Transportation management systems

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (TSM)Package of short term measures to make most productive and cost effective use of transportation facilities, modes and servicesTSM also consists of Travel Demand Management (TDM)Traffic Management

2TDM TECHNIQUESCar pooling and other ride sharing programsPeripheral parking schemesChartered busesStaggering of work hours and flexible time of workInternal shuttle service in CBDParking restraintRoad pricingEntry feePriority for buses

334

SCOPE OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURESControl congestion, delay and accidentsMost economic use of streetsFundamental approch : retain existing pattern of roads but to alter pattern of traffic movement through themAim : to reorient traffic pattern on existing streets to reduce conflict between vehicles and pedestrians3TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURESRestrictions on turning movementsOne way streetsTidal flow operationsClosing side - streetsExclusive bus lanes6

RESTRICTIONS ON TURNING MOVEMENTS

Prohibited right turning movementsDiversion of right turning traffic to an alternative intersection further along the road where there is more capacityDiversion of right turning traffic to left before the junctionDiversion of right turning traffic beyond the junction Prohibited left turning movements78

One way streets Traffic movement is permitted in one direction only

9

9

COMPARISON OF 1-WAY AND 2-WAY STREETS

Vehicular points of conflict2-way 2-lane streets16 points of conflict0ne 1-way street and one 2-way street7 points of conflictTwo 1-way streets4 points of conflictPoints of conflict of pedestrians and vehicleTwo 2-way streets24 points of conflictTwo 1-way streets12 points of conflict10

advantages of one way streets

Reduction in points of conflictIncreased capacityIncreased speedFacilitates the operation of a progressive signal systemImprovement in parking systemElimination of head-on collision

11Disadvantages of one way streetsActual distances covered by the drivers may increaseRelocation of bus stopsIncrease in walking distanceExcessive speed may be hazardous to residential areasTranquility of area is disruptedCreates confusion among motorists and pedestriansEmergency vehicles may be blocked

12TIDAL FLOW OPERATIONTIDAL FLOWMorning peak flow is greater towards CBDEvening peak flow greater from CBDTIDAL FLOW OPERATIONAllot more than half the lanes in one direction during peak hours

13CONTD..PRACTICED AS PER TWO ASSUMPTIONS:Greater number of lanes in multi lane street to in-bound traffic during morning peak and to out-bound traffic during evening peakExistance of two separate streets parallel to each otherFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR OPERATION:65% or more of traffic moves in one direction during peakRemaning lanes have lighter flow Special signing and additional control devices are neededStanchions or traffic cones are desirable to separate the opposing traffic

14CLOSING SIDE STREETSside streets where traffic is light is closed without adversely affecting the traffic and yet to reap a number of benefits

15

Advantages of CLOSING SIDE STREETSIncrease in speed and decrease in journey timeReduction in accidentsEasy to formulation of signal systemsClosed side streets can be used for parkingClosed side streets can be converted to pedestrian precinctEnhance safety, comfort and convenience of pedestrians16disadvantages of CLOSING SIDE STREETSIncrease flow in remaining cross roadsCongestion in main street due to parking in main street itself17exclusive bus lanesIn some cities separate lanes are reserved for bus traffic onlyExclusive lane is adjacent to curb for convenience of alighting and embarking

18

Advantages of exclusive bus lanesReduction in journey timeBus journey is made attractiveRegularity of buses can be improvedAttract passengers to public transportation system19TRAFFIC FLOW REGULATION20Regulation Achieve safe and efficient movement of traffic and pedestriansEvoke respect by road usersFlexible and keep pace with changing condition and timeAltered periodically

21REGULATION OF SPEEDTraffic regulationsControl of vehicleControl of drivers Control of road users

In India, regulation based on Motor Vehicle Act 1988Chapter I. PreliminaryChapter II. Licencing of drivers of Motor VehicleChapter III. Licencing of Conductors of Stage CarriagesChapter IV. Registration of Motor VehicleChapter V. Control of Transport Vehicle

22Scope of Traffic RegulationChapter VI. A. Special Provision relating to State Transport UndertakingsChapter VII. Construction, equipment and maintenance of Motor vehiclesChapter VIII. Control of trafficChapter IX. Motor Vehicles temporarily leaving or visiting IndiaChapter X. Liability without fault in certain casesChapter XI. Insurance23Contd..Principles governing speed limitsSpeed limits in urban areasGoverned by type and volume of trafficPedestrian traffic heavyHigher chances of accidentsRegulations depending on type of streets and nature of congestion24Regulation of Speed

25Speed limits for different types of vehicles under mixed traffic condition

26Speed of traffic-normally 85 th percentile speed is selectedRoad conditions -geometry of road, gradient , sight distance, street lighting, super-elevation, provision for proper signs and adequate safety measures for pedestriansEnvironment of the road -extend of roadside development, frequency and nature of access points, presence of schools, playing fields, industry and housing estates TrafficAccident rates27Criteria for application of speed limits of 50, 65, 80 and 100 K.P.H

