Training - Light Sources

Training Module - Light Sources

MEASI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE

TRAINING

ON

LIGHT SOURCES

PRESENTER

AANUPAM RAO


Light Sources


Light Generation


Artificial Light Generation

LIGHT GENERATION BY THERMAL

RADIATORS (INCANDESCENCE)

LIGHT GENERATED BY ELECTRICAL

DISCHARGE


Incandescence

LIGHT is Generated by

electrical heating of

filament to incandescence.

INCANDESCENT

LAMP

HALOGEN LAMP


Incandescent Lamp (GLS)

Incandescent lamp consists of

Tungsten filament in glass

enclosure either evacuated or

filled with nitrogen or inert

gas ( argon)

Inert gas reduces evaporation

of filament


Inert gas reduces blackening inside the glass bulb

Luminous efficacy can be improved by coiling the filament (coiled coil to single coil)

Highly susceptible to voltage variation.



Universal Burning

Very low lamp life of 1000 Burning Hours

Edison Screw (ES) or Bayonet cap (BC)




Advantages:

1. Good optical control

2. Low initial cost

3. Simple circuit, no accessories required

4. Unity P.F.

5. CRI = 100



Disadvantages: Low lumen output

Higher consumption of electricity

Very high infra red radiation, small visible

radiation

Operates at very high temperature

Critically affected by voltage variation

Relatively short lamp life


Tungsten Halogen Lamp

Lamp is filled with

halogen gas along

with normal filling

gas.

Lamp works of

principle of halogen

Regeneration cycle to

prevent blackening


Halogen Regeneration Cycle


Available in linear shape or in capsule form

Restricted burning position for linear halogen ( H +/- 15 Deg)

Moderate avg. lamp life of 2000 Burning hours



MR 16:

Low voltage Reflectorized

Tungsten Halogen lamp

Range of Beam patterns from 7 to 55

degrees

Range of wattages from 20 to 75 watts

PAR 16 / 20 / 36 / 56 / 64:

Mains voltage Pressure Aluminized

Reflector lamps

Narrow (10 degree) and wide (30 degree)

beam angle




QR 111:

Low voltage Aluminium reflector lamp

Anti-glare shield over filament

Precise beam control

Available in 50, 75 and 100 watt

Capsule Lamps:

Mains voltage/ Low voltage non-

reflectorized lamps


Principle of Discharge

Certain Metals in vapour form when ionized becomes highly conductive in nature.

This ionization leads to light generation at a particular ionization level.

However, to control and maintain specified ionization level, current controlling device (choke / ballast) is required.


In order to start ionization of metal vapours very

high voltage needs to be applied. This is given by

starting device (Starter / Ignitor)

Mercury, Sodium, Certain rare earth metals in

halide form generate light when ionized.

Principle of Discharge


Various Gas Discharge Lamps

Low Pressure MV (Fluorescent)

High Pressure MV ( HPMV)

Low Pressure SV (LPSV)

High Pressure SV (HPSV)

Metal Halide (MHL)


Fluorescent Lamp

Mercury Vapours

ionized at lower

pressure results in UV

light generation.


UV Generated gets

converted into Visible

Spectrum due to

Phosphor coating on

inside walls of lamp

Fluorescent Lamp


Depending on type of

Phosphor, the colour

of light emitted is

decided.

Fluorescent Lamp


Fluorescent Lamp


Type of shape

Linear Fluorescent Lamp

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Type of Phosphor coating

Standard phosphor coating

Tri-band phosphor coating

Fluorescent Lamp


Fluorescent lamp with standard phosphor

coating

Maximum UV is converted in blue and green

region of visible spectrum

Colour rendering index is low

Luminous efficacy is low


Fluorescent lamp with triband phosphor

coating

Maximum UV is converted in entire visible

spectrum with three basic regions of Blue/Green/

Red.

Colour rendering index is high

Luminous efficacy is high


FTL (TRIBAND)

2 Times Higher Life Than Standard FTL

33% Higher Light Output As Compared to Standard FTL

Higher CRI for Triband Phosphor

16 % Lower Lumen Depreciation

Fluorescent Lamp Comparison


Basically Tri-band Phosphor

Vapour pressure is slightly higher than linear FTL

Compact lengths

Available in single / double / triple / linear construction



Features :

