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TOEGEP
ASTE
TAALK
UNDE
MASTERPROEF AANGEBODEN TOT HET VERKRIJGEN VAN HET DIPLOMAMASTER IN HET VERTALEN
Transferring British Culture In Dutch Subtitles:The Translation Of Realia In Yes, Minister
DoorLieselotte Smets
PromotorDr N. Malfait
CopromotorDr P. Flynn
Academiejaar: 2011-2012
Lessius Antwerpen | Toegepaste TaalkundeCampus Sint-Andries | Sint-Andriesstraat 2 | 2000 Antwerpen
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M a ,
D P F, D Na Maa
a a D Mc N ( )
ac, ac a .
Ta a a
b a a
a .
Y a.
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ABSTRACT
I a a a cb , aa ,
c a B , . Daab aa
ca a c aa a aa aaa b
ca b . H b b:
a baa caca b, aa c ca a
c b , ba caca. U aa a
a ca a aa aa , aa 31 bca,
aaa. Raa aa a, a c
, aa a b . Raa aa
, aa ca a (P 2005, 2007) aa, aa b
a B Naa c aa aa
. O aa , a
a a aa. I a aa baac
aac b, aa . D c ,
ca a b , aab c c
ba . D a aaa c ca aa a aa b ac P (2010) . Oa
ac a ba b, a a ac aa . D
ba ac ac: a . D a
aab aa, b.
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ABLE OF CONEN1. I.......................................................................................................................... 1
2. A ................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. Wa b? ................................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Wa aa aa (AVT)? .................................................................................. 2
2.3. T AVT ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.4. T b ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.5. H b ................................................................................................................. 6
2.6. Sb bb: a ba ................................................................... 7
2.7. T b c a ca ............................................................................... 9
2.8. Rac b ........................................................................................................... 12
3. ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1. Wa a aa? .................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. Taca .............................................................................................................. 14
3.2. Rac aa ................................................................................................................. 16
3.2.1. Caca aa .................................................................................... 17
3.2.1.1. NaaLa (1993), F (1993), G (1997) a Ra (2004) .......... 17
3.2.1.2. Vac a F ( Va 2004) ................................................................ 18
3.2.1.3. La (1997) ................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2. Caca aa a aa ......................................................... 21
3.2.2.1. Wa a a? .............................................................................................. 21
3.2.2.2. G (1997), Tac ( P 2009) a Da Ca & Ra (2007) ..... 21
3.2.2.3. F (1993), Fac A (1996) a P (2007) ..................................... 24
3.2.2.4. NaaLa (1993), La (1997) a Gb (2005) .................... 26
3.2.2.5. C a a ............................................................................................... 27
3.3. Tca b a aa ............................................................................. 284. E ........................................................................................................................ 30
4.1. Ea ba ac ................................................................................................. 30
4.2. Sc aa ac .................................................................................... 32
4.3. T ac ..................................................................................................... 34
4.4. Eac a a c cc .................................................................................... 36
4.5. Cc ............................................................................................................................. 37
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5. ............................................................................................................... 38
6. M ...................................................................................................................... 39
6.1. C .................................................................................................................................... 39
6.1.1. Y, M .................................................................................................................. 39
6.1.2. Ma Caac ............................................................................................................ 40
6.1.3. S a ......................................................................................................... 41
6.1.4. E ......................................................................................................................... 41
6.2. M aa ................................................................................................................ 41
7. ................................................................................................................................ 43
7.1. S a ........................................................................................................... 43
7.2. Caca aa .............................................................................................. 44
7.2.1. Ga ..................................................................................................................... 45
7.2.2. Sc ........................................................................................................................... 45
7.2.2.1. Sc: .............................................................................................. 46
7.2.2.2. Sc: a .................................................................................................... 47
7.2.2.3. Sc: a c ........................................................................................... 47
7.2.2.4. Sc: aa ............................................................................................ 48
7.2.3. C ........................................................................................................................... 48
7.3. Caca aa a .................................................................................. 49
7.3.1. Oca a.......................................................................................................... 49
7.3.2. O ........................................................................................................................ 50
7.3.3. Gaa ............................................................................................................... 51
7.3.4. Scca .................................................................................................................. 51
7.3.5. U cc ................................................................................................................ 52
7.3.6. Paaa ..................................................................................................................... 52
7.3.7. R ....................................................................................................................... 53
7.3.8. La aa .......................................................................................................... 53
7.3.9. Sb ................................................................................................................... 54
7.3.10. Cba a ............................................................................................. 54
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8. D ........................................................................................................................... 55
8.1. U aa a ........................................................................................... 55
8.1.1. Ga ..................................................................................................................... 55
8.1.2. Sc ........................................................................................................................... 57
8.1.2.1. Sc: G ............................................................................................. 57
8.1.2.2. Sc: Da ................................................................................................... 60
8.1.2.3. Sc: Pa c a Oaa ............................................................. 61
8.1.3. C ........................................................................................................................... 62
8.2. Eac ........................................................................................................................... 64
8.3. Ic a cc .............................................................................................. 65
8.4. T b a a ca a ...................................................................................... 67
9. ...................................................................................... 68
9.1. T Caa Sc ................................................................................................... 68
9.2. T cca ........................................................................................................ 69
9.3. T c ........................................................................................................ 69
10. C .......................................................................................................................... 72
................................................................................................................................. 74
Pa c ................................................................................................................................. 74
Sca c ............................................................................................................................. 74
Wb ............................................................................................................................................ 77
A A: E ................................................................................................. 78
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1. INTRODUCTION
Acc P (2010), a aa a a
c aac bc a c aa
ca b c, aa. I a aa a c b
a c c a b . T b a cc
aa, a a a a b b a
a aa. H, acc P (2010), b cc a
ca a b . Sb c a aa c a
b a ac, a a a cac a aa.
