206, 431, 498

Beacons 30, 424, 453, 455, 466,

494, 522, 665

Bicycle 25, 33, 48, 50, 54, 7475,

212, 220, 285, 379, 417, 540,

544

accidents 37

collisions with bicycles 202

designing treatments for

bicycles 284

design of bicycle facilities 407detectors 518

facilities 7576, 93, 228, 407,

414

fatal bicycle crashes 229

intermodal bicycle applications

229

lanes 74, 223, 228, 273, 400

motorized bicycles 202

parking 544545

paths 48, 228, 407

pedestrian and bicycle

movements 335, 400

riders 500, 546

safety 285signing 229

speed 25, 75, 76

traffic 228, 400, 407

Bicyclists 37, 42, 48, 76, 213, 228,

385, 407, 413, 432, 545

Bikeways 1, 219, 228, 401



20/33

Blank-out sign 425

Blind pedestrians 43

Boats 520

Bottlenecks 233, 524, 595, 647

Boundary control 546547, 551

Boundary protection 536, 566

Brake reaction distance 13

Brakes 13

deceleration 65, 66

Braking 6, 12, 18, 49, 57, 66, 76,

356, 385, 655

antilock braking system 29

locked-wheel braking 6667

Bridges 31, 104, 182

height limitations under bridges

31

low bridges 32movable bridges 454, 468, 521

reversible lanes and 230231

suspension of tolls 254

Budget 527, 616, 643, 667

budget allocation 268

levels and regulation 197

priorities for federal program

spending 221

Bumpers 86, 88, 536, 543, 602

Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety 31

Bus zone 586

Buses 40, 50, 93, 115, 220, 231,284, 319, 520, 586, 649, 680

intercity bus 50, 53, 71, 99

school bus 53, 212, 319, 543

transit bus 50, 53, 71, 96, 213,

397, 514, 572, 687

trucks and buses 55, 101, 220,

319, 653

types of buses 53

C

California Department ofTransportation 62, 466, 644, 678

Call boxes 600

Calming 257305

arterials 300302

performance characteristics

278

pros and cons 279282

strategies 273, 275276

typical costs 283

Canadian Capacity Guide 124

Candela 420

Cannabis 19

Capacity 3, 71, 226, 399, 454,

518, 660, 677

analysis 93, 97, 99

capacity and level of service

78, 93, 100, 113, 267

capacity and quality of service

93, 103, 113

characteristics 72

constraints 78, 111, 405

capacity flow rate 87, 125

of a facility 94

of a roadway 225, 231

of the street system 581

communications capacity 647,

663

demand exceeds capacity 87,

105

design capacity ratios 72

determination of 101, 105

passenger capacity 73

person capacity 9495

precipitation reduced capacity

115

volume and capacity 92

Car Stacking Units 554

Categorical exclusion 362363

Cellular phone(s) 35

Centerline 56, 208, 281, 402, 431,

433, 435, 446, 451

Central limit theorem 142

Central tendency 129

Changeable message signs 32,

241, 255, 425, 494

Channelization 1, 205, 208, 238,

241, 358, 384, 607

Chart 212, 292, 311, 413, 469,

619, 625626, 631Chevron 280, 425

Children 37, 41, 43, 248, 286, 453

school children 407

Circular curve 364, 368

Clear recovery area 379380

Clearance lost time 8990

Clients 672

Closed circuit television 489

Cloverleaf interchange 392, 394

Cluster housing 580

Cognitive 15, 25

cognitive and motivational

model 5, 24

cognitive characteristics of

high-risk drivers 28

cognitive conspicuity 33

cognitive factors 4, 11

Collaborative approach 169170

Collector 237, 297, 307, 347, 387,

399, 445, 588

College 568, 586, 649

Collision diagram 200, 460

Colored pavement 439

Commercial area 297, 300, 501

Commercial vehicle operation 30,

642, 646, 653, 656, 673, 683,

687

Communications 172173

Community-oriented programs

211

Community Traffic Safety

Programs (CTSPs) 211

Computer 36, 158, 200, 450, 470,

606, 631, 643, 653

analog computer 485

animation 567

central computer 485486,

491, 647

chart computer 621, 631, 639

computer communication 201

computer model 56

computer program 157, 355,

418, 480, 687

computer-aided design 371

computer-aided dispatching

systems 683

computer-driven locatingsystems 451

computerized pattern

recognition 514

computers to control traffic

signals 643

digital computer 481, 485, 642

hardware 668

INDEX 691


21/33

impact of computers 126

laptop computer 36, 450

monitoring of traffic flow 398

software 126, 210

Condominium 580

Cone 30, 442

traffic cone 230

of reflected light 420