Compact size

High lumen output

Low power consumption

Longer service life

Excellent colour rendering properties

High luminous efficacy

Low lumen depreciation



Single construction : Wattages of 5 , 7, 9, 11 W

Double construction : Wattages of 10, 13, 18, 26 W

Triple construction : Wattages of 13, 18, 26, 32, 42 W

Linear construction : Wattages of 18, 24, 36, 40, 55 W



Colour Temperature

Light Source Colour Temperature

GLS 2500 0K

FTL 2700 - 6500 0K

HPMV 3200 - 3800 0K

HPSV 2000 - 2200 0K

MHL 5100 - 5200 0K


Colour Rendering Index

Standard method of measuring colour quality of light source

Varies from 0 to 100

14 specified pastel colours are measured under light source and its appearance is compared under reference light source


CIE NOMENCLATURE FOR

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

CRI Groups

Group 1A : Ra = 90-100 Very Good

Group 1B : Ra = 80-89 Very Good

Group 2A : Ra = 70-79 - Good

Group 2B : Ra = 60-69 - Good

Group 3 : Ra = 40-59 Acceptable

Group 4 : Ra = 20-39


HIGH EFFICIENCY T 5 LAMPS


Fluorescent Lamp Technology

Uses droplets of Mercury

Ionisation of mercury

UV

Requires Ballast and Starter for

Operation

Colour Temperature depends upon the

Phosphor

UV

White Light


Fluorescent lamp Development

1933

1978

1984

1995

38 mm Fluorescent (T 12) with

20/40/65W

26 mm Fluorescent (T8) with

18/36/58 W

High Efficiency Tri Band

Phosphor Developed

Sleek 16 mm dia Fluorescent

(T 5) Developed


T 5 Lamp Basics

16 mm Diameter lamps

Available in two types : High

Efficiency and High Lumen Output

Smaller lamp lengths as compared to

standard Fluorescent lamps

Operates only on Electronic Ballast


T 5 Lamp Types

Two different types of T 5 lamps:

High Efficiency : Highest Luminous

Efficacy (Lumens / Watt)

High Lumen Output : Highest Lumen

output for Fixed lamp length


T 5 Lamp Types

High Efficiency Type :

Osram HE, Philips HE

Available in 14 W / 21 W / 28 W / 35 W

High Lumen Output Type :

Osram HO, Philips HO

Available in 24 W / 39 W / 54 W / 80 W


T 5 Lamps - Lengths

Reduced lamp lengths to install in

600 / 1200 mm tile system

FH 14 / FQ 24 549 mm

FH 21 / FQ 39 849 mm

FH 28 / FQ 54 1149 mm

FH 35 / FQ 80 1549 mm


T 5 : Smaller Lamp Lengths

Advantages


T 5 Lamp Effect of Ambient Temperature

Maximum Light output at 35 Deg. C instead of 25

Deg C

Higher light at same temperature as compared

with T8/T12 lamps


T 5 Lamp Maximum Output at Higher Temp.


T 5 Lamp Colour

T 5 lamps available in basic three

Colour Temperatures ( Deg K)

6000 Deg K (Colour 11)



CRI(Colour rendering Index) - 83 to 85


T 5 Lamp Life

Avg. Lamp life for T 5 lamps is very high as

it operates only on Electronic Ballast

Average Lamp life for T 5 lamps is 16000-

20000 Burning Hours


T 5 Lamp Lumen Depreciation

Uses Rare Earth tri band Phosphor

similar to Lumilux Plus lamps

Only 5 % lumen Depreciation at the

end of lamp life


T 5 Vs. T8 luminaries ?

5 % higher Luminous Efficacy for FH

lamps

5 % increase in luminaire efficiency

due to less shadowing effect

Optimum Luminous Flux at Ambient

temp of 35 Deg C


HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

(HID) LAMPS


HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

(HID) LAMPS

HPMV LAMP

HPSV LAMP

NEW GENERATION

METAL HALIDE

LAMP (MHL)


High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp

Higher Mercury vapour pressure is generated.

At higher pressure, most light is emitted in visible spectrum and little part of it in UV

Phosphor coating is provided for colour correction as well as higher efficacy


No starter is required as auxiliary electrode provided acts in conjunction with main electrode as starter

Due to internal starter, the hot re-strike time is 10-12 minutes

CRI is 46

Moderate life of 5000 burning hours



Initial starting time of

1-2 minutes

Universal burning

position

Internal Phosphor

coating is provided on

glass envelope to

convert UV in visible

spectrum



Available only in

Elliptical shape

Available in 80, 125,

250 & 400 W



High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp

Sodium is used as main

vapour along with Hg as

buffer gas

When ionized gives

golden yellow light

Requires very high pulse

for ignition

(3.5-4.0 KV)


Universal Burning

Position

Very high Luminous

efficacy ( Highest

amongst all HID

lamps)



Hot re-strike time of 1 minute

Achieves 90 % of lumen output in 2-3 minutes

Very high life (15,000 Burning Hrs)



Available in 70, 150, 250 and 400 W (elliptical shape)

Available in 150, 250, 400 W & 1000 W (tubular shape)

Available with internal starter for 70 W ( hot restrike time 10-12 minutes)



High Pressure Metal Halide Lamp

Rare earth metal halides (

iodides and bromides) are

used for light generation.

