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Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

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Trait mining with eco-geographic data for improved utilization of plant genetic resources. Presentation for the cereal pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp. A brief overview of the new trait mining method: Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS). And many thanks to Michael Mackay and Ken Street for providing some of the slides! Endresen, D.T.F. (2010). Predictive association between trait data and ecogeographic data for Nordic barley landraces. Crop Sci. 50(6):2418-2430. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2010.03.0174
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Page 1: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)
Page 2: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

• U#liza#on  of  gene#c  diversity  •  Core  collec#on  subset  •  Trait  mining  selec#on  (FIGS)  

•  Computer  modeling  

•  Some  examples  (FIGS)  

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Page 3: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

 

corn,  maize  

wild  tomato  

tomato  

teosinte  3  

Page 4: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

C  A  

B  

Tradi#onal  landraces  

A  A  

B  

Crop  Wild  Rela#ves  

A  A  

A  

Modern  cul#vars  

Gene/c  bo1lenecks  during  crop  domes/ca/on  and  during  modern  plant  breeding.  The  circles  represent  allelic  varia#on.  The  funnels  represents  allelic  varia#on  of  genes  found  in  the  crop  wild  rela#ves,  but  gradually  lost  during  domes#ca#on,  tradi#onal  cul#va#on  and  modern  plant  breeding.  

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•  Scien#sts  and  plant  breeders  want  a  few  hundred  germplasm  accessions  to  evaluate  for  a  par#cular  trait.  

•  How  does  the  scien#st  select  a  small  subset  likely  to  have  the  useful  trait?  

•  Example:  More  than  560  000  wheat  accessions  in  genebanks  worldwide.  

6  Slide  adopted  from  a  slide  by  Ken  Street,  ICARDA  (FIGS  team)  

Page 7: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

•  The  scien#st  or  the  breeder  need  a  smaller  subset  to  cope  with  the  field    screening  experiments.  

•  A  common  approach  is  to  create  a  so-­‐called  core  collec/on.  

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Sir  OYo  H.  Frankel  (1900-­‐1998)  proposed  a  limited  set  established  from  an  exis#ng  collec#on  with  

between  its  entries.  

The  core  collec#on  is  of  limited  size  and  chosen  to  

 of  a  large  collec#on  (1984)  .  

Page 8: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

•  Given  that  the  trait  property  you  are  looking  for  is  rela#vely  rare:  

•  Perhaps  as  rare  as  a  unique  allele  for  one  single  landrace  cul#var...  

•  Geang  what  you  want  is  largely  a  ques#on  of  LUCK!  

8  Slide  adopted  from  a  slide  by  Ken  Street,  ICARDA  (FIGS  team)  

Page 9: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

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 Objec/ve  of  this  study:    

– Explore  climate  data  as  a  predic#on  model  for  “computer  pre-­‐screening”  of  crop  traits  BEFORE  full  scale  field  trials.  

–  Iden#fica#on  of  landraces  with  a  higher  probability  of  holding  an  interes#ng  trait  property.  

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Page 11: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

Wild  rela#ves  are  shaped    by  the  environment  

Primi#ve  cul#vated  crops  are  shaped  by  local  climate  and  humans  

Tradi#onal  cul#vated  crops  (landraces)  are  shaped  by  climate  and  humans  

Modern  cul#vated  crops  are  mostly  shaped  by  humans  (plant  breeders)  

Perhaps  future  crops  are  shaped  in  the  molecular  laboratory…?   11  

Page 12: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

•  Primi#ve  crops  and  tradi#onal  landraces  are  an  important  source  for  novel  traits  for  improvement  of  modern  crops.  

•  Landraces  are  ohen  not  well  described  for  the  economically  valuable  traits.  

•  Iden#fica#on  of  novel  crop  traits  will  ohen  be  the  result  of  a  larger  field  trial  screening  project  (thousands  of  individual  plants).  

•  Large  scale  field  trials  are  very  costly,  area  and  human  working  hours.  

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 Assump/on:  the  climate  at  the  original  source  loca#on,  where  the  landrace  was  developed  during  long-­‐term  tradi#onal  cul#va#on,  is  correlated  to  the  trait  score.    

 Aim:  to  build  a  computer  model  explaining  the  crop  trait  score  (dependent  variables)  from  the  climate  data  (independent  variables).  

Page 14: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

1)  Landrace  samples  (genebank  seed  accessions)  2)  Trait  observa#ons  (experimental  design)  -­‐  High  cost  data  3)  Climate  data  (for  the  landrace  loca#on  of  origin)  -­‐  Low  cost  data  

•   The  accession  iden#fier  (accession  number)  provides  the  bridge  to  the  crop  trait  observa#ons.  •   The  longitude,  la/tude  coordinates  for  the  original  collec#ng  site  of  the  accessions  (landraces)  provide  the  bridge  to  the  environmental  data.    