of vision 412, 416, 493,

500501

Confidence intervals 143144,

156

Confidence levels 132

Conflict 39, 45, 157, 174176,

229, 238, 405, 435, 521, 575,

677

attention conflict 36

management 170, 174, 177,188

with the emergency vehicle

522

conflicting pedestrian-vehicle

flows 40

conflicts at intersections 47,

100, 282, 314

degree of conflict 91, 533

left-turn conflict 38, 227, 237,

480

merging/diverging conflict 231

right-of-way conflict 91

traffic conflict 201, 477

conflicting traffic streams 87traffic conflict analysis 412

traffic conflict studies 201

trust and conflicting positions

184

vehicle-vehicle conflict 226,

228, 301

Conflict monitors 525526

Congestion 240, 302, 524, 549,

581, 582, 592, 647, 683

and accident 240, 343, 530,

581

and hazard 576, 581

bypass congestion 233congestion delay and safety

problems 239

management 302

nonrecurrent congestion 241

reasons for 592

recurring 594, 602

reducing congestion 239, 307

reducing highway congestion

591

urban congestion 647, 676

Consensus 167168, 172, 187

Conspicuity 15, 19, 21, 416,

501502

Construction 30, 148, 159, 356,

522, 530, 547, 640, 656

activity 29, 652

cost 279, 349, 369, 539, 547,

560

damage 514

construction environment 182

construction zone 29, 231, 511,

683

Continuous two-way left turn lanes

225

Contrast 15, 21, 141, 412, 546,567

Control 6, 27, 30, 157, 346, 638,

655

access control 306, 308, 312,

342, 351, 400

delay 91

strategies 224, 594, 615, 646

operational control 317

vehicle control 7, 30, 55, 100,

417, 646, 655

Conviction 244

Corner clearance 325

Corner radius design 387

Corridor 95, 213, 259, 343, 610,

646, 673

Cost-benefit 210, 223

Crash analysis 199200

Crash reduction 200

Crawl speed 98

Crescent project 684

Critical density 85

Critical speed 121

Cross section 1, 30, 267, 376Crossing traffic streams 384

Crosswalk 36, 38, 205, 384, 409,

434, 500

Curb 39, 55, 91, 206, 230

barrier curb 401

curb radii 207, 405

curb ramps 209, 409

curb return 409, 498, 500, 502,

508

curb return radii 315

island 267

lines 122markings 434, 436

parking 96, 99100, 227, 402,

580

ill-defined 46

maximum curb 44

mountable curb 401

right-entry curb 91

Curbside 74, 298, 301, 574

Curve 7, 57, 366, 655

curve design 13, 366, 368

curve length 371

curve resistance 59

density-flow curve 101distribution curve 121, 146

horizontal curves 55, 57, 224,

246, 334, 401, 438, 494

sharp curves 32, 353, 372, 374,

399, 440

speed-density curve 118

standard curves 9

tangents and curves 348, 368

vertical curves 348, 369371,

446

CVISN 653

Cycle 33

D

Dark adaptation 15

Darwin matrix 259261

Data collection systems 115

Daytime running lights 35

Death 4, 187, 210

car occupant death 4

cause of death 22

death rates 23, 190

leading causes of death 191motor vehicle death 37

pedestrian death 37

traffic death 37, 190

Deceleration 6566, 321

Decision sight distance 375



22/33

Degrees of freedom 133

Delay 34, 43, 70, 210, 402, 443,

539, 676

Delineators 206, 432, 437438

Density 42, 78, 291density of air 59

high-density seating 71

traffic density 17, 509510

Depreciation 70

Design driver 67, 355

Design exceptions 364

Design guidelines 348349

Design hour 108, 110111, 113,

327

design hour volume 113, 353

Design roadway 346

analysis 78

Design speed 13, 30, 96, 248, 291,

327, 352, 366, 391

Design study report 363364

Design vehicle 54, 319, 327, 355,

387388, 542

Destination sign 415, 428

Detectors 107, 210, 398, 435, 463,

487, 502, 512, 520, 599, 618

Directional distribution 90, 99,

111, 113

Dispenser 534, 549, 567Distributions 133141

binomial 134

chi-square 136

continuous 133, 140

multinomial 135136

normal 139

poisson 138

probability 133

sampling 141

student t 154

Downtown people mover 71

Drainage 369370, 392, 463, 531

DRIVE 643

Driver(s) 4, 7, 21, 214

accidents among drivers 7

aggressive driver 27, 598

average driver 13, 26, 418

behavior 9, 24, 46, 283, 366

car driver 16, 30, 553

characteristics 30, 74, 94, 126

commercial driver 16, 653,

658

design driver 355

driver cognitive load 10

driver information processing10

driver motivation 25, 28

