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ABSTRACT
INDIAN RAILWAYS is the central government-owned railway company of India, which
owns and operates most of the contry!s rail transport" It is overseen #y the $inistry of
Railways of the %overnment of India"
Indian Railways has more than &',()* +ilometers .,./) mi0 of trac+ and 1,/2 stations" Ithas the world!s forth largest railway networ+ after those of the 3nited States, Rssia and
4hina" 5he railways traverse the length and #readth of the contry and carry over / million
passengers and ("2 million tons of freight daily" It is one of the world!s largest commercial or
tility employers, with more than )"& million employees" As to rolling stoc+, IR owns over
(/,/// freight0 wagons, &/,/// coaches and .,/// locomotives"
Railways were first introdced to India in )2*" 6y ).'1, the year of India!s independence,
there were forty-two rail systems" In ).*) the systems were nationali7ed as one nit,
#ecoming one of the largest networ+s in the world" IR operates #oth long distance and
s#r#an rail systems on a mlti-gage networ+ of #road, meter and narrow gages"
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1. INTRODUCTION
Railways were first introdced to India in )2*" 6y ).'1, the year of India!s independence,
there were forty-two rail systems" In ).*) the systems were nationali7ed as one nit,
#ecoming one of the largest networ+s in the world" IR operates #oth long distance ands#r#an rail systems on a mlti-gage networ+ of #road, meter and narrow gages" It also
owns locomotive and coach prodction facilities"
Indian railway is the #iggest employer in the world, largest single nderta+ing in the contry
and second #iggest electrified system in the world after Rssia"
1.1. RAILWAY ZONES
Indian Railways is divided into 7ones, which are frther s#-divided into divisions" 5he
nm#er of 7ones in Indian Railways increased from si8 to eight in ).*), nine in ).*(, and
finally )1 in (/)/" 9ach 7onal railway is made p of a certain nm#er of divisions, each
having a divisional head:arters" 5here are a total of si8ty-seven divisions"
9ach of the seventeen 7ones, inclding ;ol+ata $etro, is headed #y a %eneral $anager
%$0 who reports directly to the Railway 6oard" 5he 7ones are frther divided into divisions
nder the control of Divisional Railway $anagers DR$0" 5he divisional officers of
engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommnication, acconts, personnel,
operating, commercial and safety #ranches report to the respective Divisional $anager and
are in charge of operation and maintenance of assets"
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North 9ast Railway %ora+hpr
' North 9ast #li
)( West 4entral Railway ?a#alpr
) 9ast 4entral Railway 6ilaspr
)' North West Railway ?aipr
)* 9ast central Railway >a7ipr
)& Northern Railway 6aroda >ose Delhi
Railway re:irement #oard re:ites officers@wor+ers for Indian Railway departments" Spread
over the states of Raasthan and %rat , Amer Division e8tends from $adar Amer0 to
;andla =ort and frther to New 6h and Naliya" In soth , the section e8tends from
4hittargarh to >immatnagar via 3daipr , providing a lin+ to Ahemda#ad"
1.$. SUBSIDIARIES
Indian Railways manfactres mch of its rolling stoc+ and heavy engineering components
at its si8 manfactring plants, called =rodction 3nits, which are managed directly #y the
ministry" As with most developing economies, the main reason for this was the policy of
import s#stittion of e8pensive technology related prodcts when the general state of the
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national engineering indstry was immatre" 9ach of these si8 prodction nits is headed #y
a %eneral $anager, who also reports directly to the Railway 6oard"
1.%. RAILWAY SI&NALLIN&
It is a system sed to control railway traffic safely, essentially to prevent trains from
colliding" 6eing gided #y fi8ed rails, trains are ni:ely sscepti#le to collisionBfrthermore, trains cannot stop :ic+ly, and fre:ently operate at speeds that do not ena#le
them to stop within sighting distance of the driver"
$ost forms of train control involve movement athority #eing passed from those responsi#le
for each section of a rail networ+ e"g", a signalman or stationmaster0 to the train crew" 5he
set of rles and the physical e:ipment sed to accomplish this determine what is +nown as
the method of wor+ing 3;0, method of operation 3S0 or safe wor+ing Astralia0"
3nder Rote SignallingC a driver is informed which rote the train will ta+e #eyond each
signal nless only one rote is possi#le0" 5his is achieved #y a rote indicator attached to
the signal"
3nder Speed SignallingC the driver is not informed which rote the train will ta+e, #t the
