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SUMMER TRAINING

ON

INDIAN RAILWAYS

PRESENTED BY:- GAURAV KUMAR JANGID

BRANCH: ECE

ROLLNO- 12EREEC201

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TRAINING BASED ON:-

Microwave Communication

Optical Fiber Communication

PRS and UTS

FOIS

COIS

Railnet

Telephone and Trunk Exchange

Networking

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ELABORATION

MICROWAVE

COMMUNICATION

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Microwavesare radiowaves with wavelengths ranging from as

long as one meter to as short as one millimetre, orequivalently, with frequenices between 300 mhz(0.3 ghz) and 300 ghz. this broad definitionincludes both uhf and ehf .

Various sources use different boundaries.in all

cases, microwave includes the entire shf band (3to 30 ghz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RFenginneering often putting the lower boundary at1 ghz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 ghz(3 mm).

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Microwave propagation

modes microwaves, one generated, propagate in a

straight line in all directions

there are mainly 3 modes of propagation possible,

and the mode is decided based on distance and

terrain: LOS, Skywave Propagation, Ground Reflection

Path

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Line of Sight (LOS)

Line-of-sight propagationrefersto electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave

propagation. Electromagnetic transmission

includes light emissions traveling in a straight line

LoS (Line of Sight) is a visible straight line

between the sender and the receiver

LoS propagation

propagation of microwaves in astraight line free from any obstructions

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LOS Occurence

Tower ATower B

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LOS Problems

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LOS Solution (Fresnel Zone)

Fresnel zone

eliptical area aroundthe LoS between a sender and

receiver.

Microwaves spread into this area once

are generated by an antenna.

This area should be free of any

obstacles:

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LOS Solution (Fresnel Zone)

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ADVANTAGES:-

Because of high frequency, more datacan be sent through microwaves ->

increased bandwidth, higher speeds

Keep it as hop to hop connections.

Can make MESH connections with thehelp of this.

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Other Usages

carrier waves in satellitecommunications

cellular communication

bluetooth

wimax

wireless local area network

GPS (Global Positioning System)

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THANK

YOU

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Any

QUERIES????