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Lima,  Peru  

Benin  

Alnarp,  Sweden  

Svalbard  

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hYp://barley.ipk-­‐gatersleben.de    

16  Powdery  Mildew,    Blumeria  graminis  

Leaf  spots  Ascochyta  sp.  

Yellow  rust  Puccinia  strilformis  

Black  stem  rust  Puccinia  graminis  

Faba  bean,  Finland   Field  trials,  Gatersleben,  Germany  

Forage  crops,  Dotnuva,  Lithuania   Radish  (S.  Jeppson)  

Potato  Priekuli  Latvia  

Linnés  äpple  

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 The  climate  data  is  extracted  from  the  WorldClim  dataset.    hYp://www.worldclim.org/    

 Data  from  weather  sta#ons  worldwide  are  combined    to  a  con#nuous  surface  layer.  

 Climate  data  for  each  landrace  is  extracted  from  this  surface  layer.  

Precipita#on:  20  590  sta#ons  

Temperature:  7  280  sta#ons  17  

Page 18: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

FIGS  selec#on  is  a  new  method  to  predict  crop  traits  of  primi#ve  cul#vated  material  from  climate  variables  by  using  mul#variate  sta#s#cal  methods.    

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Page 19: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

Origin of Concept (1980s): Wheat and barley landraces from marine soils in the Mediterranean region provided genetic variation for boron toxicity.

What is

Slide made by Michael Mackay 1995

hYp://www.figstraitmine.org/    

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South  Australia  

Mediterranean  region  

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FIGS    The  FIGS  technology  takes  much  of  the  guess  work  out  of  choosing  which  accessions  are  most  likely  to  contain  the  specific  characteris#cs  being  sought  by  plant  breeders  to  improve  plant  produc#vity  across  numerous  challenging  environments.        hYp://www.figstraitmine.org/    

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Page 21: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

Slide made by Michael Mackay 1995

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Page 23: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

–  For  the  ini#al  calibra#on  or  training  step.  

–  Further  calibra#on,  tuning  step  –  Ohen  cross-­‐valida#on  on  the  training  

set  is  used  to  reduce  the  consump#on  of  raw  data.  

–  For  the  model  valida#on  or  goodness  of  fit  tes#ng.  

–  New  external  data,  not  used  in  the  model  calibra#on.  

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Page 24: Trait data mining at European pre-breeding workshop at Alnarp (25 Nov 2009)

– No  model  can  ever  be  absolutely  correct  

– A  simula#on  model  can  only  be  an  approxima#on  

– A  model  is  always  created  for  a  specific  purpose  

– The  simula#on  model  is  applied  to  make  predic#ons  based  on  new  fresh  data  

– Be  aware  to  avoid  extrapola#on  problems  24  

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•  No  sources  of  Sunn  pest  resistance  previously  found  in  hexaploid  wheat.  

•  2  000  accessions  screened  at  ICARDA  without  result  (during  last  7  years).  

•  A  FIGS  set  of  534  accessions  was  developed  and  screened  (2007,  2008).    

•  10  resistant  accessions  were  found!  •  The  FIGS  selec#on  started  from  16  000  landraces  from  

VIR,  ICARDA  and  AWCC  •  Exclude  origin  CHN,  PAK,  IND  were  Sunn  pest  only  

recently  reported  (6  328  acc).  •  Only  accession  per  collec#ng  site  (2  830  acc).  •  Excluding  dry  environments  below  280  mm/year  •  Excluding  sites  of  low  winter  temperature  below  10  

degrees  Celsius  (1  502  acc)  

hYp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-­‐009-­‐9427-­‐1    

Slide  adopted  from  Ken  Street,  ICARDA  (FIGS  team)  

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27  Priekuli  (L)   Bjorke  (N)   Landskrona  (S)  

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Heading   Ripening   Length   H-­‐Index   Vol  wgt   TGW   Priekuli  (L)   Bjorke  (N)   Landskrona  (S)  

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Eddy  De  Pauw  Climate  data  

Harold  Bockelman  Net  blotch  data  

Ken  Street  FIGS  project  leader  

Michael  Mackay  FIGS  coordinator  

Dag  Endresen  Data  analysis  

•  Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) collected from different countries worldwide screened for susceptibility of net blotch infection (1676 greenhouse + 2975 field observations).

•  Net blotch is a common disease of barley caused by the fungus Pyrenophora teres.  

•  Screened at four USDA research stations: North Dakota (Langdon, Fargo), Minnesota (Stephen), Georgia (Athens).

•  1-3 are basically resistant group 1 •  4-6 are intermediate group 2 •  7-9 are susceptible group 3

•  Discriminant analysis (DA): •  Correctly classified groups: 45.9% in the training set

and 44.4% in the test set. •  Work in progress! (SIMCA, D-PLS)

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