signal aspect informs him at what speed he may proceed" Speed Signalling re:ires a far
greater range of signal aspects than rote Signalling
1.'. DE(ART)ENT O* NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY
+HEAD,UARTER O**ICE - AI(UR/0
?aipr railway has following departments
)" Railnet
(" IRS
" 98change
'" $icrowave
*" 4ontrol department
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$. RAILNET
5he networ+s sed in railways are as
)0 Rail-net
(0
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$.' TOOLS
9-$ail
9DI 9lectronic Data Interchange0
WWW
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*i5 $.1" Railnet general Arrangement
$.6. CO)(ONENTS O* RAILNET ARRAN&E)ENT
$.6.1. HARDWARE CO)(ONENTS
H4ompa: Servers"
H4IS4E Roters, Switches G >#s"
Strctred ca#ling sing 35=-4at * ca#ling )/ $6=S0 - $a8imm distance
permissi#le )// meters #etween
$.6.$. SO*TWARE CO)(ONENTS
$S Windows N5 Server - Eperating system for server
$S Windows N5 Wor+station '"/ - Eperating system for wor+stations
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Internet Information Server "/ - Administrates internet access in LAN"
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Direct signal traffic efficiently"
Rote messages #etween any two protocols"
Rote messages #etween linear #s, star, and star-wired ring topologies"
Rote messages across fi#er optics, coa8ial, and twisted pair ca#ling"
$.7.% SWITCH
5he switch is sed to interconnect the Nodes" 6t it is more comple8 and versatile, and also
there is no division of #andwidth among the nodes" 5hey are active device with following
pointsC
)0 )/$#ps, )// $#ps, single-speed, or dal speed operation"
(0 4ongestion control, which means that the switch shold have enogh #ffers to
ta+e care of the traffic pea+s"0 Segmentation of local networ+
'0 Speed p the local networ+" 5hey are of 2, )& or '2 ports active terminal"
$.7.' HUB
It is active nction #o8, which is sed to connect the nodes and all the servers sing any type
of ca#le 35=, 4oa8ial etc0" It contains a division of networ+ #andwidth" 5he important
parameters to #e considered whole selecting areC -
Spport for dal-speed operations"
Nm#er and types of ports, 35= and 6N4"
Ato switching"
Spport a #ilt-in segment switch"
9ase of configration
It can have a capacity of 2, )& or (' nodes and the ma8imm distance #etween ># and
nodes is )// $t" If distance is more, then additional >36 mst #e sed"
$.7.2 NODES
5he terminals or compters which are interconnected throgh switch or h#s
$.7.4 *IREWALL
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)0 It is secrity prpose software, which is sed to secre the server contents, so the
otside ser cold not temper the information" 5he ser can read the information
#t can not write any thing
$.9 NETWOR8 INTER*ACE CARD
It is a device having intelligence to control access to the networ+ and ena#les commnication
across the networ+" 5hrogh NI4 the nodes are connected fnctionally and physically to the
networ+" It is also called networ+ adapter" It manages the transfer of data throgh the nodes"
In a LAN each device is attached to the shared transmission medim throgh a networ+
interface card NI40"It contains logic for accessing the LAN and for sending and receiving
#loc+s of data on the LAN"
$.1: WOR8IN& O* RAILNET
Railnet is similar to internet" All the compters and commnication ca#les that ma+e p the
thosands of smaller networ+s at varios railway offices are connected together to form the
Railnet" It follows a simple rle, 54=@I=" >ere pac+et switching, where a compter message
is #ro+en into small pac+ets, is sed " 9ach pac+et consists of a destination address , a sorce
address and pac+et identity and ser data " A pac+et can travel throgh any path on the
networ+" Different servers of railways are connected to each other via its own microwave
stations to form a nationwide networ+ of Indian Railways"
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%. I3RS +INTERACTI3E 3OICE RES(ONSE SYSTE)/
%.1 INTRODUCTION
5he system in which, the information availa#le in the compter is retrieved #y the ser in the
form of voice with the help of the interaction #etween telephone and compter is +nown as
Interactive oice Respond System IRS0"
With the help of this system information regarding p#lic reservation B arrival @departre of
trainB fare can #e delivered to ser when and where it is as+ed throgh telephone "
9ach section control office is having a compter called DA5A 9N5RY 4E$=359R along
with dial p @ lease line modem which is sed for lin+ing the compter of other control
offices either directly or throgh server availa#le at 4hrch-%ate " 9ach control office
compter is identified as chec+ @ data entry point" Information regarding the rnning of the
