Train Project

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INDEX

CHAPTERS:

1. Introduction....4i) Literature survey and technological survey.........5

2. Theoretical details of the topic...8

2.1 Need Of Solar Tracking system..9

3. System design....10

3.1 Block diagram....11

3.2Block Diagram description......12

4. Circuit Working.21

4.1 Intelligent Train.......... ...22

5. Advantages And Future Scope..................23

i) Advantages.......24

ii) Future scope.....24

6. References.....25

7. Data sheets.. 27

Department of E&TC 2009-10 Page 1


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LIST OF FIGURES:

1. Block diagram of Intelligent Train..................11

2. Pin configuration of PIC 16F73...13

3. Pin configuration of APR9600.....20



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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION



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INTRODUCTION:

We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps

the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local,

fast, super fast, passenger, goods.... etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time

table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And thats why the train accidents are

becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines

itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.

The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will start

decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole.

After then when it gets green signal the driver can manually start the train and go on. In the

mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the

signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed.

So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it and

automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can feel relax in driving

because he doesnt have to take care about red signal. Even if he forgets to take any action on

red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea.

LITERATURE SURVEY:

Criteria for choosing Micro controller:

1. The first & foremost criterion in choosing a Micro controller is that it must meet the task at

hand efficiently & cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a Micro controller based project,

we must first see whether an 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit Micro controller can best handle the

computing needs of the task most effectively. Among other considerations in the category

are:

Speed: What is the highest speed that the Micro controller supports?

Packaging: Does it comes in 40-pin DIP (dual in line package) or 28-pin DIP or a

QFP (quad flat package) or some other packaging format? This is important in terms

of space, assembling & prototyping the end product.

Power consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered products.



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The amount of RAM & ROM on chip.

The number of I/O pins & the timer on the chip.

Cost per unit: This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a

Micro controller is used.

How many inbuilt function it has?

2. The second criterion in choosing a micro controller is how easy it is to develop products

around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code

efficient c language compiler, emulator, technical support, and both in-house and outside

expertise.

PIC 16F73 from Micro-chip Corporation:

This popular PIC 16F73 chip has inbuilt ADC and on-chip ROM in the form of

program and data memory. This is ideal for development since flash memory can be erased in

seconds compared to the twenty minutes or more needed for the 8751 for this reason the PIC

16F73 is used in place of the 8751 to eliminate the waiting time needed to erase the chip &

thereby speed up the development time. To use the PIC 16F73 to develop a micro controller

based system requires a ROM burner that supports flash memory; however, a ROM eraser is

not needed. Notice that in flash memory you must erase the entire contents of ROM in orderto program it again.

Voltage Regulator 7805:

We need the regulated 5 V output for the most of the ICs used in our system. Now

the output of bridge rectifier is unregulated DC. To get 5V regulated DC output from it we

have used regulator IC 7805. The 7805 is designed with adequate heat sinking and can

deliver output currents in excess of 1A. It has internal thermal overload protection and

internal short circuit current limiting. For proper operation a common ground is required

between input and output voltages.

MAX 232 (DS 14C232):

The DS14C232 is a low power dual driver/receiver featuring an onboard DC to DC

converter. ICC is specified at 3.0 mA maximum, making the device ideal for battery and

power conscious applications. The drivers slew rate is set internally and the receivers feature



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internal noise filtering, eliminating the need for external slew rate and filter capacitors. The

device is designed to interface data terminal equipment (DTE) with data circuit-terminating

equipment (DCE).

Series Voltage Regulators

This is third sensor which uses to sense signal conditioning circuit. This is formed by

Resistance divider. The sensor will be placed on the front panel.

General Description

The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output

voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card

regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The

voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi,

and other solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage

regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages

and currents.

The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over

1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit

the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is

provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high

for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from

overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators

easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass

the output. Although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if

the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

Features :

Output current in excess of 1A

Internal thermal overload protection

No external components required

Output transistor safe area protection

Internal short circuit current limit

Available in the aluminum TO-3 package



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CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPIC



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2.1 NEED OF A INTELLIGENT TRAIN:

Railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps the most

complicated in all over the world. Different types of trains local, fast, super fast,

passenger, goods. etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time table is

perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. Thats why the train accidents becoming

more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines

itself so that it tries to avoid accidents.

Also most of the people travelling in the train are not educated or some people

are new to that place so train should announce the place where train is. It should also

announce the names of previous and current along with next station. Also the names

should be displayed on LCD for visual display of current station.



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CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN



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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAMS:

3.1.1 Intelligent Train:

Fig 1: Block diagram of Intelligent Train



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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

The system comprises of following eight sections:

Peripheral Interface Controller(PIC 16F73):

This is the most important segment of the project. The controller is responsible for

detection and polling of the peripherals status. It is responsible for making control decision. It

is responsible for prioritizing all the devices attached to it.