driver perception-reaction time

8

Driver Performance Data Book

7

driver requirement 45, 11

driver social behavior 2425,

2728

driver stress 2627, 31

drivers license 4, 22

drivers involved in fatal crashes

192, 197

drunk driver 19, 158dynamic driver simulation 23

education 22

error 16, 29, 121, 683, 685

fatigue 15, 16, 653

female driver 23, 24

high-risk driver 27, 683

how drivers process sign

information 9

inattention 29

low driver alertness 22

male driver 23, 192

middle-aged drivers 22

night driving 14

novice drivers 10, 26

older drivers 7, 11, 14, 19, 21,

34, 386, 414

patterns in driver behavior 24

reckless drivers 24

truck drivers 9, 16, 31

younger drivers 12, 17

Driveways 229, 267, 322, 405,

460, 531

design of driveways 306

hazards at intersections and

driveways 238

high-volume driveways 330,

336, 532location of driveways 325, 532

minimum spacing of driveways

207, 312

one-way driveways 532

signalized driveways 316

unsignalized driveways 316,

338, 339

Driving 7, 557

aggressive driving 281, 597,

598, 617

definition of driving 24driving and traffic safety 4

driving behavior 6, 25, 27change in driving behavior 216

driving behavior inventory

2428

effects of alcohol and drugs on

driving behavior 17

erratic driving behavior 25

influence of amphetamines on

driving 19

driving in heavy traffic 24

driving population 126, 135,

160, 356

factors in driving 7, 24

major components to driving 4

night driving 14

the driving task 46, 9, 30,

271, 384, 411, 685

Drug use 22, 30

Drums 66, 442

Durable agreements 171

Dynamic visual acuity 7, 20

E

Education 198, 213, 599, 611

education about transportation

planning and engineering

183

education of drivers 38, 252

education of pedestrians 40

Effectiveness measurements 423

Elderly pedestrians 434

Electrical cables 488489

Electronic Fare Systems 645, 650,

681

Electronic Route Guidance System643

Elevator garages 561

Emergency condition regulations

252

Emergency snow ordinance 253

INDEX 693


23/33

Emergency vehicle 284, 455, 509,

521, 547

access 272

operations 604emergency vehicle dispatchers

649special control mode to assist

passage of 456

Empathy 173

Employees 180, 187, 254, 304,

449, 563, 585, 610

End island 547, 551, 570

Enforcement 243

Engineering 1

engineering analysis 307, 498

engineering profession 2, 291

highway engineering 611

traffic engineering 1, 126, 245,

526

transportation engineering 1,

135, 182, 312

Entrance angle 420, 423

Entrance ramp control 453

Environment 5, 447, 601

complex environment 11, 46

cycling environment 284

development environment 96

driving environment 10, 36

environmental factors 16, 592

environmental

interchangeability 465roadway environment 4, 10,

23, 375

rural environment 660

sensitivity to the environment

274

speed environment 267, 282,

368, 388

suburban environment 74, 314,

405

traffic environment 284

U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency 68

urban environment 15, 316,

349, 369, 391, 400, 660visual environment 14, 46

Environmental assessment 362

Environmental impact statement

362

Environmental process 360361

Environmental traffic management

257

Epoxy 440

Error 9, 45, 74

decision-making error 147

degree of error 126

display error 525

error rates 147, 159, 667

human 7

margin of 13

pedestrian 38

refractive 20

statistical 146147

steering 16

Exceptions 239, 318, 428, 536,

576

design exceptions 359360,

364

Exit ramp 231, 392393, 535

express exit ramp 557

visibility of the 393

Expectancy 8, 597

concept of expectancy 8

crash expectancy 344

element of 33

reasonable 94

Expert Witness 3

ITE Expert Witness Council 3

Expressway 233, 250, 306, 346,

378, 426, 429, 592

Eye height 34

Eye movement 9, 10, 20

Eyellipse 31, 34

F

Facility type 94, 530

Fatal Accident Reporting System

191

Fatalities 17, 29, 37, 192, 625

alcohol-related 17, 192

driver fatalities 197occupant fatalities 192, 197

older population 197

pedal-cyclist fatalities 192

pedestrian fatalities 17, 37,

192, 197

road fatalities 37

total fatalities 23, 195

traffic fatalities 37, 190191,

194

transportation fatalities 191

unintentional fatalities 190