train can #e registered or chec+ed at every )* minte"At place where the information is to #e retrieve throgh 5elephone, an compter is lin+ed
with data entry compter called IRS 4E$=359R, which is connected to data entry
compter #y 95>9RN95 4ARD" 5hese compters read the information from data entry
compter and then convert it to voice for ser prpose"
%.$ HARD WARE
DA5A entry terminal compter
$odem
IRS terminal compter0
DATA ENTRY TER)INAL
It is a personal compter of more than )&& $>7 with )& $6 RA$" It also has a (") %6
>ard dis+ with a )/) +ey +ey#oardB a mose G a color monitor"
)ODE)
5he data entry terminals are lin+ed with lease line@ dialp modem of speed #etter than "&
;6=S"
I3RS TER)INAL
It is =entim ) $>7 ="4" with (' port dialogic cards called IRS card capa#le to respond
on #oth plse and tone" Et of (' ports K' ports are sed for voice and
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ports are sed for railway =S5N linesB ( ports are sed for fare in:iry and rest )& ports are
sed for train in:iry"
%.% SO*TWARE
%.%.1. CO(ETSIt is friendly ser software, which is sed to record the train schedle timing information in
data files"
5his software is having following facilities,
)0 5he system is secred #y stages of password facility"
(0 It is having the facility for data entry of rnning@schedle time"
0 9ntry for e8pected arrival@ departre"
'0 Addition and removal of data entry points"
*0 Addition and removal of train in the system"
&0 4hanges in the data#ase for timeta#leB fare ta#le etc"
10 5his software is having a facility to generate the report of
a0 Stats of rnning train as per -
according to train
According to control office
As per a specific interval
#0 Information of train, when the train is late more than specific hors"
c0 Smmary of any train rnning over the month"
d0 It also shows the train graph" It restricts the entry of train after a specific period
i"e" the file is deleted for a train after ( hors of its arrivalB and deletes the files which
are '2 hors old and restrctre@reorgani7e the files
%.%.$ CO))UNICATION SO*TWARE
5his software wor+s on the principle of pac+et switching in which each train file is
developed in the form of pac+et along with destination address"
In IRS system $m#ai 4entral compter acts as >36 and it will dial or connect throgh
lease line after a specific interval to the data entry compters of different control offices and
e8change the files with them"
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When a pop file is generated after every )* mintes in data entry compter, then file is
transferred to its :ee directory" When >36 compter is connected to data entry compter,
>36 searches the files from :ee directory and then down load in its receive directory and
similarly the :ee directory files availa#le in >36 will #e received and stored #y data entry
compter" 6y this way the :ee directory files are e8changed and pdated"
5he commnication software is also having the facility for 4R4 chec+ cyclic redndancy
chec+0 and receives chec+" So in case of line failre or modem falty, when the file cold not
#e e8changed, then >36 try to esta#lish the lin+ and if is not a#le to e8change, then it will
create alarmB and show lin+ #rea+
5he important facilities of commnication softwareC -
)" Ato dialing facility for origination of transmission of information or data"
(" >aving facility of ato pic+p of file from remote :ee directory"
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*i5.%.1. Enline train information connectivity
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'. ELECTRONIC E;CHAN&E
Railway departments, offices and wor+stations need to commnicate among themselves"
>ence they re:ire a separate commnication connecting the whole organi7ation" Railway
has its own commnication system inclding microwave stations and atomatic electronic
e8changes"
Table'.1. 6asic configration of e8changeC
'.1 BASIC CON*I&URATION O* E;CHAN&EC
CONTENTS0
A Railway e8change #asically contains the following sectionsC
)SE0 =ower spply nit, one DD switches, Relays etc"
C)E0 4ommon control nit
$ain 4ontrol 4ards areC
4=3/C contains O= &2///
$$/C Random Access $emory with which 4=3 commnicates all
time
DTCO < IOC$0 4ommnicates with peripherals #y means of RS(( serial ports , DD controller cardsLTE0 9ach L59 contains a power nit and a highway interface card which
is connected with the 5SW49 cards to carry the highways"
L59 P ( L59 P 1
L59 P ) L59 P &
L59 P / L59 P *
4$9 L59 P '
$S9 L59 P
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*i5.'.1. Diagram of $S9
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*i5.'.$. Diagram of 4$9
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'.$. HARDWARE DESCRI(TION
LA)(S
RUN La=>0 %reen EN indicates that the program is nder e8ection"