It is the major part of the system which controls all the operation of the circuit such as

reading data from sensor, PC interfacing.

This is the heart of the project, as we know the processor is the heart of any project.

Here PIC controller takes that job. The chip used is Atmel 16F73. There are two memory

blocks in each of these PIC controllers. The program Memory and Data Memory have

separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. The program memory can be read

internally using Special Function Resistors in PIC. PIC 16F7X devices have a 13 bit program

counter capable of addressing an 8K word x 14 bit program memory space. The PIC 16F73

devices have 8K x 14words of FLASH program memory.

What is a microcontroller?

Microcontrollers are small computer on a chip with some special properties:

CPU, code memory, data memory and IO ports all included on a single chip

Dedicated to one task

Small and low cost

Embedded in many consumer devices

Why PIC is popular?

PICs are popular with developers due to

low cost

wide availability

large user base



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extensive collection of application notes

availability of low cost or free development tools

serial programming capability

PIC SPEED

Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit.

Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock, Not very accurate,but requires no

external components!

Instruction speed = 1/4 clock speed (Tcyc = 4 * Tclk)

All PICs can be run from DC to their maximum specd speed:12C50x 4MHz

12C67x 10MHz

16Cxxx 20MHz

17C4x / 17C7xxx 33MHz

18Cxxx 40MHz



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PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC :

Fig2 . Pin Diagram Of PIC 16F73

PIC16 Oscillator Options



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XT : Standard frequency crystal oscillator

HS : High frequency crystal oscillator

LP : Low frequency crystal oscillator

RC : External RCOscillator

INTRC : Internal RCoscillator

Selectable clock options provide greater flexibility for the designer:

* LP Oscillator designed to draw least amount of current

* RC or INTRC provide ultra low cost oscillator solution

* HS optimized to drive high frequency crystals or resonator Speed ranges are

guidelines only

POR, OST, PWRT :

POR: Power On Reset

With MCLR tied to Vdd, a Vdd reset pulse is generated when Vdd rise is detected

MCLR.

PWRT: Power Up Timer: PWRT


100kHz - 4MHz

4MHz-20MHz4MHz-20MHz4MHz - 20MHz

5kHz-200kHz5kHz - 200kHz

DC-4MHzDC-4MHzC - 4MHz

4 or 8 MHz2%4 or 8 MHz2%4 or 8 MHz2%

Slide 39


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Device is held in reset for 72ms (nominal) to allow V DD : OST to rise to an

acceptable level (after POR only) :Reset, Execution

OST: Oscillator Start-up Timer

Holds device in reset for 1024 cycles to allow crystal or resonator to stabilize in

frequency and amplitude; not active in RC modes; used only after POR or Wake Up from

SLEEP.

Sleep Mode

The processor can be put into a power-down mode by executing the SLEEPinstruction.

System oscillator is stopped

Processor status is maintained (static design)

Watchdog timer continues to run, if enabled

Minimal supply current is drawn - mostly due to leakage (0.1 -.0A typical)

Events that wake processor from sleep

MCLR : Master Clear Pin Asserted (pulled low)

WDT : Watchdog Timer Timeout

INT : INT Pin Interrupt

TMR1 : Timer 1 Interrupt (or also TMR3 on PIC18)

CMP : Comparator Output Change Interrupt

CCP : Input Capture Event

SSP : Synchronous Serial Port (I2C Mode) Start / Stop Bit Detect Interrupt

PSP : Parallel Slave Port Read or Write

Watchdog Timer

Helps recover from software malfunction

Uses its own free-running on-chip RC oscillator



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WDT is cleared by CLRWDT instruction

Enabled WDT cannot be disabled by software

WDT overflow resets the chip

Programmable timeout period: 18ms to 3.0s typical

Operates in SLEEP; on time out, wakes up CPU

BOR Brown Out Reset

When voltage drops below a particular threshold, the device is held inreset Prevents

erratic or unexpected operation Eliminates need for external BOR circuitry

PBOR Programmable

Brown Out Reset :

Configuration Option (set at program time)

Cannot be enabled / disabled in software

BOR Brown Out Reset :

Holds PICmicro MCU in reset until ~72ms after rises back above VDD

PLVD Programmable Low

Voltage Detect

1.8V up to 4.5V in 0.1 to 0.2V

steps External analog input

In-Circuit Serial Programming :

Only two pins required for programming with Pin Function

Convenient for In-System Programming of VPP Programming Voltage = 5V

Supported by MPLAB PM3 & ICD2 RB6 &RB7 Clock Input & Data I/O &



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Command Input.