vehicle fatalities 32, 191Fatigue 1516, 685

Federal Communications

Commission 651

Federal government 412, 642,

644, 653

Federal Highway Administration

22, 49, 50, 62, 77, 217, 222, 251,

349, 409, 452, 460, 624, 642

Highway Performance

Monitoring System 113, 128

highway statistics 5, 102, 643

Fees 567, 585, 610cities levy fees 585

collect fees 530

Disposition of Fines and Fees

222

monthly leasing fees 663

parking fees 610, 650, 666

toll-road fees 610

Fiber optic cable 488490, 663

Field of view 45

Financial 234, 391, 592

commitment 234

constraints 215

feasibility 340, 556financial feasibility analysis

556

financial feasibility study 340

institutions 568, 667Smart Cards issued by financial

institutions 666667

investment 448

transit agency financial

management 650

Finding of No Significant Impact

(FONSI) 363

Fire Protection 565

National Fire Protection

Association 488, 528

Flasher 456, 638

Flashing beacons 424, 453, 459,

494

Flow 78

rates 79, 84, 332, 534



24/33

interrupted flow 78, 87, 310

maximum flow 79, 8586,

9495, 103, 337

traffic flow 1, 62, 78, 221, 227,

337, 355, 571, 600

uninterrupted flow 78, 87, 119,310

Fluorescent 29, 417

Follow-up time 90

Foreslopes 379380, 391

Four-way stop 183, 589

Free-flow speed 85, 95

Freedom 199, 480

degrees of freedom 133, 136,

142143, 153, 155

freedom and flexibility of

motorist 239

Freeway incident 614, 629

freeway incident detection and

response 678

freeway incident traffic

management (FITM) 633

Freeway Management Handbook

640

Freeway management system 83,

648, 651

Freeways 78, 113, 227, 308, 391,

602

basic freeway segments 95

control of access 351freeway systems 396

in developed areas 396

in peak times 303

future freeways 346

high-volume freeways 392

hourly volumes 103

HOV lanes 232

intelligent vehicle systems 685

operational problems 396

park and also ride 576

planning interchanges along

freeways 392

ramp control signals 524

ramp junctions 95, 97rural freeways 249, 378, 383,

391

speed-flow relationship 119

suburban freeways 396

urban freeways 103, 113, 379,

383, 391, 602

weaving areas 95

Friction 14, 57, 66, 245, 296, 483,

581, 656

Friction coefficient 66

Frontage roads 334335Fuel consumption 58, 68, 93, 336,

467, 596, 685

Full trailer 52

Functional classification 350

Fundamentals of Traffic

Engineering 217, 527

Funding 165, 358, 644

federal 361

for surface transportation 221

for traffic calming 288

identification of funding needs

and sources 659involving stakeholders 178

joint-venture funding 556

looking for funding

opportunities 617

multi-agency 233

new forms of transportation

165

project partnering 182

public support 168

G

Gap 36, 40, 45, 84, 90, 287

acceptance 25, 47, 90, 125,

238, 358

adequate gap 205, 314, 336,

460, 471

critical gap 90, 125, 376

Garages 546, 556

drainage 566

elevator garages 561

fire protection in 565

free-standing garages 560

interfloor systems 556558

layout of parking aisles and

stalls 556lighting 563

parking 55, 530, 563

parking structures 554

pedestrian circulation 562

ramps 556558

revenge systems 68

safety equipment 564566

signing and marking 567

site characteristics 556

steel frame garage 556

structural systems 559

underground garages 561, 565,580

Gender 4, 28, 203

differences 2324

group 24

Geometric Effects 386

Glare 15, 30, 47, 421, 496, 553

Glass beads 420

Grade resistance 59

Grade separations 408409

Grades 49, 60, 207, 348, 369370,

540, 571

Guidance system 607, 682

Guide signs 6, 415, 424, 447, 607,

618

Guidelines for Driveway Design

and Location 405

Guidelines for Urban Major Street

Design 350351

H

Handicapped 43, 385

parking 540

pedestrians 41, 409

ramps 463, 502, 546

stalls 540

Hashish 19

Headway 84, 8687

Hearings 166, 180, 309

public hearings 165, 171, 177,

180, 360

Heavy vehicle 55, 99, 294, 370,

655

High Occupancy Vehicle 345

High Occupancy Vehicle lanes

231233

Highway advisory radio 252, 255,

594, 639, 651

Highway capacity analysis 113

INDEX 695


25/33

Highway Capacity Manual 72, 93

Highway Safety Act 219

Highway Users Federation for

Safety and Mobility (HUFSAM)