28Guidelines for selection of Speed Limit

29Complete engineering investigationsStudy of accident frequencyNumber of business establishments on streetVolume studySpeed studyObservation by police departmentWidth of streetPedestrian traffic volume30Speed ZoningCyclesCycling while under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall be considered an offenceRiding of more than one person on a cycle shall be considered an offenceWherever separate cycle tracks are provided, the cyclists shall ride on such tracks compulsorilyNot more than two cycles shall remain abreast except at separate cycle tracks

31Regulations Concerning TrafficCyclists shall not use foot-waysCyclists shall not be allowed to be towed by any other vehicleWhere separate cycle tracks are provided, the cyclists shall keep to the extreme left of carriagewayAll cycles shall be provided with good brakes, night lamps, a red reflector at the rear and bells or hornsCycles shall be parked only at desired places32Contd.Motor cycle and scooter riders shall wear compulsorily crash helmetsAll motor cycles and scooters shall be provided with a rear view mirrorAll motor cycles and scooters shall have a screen provided on the rear wheel to prevent loose garments getting entangled in the spokesNot more than one rider and a pillion riderA rider with a learners license shall not carry a pillion riderA footrest shall be compulsorily provided for the pillion rider33Motor Cycles and ScootersThe load projections on the sides shall be restricted to 0.5m from the longitudinal middle of the motor cycle, on the front to about 0.6m from the front wheel and on the rear to about 1.0m from the rear wheelRules for Pedestrian TrafficPedestrians shall obey the traffic signals and any violations shall be considered an offence.Pedestrians shall use the footways wherever they are provided, the street being used only for crossingPedestrians shall cross the streets only at cross-walks wherever they are providedWhere footways are not provided separately, pedestrians shall walk on the right hand side of the road facing traffic34Contd.The animal drawn traffic shall be prohibited from carrying long pipes, rods, bamboos etc. more than 5 metres in length

The height, length and width of loads shall be restricted to safe limits, depending upon the size of the carriage

The animal drawn traffic shall invariably keep to the extreme left of the carriageway having mixed traffic35Rules for animal vehiclesDriving of animals such as elephants on busy streets shall be prohibitedCattle in droves shall not be driven on busy streets at peak periods of trafficCattle in droves shall be accompanied by sufficient number of attendants to completely keep them under controlA horse rider shall keep to the extreme left of the carriageway as far as possibleA horse rider shall not use cycle tracks and footways36Rules for animals on streetsREGULATION OF VEHICLESTraffic regulations covers matters vehicles-drivers- road usersRegulation of vehiclesRegulation of speedRegulations concerning the driverRegulations concerning the TrafficParking Regulations

Introduction38The control of vehicles deals with-RegistrationWeightSizeDesignConstruction and maintenance

Contd39Vehicle RegistrationConstruction and equipment of vehiclesSize, weight and loads of vehiclesLighting of vehiclesInspection of vehiclesControl of transport vehiclesInsuranceRegulation of vehicles40Provides guidance to administrators, planners, traffic police, economists and traffic engineersIndian scenario : different states bear different licence plate numbersVehicle Registration41In case of transport vehicleIn black on a white backgroundIn case of temporary registrationsIn red on a yellow backgroundIn case of registration marks allotted to dealersIn white on a red backgroundIn case of private vehiclesIn black on a white backgroundIn case of taxisIn black on a yellow backgroundPractice in India42Width, height, length and overhangDiameter and condition of tyresMaximum axle weightSeating arrangements in public service vehiclesBrakes and steering gearUse of safety glassSignalling appliances, lamps and reflectorsSpeed governors

Construction and equipment of vehicles43Motor Vehicles Act- frame rules to govern use of commercial transport vehiclesRules-grant permit for plying of goods vehicles on specified routes and regions, having due regard to:advantages offered by the development of road transportDesirability of co-ordinating road and rail transportControl of transport vehicles44Desirability of preventing the deterioration of the road systemDesirability of preventing uneconomic competition among motor vehiclesContd..45Intended to cover liability in respect of death or injury to persons or damage to any property of a third party arising out of the use of the vehicleInsurance46

REGULATIONS FOR PEDESTRIANSPedestrian FacilitiesFootpath (side walk)Pedestrian Guard-railsPedestrian CrossingsAt Grade CrossingGrade Separated CrossingGeneral Requirements Pedestrians should be given utmost preference while planningEnsure Continuous, Comfortable and Safe pedestrian flowPedestrian conflicts with vehicular traffic should be minimized The regulations for pedestrians are taken as per IRC 103-2012

Footpath (side walk)Should be provided on both sides of the roadSeparated from the carriageway by a kerbMinimum width of 1.5 mWidth provided is based on pedestrians per hourIn shopping area, width is to be increased by 1 mNear buildings and fences, width to be increased by 0.5 m

Footpath Zones

Capacity of sidewalks(As per IRC 103-2012)Width of side-walk (in meter)Capacity in number of persons per hourAll in one directionIn both directions1.5012008002.00240016002.50360024003.00480032004.0060004000Pedestrian Guard-railsConfines movement of pedestrians to the footpathReduces indiscriminate crossing and spilling overEnsure that the pedestrians cross at predetermined and safe locationsGenerally put to use at intersections, hazardous locations, near schools, etc.