ACT La=>0 %reen EN indicates the active mode is on"
SYSDOWN La=>0 Red on indicates that the system is down"
Table '.$.Lamps and indication conditions
La=>s Indi?a#ion Condi#ion
$? $aor
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1. (CB0 =4-SS4
Na=e0 System Spervisory 4ard
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 4$9 )1
*!n?#ions0 =rovides Alarm Indication, $aintenance data sending @Receiving and
LI< data sending and Receiving fnctions, connected to the 4=3,internal nit connector I34/0,Loop interface 4ircit LI
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=rovides D$A4 with ' channels C
4hannel )C
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Na=e0 5ime Switch A
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 4$9 1
*!n?#ions0
=rovides a )/(' Kchannel 5ime slot memory 5S$0 and Switch
4ontrol $emoryS4$0 for e8changing )/('channel time slot Distri#tes maintenance orders from the 4=3 to the >WI< and I="
Reports #y maintenance orders $S4N0 , self =46 5ro#le
information digital tie line cloc+ distri#tion pc# 4L;D0 tro#le
information and chec+ reslts of tone sender patterns to the 4=3 "
7. (CB0 =4 5SW4E
Na=e0 5ime Switch 4E
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 4$9 /1, (&
*!n?#ions0
Incorporates two )/(' channel time slot memories 5S$0 and one
switch control memory S4$0 and operates in com#ination with
=45SW4 ) to convert (/'2 channel time slots
=erforms speech attenation #y means of a digital pad
Distri#tes $aintenance orders from the 4=3 to the >WI= and I=
5hrogh $aintenance scanning $S4N0 , reports self =46 tro#le
information and chec+ reslts of tone sender patterns to the 4=3"
9. (CB0 =9 D;4/
Na=e0 Dis+ 4ontrol /
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 4$9 )), ((
*!n?#ions0
4ontrols pto two * Q inch hard dis+ nits"
Interfaces with the =4 SL6E =46"
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Rote WIighway Interface
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59-((
*!n?#ions0
4onfigres 5he =4$ channels from the L59 niversal port 3=0
into >W and connects these >W to the time division switch 5SW0
in the common 9:ipment"
=erforms order sending and event receiving to and from preprocessor
==0 in the niversal spport via #s"
=rovides a trning fnction for each channel"
1$. (CB0 =6 SLI4A
Na=e0 S#scri#er Line 4ircit A
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 2
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59
*!n?#ions0 5his =46 provides a s#scri#er circit for ordinary telephone sets with
6ERS4>5 fnctions and is availa#le in si8 types of =46 options with
different fnctions"
6 - 6attery feed speech crrent spply0
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E - Ever voltage =rotection
R - Ringing
S - Spervision
4 - 4ode
> - >y#rid (W to 'W 4onversion0
5 - 5esting S#scri#er 5est0
1%. (CB0 =9 I34E
Na=e0 Inter nit control
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 )
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 4$9 ), (/
*!n?#ions0
Inter nit 4ommnication #y to+en 6s System
44$ fnction
Drives @ Receives inter nit maintenance #ses"
1'. (CB0 =4 SLI49
Na=e0 S#scri#er Line 4ircit 9
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 2
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59
*!n?#ions0 =rovides a digital S#scri#er Line Interface"
12. (CB0 =6 6W5L
Na=e0 6oth way 5rn+ lines
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 2
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59
*!n?#ions0
Sends @ Receives central office line signals sends Selective signals ,
Detects ringing signals And loops 0
Sends Low resistance Dc Loop signal or A4 high resistance loops
signal to the central office
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4onverts voice signal into =4$ signals and sends these signals to
highway or converts =4$ signal into voice signals"
Indicates channels #loc+@#sy 4onditions"
14. (CB0 =6 =6R5
Na=e0 =6 receiver 5rn+
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 2@'
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59
*!n?#ions0 5his =46 provides a circit which receives =6 signals from terminals
connected to central office lines and from station telephone and
identifies the codes"
16. (CB0 =6 =E5
Na=e0 =osition 5rn+
No o@ Ci"?!i#s0 ) or (
)o!n#in5 (osi#ion0 L59 ()
*!n?#ions0 Send@Receives control information and voice signals to the attendant
console"
$i8es and divides voice signals and also inserts interrpts"
17. (CB0 =6 4ighway nm#er L59 nm#er0
(( =rocessor peripheral no
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S Serial 98tension
'.'. (ROCESSOR (ERI(HERAL + ((/
(/ == slot are there in each L59
9ach slot having 2 ports accommodation
Last slot pp-).0 is having only 1 ports
5otal no of ports in each L59 (/T20-) )*.