644, 688

Highways 1, 51, 93, 385

design of 76, 224

design policies for 54

divided 28, 329, 438, 445, 458

four-lane 64

high-speed 380, 386

types 108, 111, 113, 351, 374,

391

serving urban areas 107

Interstate highways 38, 55,

101, 192, 249, 446, 631

major highways 32, 573

multilane highways 78, 98,

104, 383, 446capacity of 121

design 400

Speeds on 121

operational analysis of 107

public highways 220, 308, 313

rural highways 78, 98, 104,

115, 295, 352, 377, 388, 400

temporal variations 105

three-lane 224

toll highways 350, 398

trucks on 30

two-lane 62, 104, 148, 322,

398

Horizontal alignment 364, 371,

372

Horizontal curves 14, 224, 246,

364, 438

Horizontal Stopping Sight Distance

368

Hospitals 579

Human factors 1, 4, 33, 355356,

413, 597

Humps 262, 279, 285

closely-spaced 263

flat-topped 262

sinusoidal 279

speed 258, 265, 284, 407, 552

traffic calming 47

Hurry hypothesis 25

Hypothesis testing 143154

I

Ideal conditions 9596, 103, 125

Illinois Department of

Transportation (IDOT) 390, 406Illuminance 554, 562

Illuminating Engineering Society

564, 589

Immunity 490

Impairment 17

Incidents 22, 185, 241, 398,

595603, 647

management 602, 648

Inclement weather 576, 621, 638

Industrial plants 533, 568, 572,

586

Inertial resistance 57, 60

Information processing 7, 21, 606,

642

Informational signs 414, 567

Inspections 448449, 451, 684

Institute of Transportation

Engineers (ITE) 1, 177, 263,

305, 362, 443, 529, 665

road 449

safety 653, 666, 683684, 687

vehicle inspections 10, 666

Insurance 210, 525, 557

Intelligent transportation systems

100, 199, 396, 642

Advanced Traveler Information

System (ATIS) 665

ATMS 670

collision-avoidance systems

199

ITS strategies 100, 599

Mobility 2000 644

nationwide deployment of 221

smart highways 199

Intelligent Vehicle Highway

Systems (IVHS) 688

U.S. DOT Intelligent VehicleInitiative (IVI) 675

Interchange 118, 350, 392393,

398, 427, 577

acceleration lanes 62

access at interchanges 310

design 392, 398

ramps 438

signs 428

types 392393

separate interchanges for the

HOV roadways 397

service interchanges 392,395396

SHTO policy for interchange

ramp spacing 396

spacing of interchange 396

Interrupted flow 87

Intersection 810, 202, 389, 399,

503

accidents at intersections 24,

47, 386

approaches to 14

boundaries 316317

classification 204

collision diagram 201control type 202

crash rate calculation 203

intersection dash 36

design issues 399

intersection ranking 204

sight distance at intersections

30, 228, 551

signalized intersection 38, 78,

87, 315316, 333, 516, 581

spacing 315316, 337338,

404

T-intersection 38, 281282,

336, 518

type 137

Interstate Commerce Act of 1935

219

Inventory 449, 451

inventory program 449450

inventory systems 203

sign inventory 450

Island 55, 319, 384, 387, 546

central island 91, 281, 283

channelizing island 240, 439,

532

curbed island 551

end island 551552

interrupted flow 87island design 388389

ISTEA 220

placement and type 384

raised island 238, 388

splitter island 91, 279



26/33

traffic island 238, 384, 388,

426

IVHS 642, 688

Kkfactor 110

LLamps 42, 452, 454, 497, 527, 554

Lane utilization 97

Lane-use control signals 230, 453,