I/O Ports

High Drive Capability Can directly drive LEDs

Direct, single cycle

bit manipulation

Each pin has individual

direction control under software

All pins have ESD protection diodes

Pin RA4 is open drain

All I/O pins default to inputs (high impedance) on usually startup

LCD:

Most of the projects with the any processor/microcontroller CPU (8085/8051/ARM)

require some form of display. In market various displays are available like 7-segment, 5*7

matrix LED and LCD, bar graph, LCD, etc. Its important for deciding the required display

set for our project. Selection of display depends on various factors like power consumption,

ambient light conditions, surrounding temperature, visibility from long distance, total

information to be display, cost of display, circuit/lines required for display interfacing, etc.

Features of LCD:

Operate with single 5V power supply.

Includes two drivers & two receivers.

MAX232 is 16 pin IC.

30V input levels.

MAX 232 :

In our project we have used MAX 232 for interfacing our system with the GPSmodule and computer. The Locations generated by GPS module are given to computer



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serially through MAX232. For this we require serial I/O interfacing standard. RS 232 is

widely used serial I/O interfacing standard.

Since RS232 is not compatible with the microcontroller, we need a line driver(voltage

converter) to convert the RS232s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the

16F73s TxD and RxD pins.

The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice

versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5 V power source that is the

same as the source, which is the same as the source voltage for the 16F73.

GPS interface:

GPS module used is SR-86 which operate at 4800 baudrate. It continuously Receives

the co-ordinates from three orbitting satellite.

Features :

GPS module used is Progin SR-86 Series.

High Sensitivity SiRF STAR III chipsets On chip 1 MB RAM

Reacquisition Time 0.1 Second

Support Standard NMEA-0183 and SiRF Binary Protocol

Purpose : To get the current location of vehicle.

DC motor:

DC motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of programmed energization

of the stator windings and whose output is in the form of discrete angular rotation.

The DC motor is used is of 12v and it is used to forward and reverse motion Of the

train.

APR9600 (Sound IC) :



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Features :

Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & play back solution

No external IC s required

Minimum external components

Non-volatile Flash memory technology

No battery backup required

User-Selectable messaging options :

Random access of multiple fixed- duration messages

Sequential access of multiple variable-duration messages

User-friendly, easy-to-use operation :

Programming & development systems not required

Level-ac tivated recording & edge-activated play back switches

Low power consumption :

Operating current: 25 mA typical

Standby current: 1 uA typical

Automatic powe r-down

Chip Enable pin for simple message expansion

General Description:

The APR9600 device offers true si ngle-chip voice recording,non-volatile storage, and

playback capability for 40 t o 60 seconds.



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The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample

rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for unique

quality and storage time needs.

Integrated out put amplifier,microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatlysimplifysystem design.

The device is ideal for use inportable voice recorders, toys , and many other consumer

and industrial application .

APLUS integrated achives these high levels of storage capability by using its

proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash

non-volatile memory process , where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels .

This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their

natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce

distortion.

PIN Diagram :

Fig 3. Pin Diagram Of APR9600



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CHAPTER 4: CIRCUIT WORKING



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4.1. Intellignt Train:

The PIC controller receives train Location from GPS module continuously.

These received location in the form of Latitude and Longitude is then Compaired with

Latitude and longitude which is stored in controller.

If received Latitude and longitude matches with Latitude and longitude which are stored

in controller for perticular station then Train will be going to stop.

When Train is stoped LCD will display the names of Station which are next to current

station and previous to current station along with name of current station.

At this time sound IC will give the announcement of name of current station along with

Previous and next station.

Train will stop at each station for 2min then Door will Closed then train will go in

Forward direction towards next station.

Track break detection circuit will continuously checks the status of track, if track is break

at any point train will stop immediately.



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CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE



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5.1 ADVANTAGES :

Efficient way for evacuation of bank

Quick response time.

Fully Automatic system

Robust system, low power requirement

Less time delays.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Each and every project is never complete as new things are learned further

modifications can be done.There are always remains an infinite scope of improvement to a



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system design. Its only the time and financial constraints that impose a limit on the

development. Following are the few enhancements that may add further value to the system.

Reduce transportation delay.

If track break is detected then SMS is sent to the base station using GSM module so

that immediately taken.

Using RFID automatic opening and closing of the gates can be possible.

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES



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REFERENCES:

BOOKS :

1. The PIC16F7X Microcontroller and embedded systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi

Second edition, published in 2006 year by Pearson Education, INC.

2. PIC Microcontroller by Ajay Deshmukh

3. Programming and customizing the PIC Microcontroller by Myke Predko, 3rd Edition,

Published in 2002 year by TATA McGRAW-HILL.

Websites :

www.microchip.com

http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/


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www.allindiadatasheet.com

www.picpoint.com

www.myke.com

www.dontronics.com

CHAPTER 7 : DATASHEETS

http://www.allindiadatasheet.com/http://www.picpoint.com/http://www.myke.com/http://www.dontronics.com/http://www.allindiadatasheet.com/http://www.picpoint.com/http://www.myke.com/http://www.dontronics.com/


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