Pedestrian crossingsUsed where complete segregation of pedestrians from vehicular traffic is not possibleForm of a planned road sharing principleShould be provided where they will be well utilisedBroadly classified into At-grade crossingsGrade separated crossings

At Grade Crossings or CrosswalksIt is the most common form in pedestrian crossingsClassified intoAt-grade Crossings at IntersectionsAt-grade Crossings away from IntersectionsClassified intoControlled crossingsUncontrolled crossingsZebra CrossingClearly specified pedestrian track across the carriagewayDelineated by alternate black and white stripesMost common form of controlled crossingZebra crossing is accompanied with a STOP linePedestrians are given higher priority

Zebra Crossing (Contd..)Should not be sited within 150 m vicinity of anotherHigher the frequency, lower the efficiency of traffic operationShould not increase walking distance of pedestriansWidth should range between 2.0 m to 4.0 mLighting should be provided for night visibilityZebra Crossing with pedestrian refuge

Zebra Crossing at Intersections

Grade Separated CrossingsProvided for the following conditionsVolume of pedestrians and vehicular traffic are so highWhere exclusive pedestrian phase increases the cycle time beyond 120 secondsWhere uninterrupted traffic flow is required, i.e. for major arterial road or expresswaysWhere controlled at-grade crossings fail to address pedestrian-vehicular conflicts Types of Grade Separated crossingsPedestrian SubwaysFoot Over bridgesSelection of facility is based onBehavioural pattern of pedestriansSite constraints (maintenance, shifting etc.)TopographyCost implicationsEnvironmental and aesthetic aspects

Foot over bridgesA straight bridge across the carriagewayUsually provided nearer to the intersectionsProvided where land and adequate funds are availableCheaper compared to a pedestrian sub-wayLess acceptable for pedestriansAdequate vertical clearance is to be provided as given by IRC 86

Pedestrian SubwaysA path provided beneath the carriagewayRequires less energy for negotiating compared to foot over bridgeShould be provided with good alignmentShould be straight, convenient and in direction of major pedestrian flowAbrupt recesses, ramps, stairs and dark corners should be avoided for safe movement of pedestrians Pedestrian sub ways (contd..)DimensionsMinimum width is 2.5 mVertical clearance is not less than 2.5 m (4 to 6 m desirable)DrainageFloor is to be cambered with a slope of 1 in 30 towards side channelsGullies are to be provided to trap water from ramps or steps

Pedestrian sub ways (contd..)SafetyTo be kept closed during night hours to avoid misuseProper illumination to be providedSign markingsFor proper pedestrian guidanceDisplay of destination direction boardsCapacity (as per IRC 70)50 persons/minute/meter width on level floor or 1 in 20 gradient35 persons/minute/meter width on steps or ramps over 1 in 20 gradient

REGULATIONS FOR DRIVERS

REGULATIONS COVERS:Licensing of the driverRequirements of physical fitnessAge of driversDisqualification and endorsement of licenses68LICENSING OF THE DRIVERDriving without a valid driving license is an offenseDriving license-legally confers upon the driver the privilege to drive the vehicle The third schedule of the Motor Vehicle Act-prescribes the criteriaDriver should demonstrate the ability in driving the vehicle and conversant with the general rules and regulations

69PHYSICAL FITNESSDiseases and disabilities are deemed to absolutely disqualify a person from obtaining a license:EpilepsyLunacyHeart attackInadequate perceptionDeafnessColour blindnessNight blindnessAGE OF DRIVERSMinimum age to drive a motor vehicle-18 yearsMinimum age to drive a transport vehicle-20 yearsU.K. minimum age:CLASS OF VEHICLESAGEMOTOR CYCLE OR INVALID CARRIAGE16MOTOR CAR17TRAILER USED PRIMARILY FOR WORK ON LAND IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE17HEAVY LOCOMOTIVE,LIGHT LOCOMOTIVE, MOTOR TRACTOR OR HEAVY MOTOR CAR21DISQUALIFICATION AND ENDORSEMENT OF LICENSE Habitual drinking and dangerous driving disqualify-from holding a licenseThe Regional Transport Authority and the Courts have the power to disqualifySuch authorities have powers to endorse upon the driving license and particulars of the disqualificationOFFENCES AND PENLITIESNot to drive at excessive speed Avoid careless and dangerous drivingFailure to observe the following safety precautions-offence Driving under the influence of liquor, drugs or when mentally or physically unfitThe Motor Vehicle Act of India-different punishments for different offences1