522524

Lane-use control signs 241

Lanes 30, 90, 502, 505

Auxiliary lanes 327

bike lanes 75, 97, 228, 261,

407

continuous two-way left turn

225

distribution 113114

high-occupancy-vehicle lanes

94

left-turn lanes 207, 225, 230

peak-hour lanes 299

reversible lanes 100, 113, 223,

230231, 523right-turn lanes 105, 207, 333,

386, 532, 569

traffic lanes 228, 297, 336,

402, 583, 678

turning lanes 90, 227, 241,

316, 384, 428

Law enforcement 29, 180, 221,

243, 379, 526, 597, 624

Lawsuit 293, 364, 411, 527, 547,

565

Lead-lag controller phasing 478

Left turn 20, 124, 129, 376, 461,

470, 533

Legal liability 3

Legibility of signs 22

Level of confidence 132

Level of service 78, 93, 100, 477,

524, 649, 679, 686

Liability 69, 201, 222, 292294,

527, 557, 637

Light Emitting Diode 497

Light trucks 5051, 459, 535, 543

Lighting 207

lighting design 3

roadway lighting 3, 205206,

459

street lighting 47, 206, 285,

460

Lights 15, 423, 626

Lights, flashing and steady burn

442

Line marking 285, 536

Livable streets 259Loading dock 542543, 572

Loading zones 400, 580, 585

Local government 180, 219, 242,

269, 287, 358, 577, 609, 660

Lots 233

off-street lots 530

parking lots 3637, 202, 355,

529, 545, 547

Lumen 554

Luminaire 562

Luminance 22, 420

Lux 553554

M

Mainline freeway 677

Maintenance 69, 71, 198, 348,

538, 554, 559

automobile maintenance 160

issues of maintenance 187

maintenance costs 71, 279,

459, 526, 559

maintenance workers 255maintenance zones 30

road maintenance 208

street maintenance 166, 443

Malfunction 485, 491, 525526,

626

Management 2

community-based management

213

conflict management 174

freeway management 591,

641, 647, 651

incident management 180,398, 597, 602, 622

management of facilities 1, 3

management of roads 1

safety management 213

speed management 250, 277

traffic management 83, 256,

590

Manual of Improved Practice 401

Manual of Traffic Engineering

Studies 217

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control

Devices 222, 412

Manuals 294, 308, 411, 585

Maps 6, 4344, 563, 601, 650

Marijuana 19, 22

Marking 29, 39, 251, 426

at pedestrian crosswalks 40

centerlines 446

curb markings 436

crosswalks 434

design requirements for 411

guidelines on the marking of

crosswalks 409

in school zones 46

inadequate pavement markings206207

lane lines 446

longitudinal markings 433

maintenance 451

marking a bypass lane 336

marking of passing zones 374

no passing zones 446

on an existing roadway 228

parking stalls 546

pavement marking design 32

railroad crossings 432

single-direction, no-passing

225

special markings 438to control pedestrian movement

39

to supplement signs or signals

241

transverse markings 434

Mass/power ratio 6061

INDEX 697


27/33

MAYDAY system 652, 661, 678

Measure of effectiveness 80, 96,

162

Mechanical garages 561

Media 159, 177, 185, 290, 363,489, 594

Median 98, 129, 148, 224, 299

Mental capacity 10

Metering 97, 302, 396398, 424,

524

Minimum Required Visibility

Distance 21

Minimum speed limits 249

Ministerial Task Force 289

Minnesota Department of

Transportation 106, 682

Mitigation measures 362

Mobility 12, 43, 254

Model traffic ordinance 222