Gives Crisp White Light

very close to daylight

We use OSRAM MHL

lamps which uses

Dysprosium Iodide as

main metal vapour


Universal Burning

Position for OSRAM

lamps offered by us

Very high CRI of 92-

95 for OSRAM MHL



Available in Elliptical

shape ( 250 W and

400 W)

Available in Tubular

Shape ( 250 W and

400 W)

Available in double

ended type ( 70 W and

150 W)



Lamp Life of 10000

Burning hours

Highest luminous

efficacy amongst all

MHL lamps



Advanced Light Sources


Limitations of Metal Halide Lamp (MHL)

Identical properties in terms of electrical characteristics and colour spread is not achieved in standard MHL due to difficult arc geometry.

Efficiency can not be improved further due to limitation on operating temperature.

Restricted burning positions ( in certain lamps)


Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide

New development in MHL technology

Commonly known as CDM ( Philips),

CMH (GE) and HCI ( OSRAM)

It is amalgamation of HPSV and existing

MHL technology



In CDM lamps, PCA is used as arc tube

as against quartz

Metal Iodides are same as that of

conventional MHL.



Advantages

No sodium Migration results in colour stability throughout its life.

Consistent colour properties and electrical properties due to defined arc geometry

Higher operating temperature inside arc tube results in better spectral distribution ( colour rendition) and more stable behavior of arc.


Mains Voltage Halogen with Bayonet Base

Wattage (W) 150 W

Voltage (V) 240 V

Lumen Output (Lm) 2500

Avg. Life in Burning

Hrs.

2000

Osram Code Halolux

CIE Code QT 32

Lamp Base B15d


Tubular Metal Halide Lamp

Wattage (W) 70 / 150 W

Voltage (V) 240 V

Lumen Output (Lm) 5500 / 13000


Hrs.

10000

Osram Code HQI-T 70/150 NDL

CIE Code HIT

Lamp Base G 12


Mains Voltage Halogen with E27 Base

Wattage (W) 50 W

Voltage (V) 240 V

Lumen Output (Lm) 1000


Hrs.

2000

Osram Code Halopar 20

CIE Code PAR 20

Lamp Base E 27


HPSV

2 Times the Lumen Output Vis-a-Vis HPMV

Lamp of the Same Wattage

3 Times Longer Life Than HPMV Lamp

MHL

Highest CRI in the Category of Lamps

50% Higher Lumen Output Than HPMV Lamp of

the Same Wattage

2 Times the Life of HPMV Lamp

HID LAMP COMPARISON


Selection

Criteria for

Light

Sources

AVG. LIFE

LUMINOUS EFFICACY

LUMEN DEPRECIATION

COLOUR RENDITION PROPERTIES

HOT RESTRIKE TIME

SELECTION CRITERIA


18

22

60

90

80

60

54

120

80

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

LUMINOUS EFFICACY

GLS

HALOGEN

FTL

FTL(TRIBAND)

CFL

FCL

HPMV

HPSV

MHL

LPSV

LA

MP

TY

PE

S

LUMINOUS EFFICACY


AVERAGE LIFE OF LAMPS


1000

2000

5000

14000

7500

7500

5000

15000

10000 18000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

AVERAGE LIFE ( IN BURNING HOURS)

GLS

HALOGEN

FTL

FTL(TRIBAND)

CFL

FCL

HPMV

HPSV

MHL

LPSV

LA

MP

TY

PE

SAVERAGE LIFE OF LAMPS


100

100

54

86

54

54

46

23

95

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CRI

GLS

HALOGEN

FTL

FTL(TRIBAND)

CFL

FCL

HPMV

HPSV

MHL

LPSV

LA

MP

TY

PE

S

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX


LUMEN DEPRECIATION


0

0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

10

1

4

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

RESTRIKE TIME IN MINUTES

GLS

HALOGEN

FTL

FTL(TRIBAND)

CFL

FCL

HPMV

HPSV

MHL

LPSV

LA

MP

TY

PE

S

HOT RESTRIKE TIME

Date post:	15-Nov-2015
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Training - Light Sources

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