4ommand Synta8
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2. )ICROWA3E CO))UNICATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
4ommnication refers to the sending , receiving and processing of information #y electronic
means 5he information signal which has to #e transmitted is initially in speech form , fortransmission this information is first converted into electrical form" Now these signals are
transmitted #y any of the methods li+e satellite commnication, microwave commnication,
E"
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modlated for high fre:ency" 5his signal is passes throgh wavegide and transmitted #y
antenna" Similarly reverse process for receiving"
*i52.1. 6loc+ diagram of microwave center
In this radio e:ipment is prodct of >aris 3"S"A0 company and $ltiple8ing e:ipment is
prodct of =4L =na# commnication ltd"0, 4handigarh"
2.'. (ROCESS *OR )ULTI(LE;IN&
*i5.2.$.$icrowave mltiple8ing
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5here are two approaches for $ltiple8ingC
Eld techni:e says that first $odlate 5hree or some channel at different fre:ency and
ma+e this type of s#grop and now this type of s#grop is modlated same higher
fre:ency and ma+es this type of grop of s#grop" 5his grop is again modlated and
ma+es this type of sper grop of grop" 5his process is contining according to no of
channels" 5his techni:e is e8pensive, low efficient and re:ires more circit"In second techni:e each channel is modlated standard fre:ency say '2.& ;>7 and now
this is again modlated with different standard carrier signal" 5his carrier signal is selected
#y com#ination of switches position on@off0 on D5L card" 5his is less e8pensive and
re:ires low circit"
$3L5I=L9N% 4IR43I5C In mltiple8ing circit, ca#le from 98change is connected to
tag #loc+" After a tag #loc+, 5ermination #o8 is connected, from the e8change we get ( wire
and signal is /d#m" In termination #o8 the ( wire is converted into ' wire and de to
limitation of circit we get signal of -"*d#m"
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to prevent from interfacing of transmitting and receiving signal" Now transmitting signal is
passes throgh the wavegide and arrives on antenna and transmitted"
With the help of circlator receiving signal from antenna is passes in receiver circit" 5his
signal is filtered and amplified and demodlated in receiver circit" 5hen it is again filtered
now the signal is -)*d#m"it passes in mltiple8er #loc+ throgh amplifier #loc+" =rotection
nit is sed for protection prpose"
*i5.2.'. 6loc+ diagram of radio e:ipment
2.4 ANTENNA
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In microwave department para#olic antenna is sed whose anglar width is less than ) U"
Antenna is connected #y wavegide" In the wavegide the attenation is /"/1 d#@ meter" We
transmit signal at -'*d#m"at small distance -'/d#m is accepta#le" 6t when the distance of
two antennas is large then this attenation is considered" If antenna is sitated at )// meter
then the attenation is 1d# and transmitted signal remains 2d#m and at large distance this is
not sfficient so for +eep small wavegide length antenna +eep in grond and reflector issed at tower" Antenna transmit signal and reflector reflects the signal" 5hs the
commnication is line of sight"
*i5.2.2.4ommnication throgh antenna
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RE*ERENCES
)" Wi+ipedia
)" 98change 5raining manal
(" HIo8 )/// series vi0 general description $anal
" $icrowave department $anal
'" www"indianrailways"com