Mobility 2000 642, 644, 685, 688

Mopeds 540, 544

Motion 7, 50, 57, 509, 600

Motivation 4, 6, 25

Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966

219

Motorcycles 32, 102, 540, 544,

573Motorcyclists 4, 32, 213, 443

Motorist 25, 74, 134, 151, 229,

426, 523

Motorist information systems 602

Mountable curbs 401

Multilane highways 99, 386

Multiple turn lanes 205, 241

Multiway stop control 237

MUTCD 206, 222, 374, 412

Myopia 15

N

Narcotics 19, 192

National Committee on Uniform

Traffic Laws and Ordinances219, 222, 527528

National Cooperative Highway

Research Program 77, 218, 308,

349, 528, 574

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association 465, 528, 646

National Environmental Policy Act

360

National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration 7, 191, 251, 674

National Safety Council 47, 210

National Traffic and Motor VehicleSafety Act of 1966 219

Navigational 415

navigational decisions 375

navigational information 6,

415

Negligence 222, 292, 637

Neighborhood 177, 291, 307

livable neighborhoods 263

design 257

streets 75, 259, 586

traffic management 258

neighborhoods as systems 264

residential neighborhood 237,445

traffic calming in

neighborhoods 288

traffic problems in

neighborhoods 263

Network 1, 335, 568

area network 568, 645, 665

capacity 259, 383

characteristics 240

communications network 619,

623, 651, 656, 664

modeling 484

road network 289, 302, 306,414415

roadway network 226, 232,

461, 483

street network 257, 268, 290,

400, 407

traffic network 266267, 583

New construction 350, 359360

Newspapers 27, 216

Night driving 14

Nighttime conditions 42

Noise 1314, 92, 271, 362, 486,512

No standing 584

No stopping or standing 584

No-passing zones 224, 349

O

Object markers 432, 436437, 449

Observance of safety design 213

Observation angle 420, 422

Obstruction approach markings

439

Occupancy control 515

Off-street parking 207, 531, 580

Office developments 572

Offset 66, 90, 234, 306, 368

Offtracking 50, 5556, 378

Oil consumption 71

Older driver 1922

Older pedestrian 37, 46

Operating costs 6970

On-site circulation 340342

One-way streets 38, 207, 219,

226227, 532

Operational analysis 101

Operational conditions 9495,

261, 360, 460

Optical units 491

Overhead signs 230, 240, 415, 429

PPace 7, 8, 99, 245, 642

Panels 36, 423, 442, 618

Park-and-ride 229, 233, 397, 577,

611



28/33

Parking 124, 219, 228

acceptance rates 533

at curbs 47, 579

bus parking 544

change of mode facilities 575

curb parking 99, 105, 228,401, 529, 580, 582

definitions 529530

design 532533

dimensions 535531

entertainment 580

garages 556

gate capacities 534

hospitals 580

illegal parking 207

industrial plants 573574

liability issues 547

office development 573

on-street parking 228, 271,

400, 405, 517parallel parking 207, 228, 294,

582

park and ride 578

prohibitions 231, 415, 436,

581, 583

passenger vehicles 55

pedestrian access 36

restrictions 583, 587

shopping centers 569

transit 575

trucks 541544

volumes 534

Parking fee 530, 553, 567, 610,650

Parking generation 568, 579

Parking lot layout 547548

boundary controls 551

car stacking units 5

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