T a a aa b a a a a.
T ac b a a: Wc c
a b aa c aa a b B ca a
, ? I , a b aa, a a? T a ,
a a a aa Taa S. I ca
, ac b a a aa aa aa a
. T ca a aa a aa, b
aa aa a a aa. T caca ca aa a a aa a a a b a a cb a
ca. S ca b a aa a a c. Ca
aac aaa ac. F a a, T
(1995) c ac . T ca ac . Ca
, c a , c c
a , a Dc a b ca DVD a.
T c a cb aa aa. T
aa a ca , c b ca aa
a , a b aa a a . Ca c
, c aa a c aa , a a
aa b. I a cb ac a b c a
a , a c c ac a a c b b c
ba ac b P (2010). T ca acca
a a: b a , . T a ca cc
a a a a cc a.
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2. SUBTITLING AND AVT
2.1.
HA I BILING?M a b : a a cc a aa a
b a c ac a, b a a . Da
Ca a acac : b c aa a
TL a a ca b a, a a a ba
a a a a aa (2010:344).T c
a cc a aa. Sb a ac aa b
ac a c, a a a aa aa (AVT) a a a ca aa ( b a c a ca). T
a a c ac c aa c a c a
c b a aa a . Ta, aa ca a
a () c aa aa a. Da Ca a c a
b a a a a a; , a
(2010:344).
2.2. HA I ADIOIAL ANLAION (A)?
Sb a aa aa (AVT), a ba a
aa a a a a a a a (
ca). I , AVT a. T a (.. ca)
aa ba a cc aa. Ma
aa a a a (a) ba ca(), ca a ( a
c) a aa () a. Ra (2010) a a cba a aa a aa, c a ba ca ca b
a a aa a bc b.
F a AVT a a Taa S. I
a a a a c cab a a bc a ca
ac (Ra 2010, Da Ca 2010). A a , bc
ac c a b ac a aca c. A
, a ca a a a ca AVT b
ba ac a a a c a b a aa b
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a a, a a c a . Ra (2010) a
a a b cb :
T ( ) c aa a a b
b a ( a a a a aa). H,
c a a a c a a
( , a , ca, c.). T ca a b
.
a c ba a : c
baca b a c a a a c. H,
c a aa a baca a c (..
a ac). Ra (2010) a a a c
caa c a ca b, b ca, a.
T ( ) a c a aa
a ca baca a c. I a ac a aa a
a a a.
c a a a aa
(aa) a a b. I ca, a a a:
aa, a (c bac) a
a; a a, a a a cb aa .
EaAbca c a , c cc a.
T ba c a aa, c a
a a a a a aca ac .
A bc ba a ba, bc a
. Zababaca (2008) a cac aa cca
(a c ca b aa) a ca AVT ( F 1). H
c a a a . O a a aa a,
ba ba. N a ca (a aa, a
aa a a aa a a), a c ca
(ba, a ba). T c ca b cb (a) AVT b
ac a a. I ca AVT b a a
ca a b b a c aa c
a acc ac a a ca ba.
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aa
a
T c c a c aa
cca (Zababaca 2008, Gb 1997). S a a aba a
c ( c a c), ..
aa ; aba a c; aba
a a c , .. a a b a a; aba
a a a a, .. a a a a caac.
I a c a c, a a
c aa c a c. F a, b
a aba , a a a a c, a aa
a ba c, acca a . Ra (2010:13) a
ac a c aa , a c a
c a a a.
2.3. PE OF A
M a a b bb ( b), c AVT, b
aa. I a aa,
a a ac a (aa) aa.
Pa b a AVT c,
a ca. L bb, aa aa , b
F 1. Zababaca a a aa ,
aa Zababaca (2008:26)
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bb, a ac a (Da Ca a O 2010). T
a c a a a c b aa b a
a ab bac aa.
A AVT b a a a a. A a ,
cc c b cca a a a, a
a a c a a ba a a. O a,
a aa a a a a a c a
a. O a, a a c ( L a Ka
1999), c a a c a a cc.
A a a a c. I a a b
a a a a a c b a a a a. T
a aa ca a c a a a a
aa a a a
a. Ra a c ab, c a aa aa ba
b a a (Ra 2010).
S a AVT a a c. T aa
a c c a ab a (c a) ac
a a a b a. I a c a ca b
c a b a a, a aa a .
La, a caa a AVT. A a a a
aa (.. T), a a a a aba c (a a
a a) c ca b a a a b aa aa.
T aa a cb b a bb a b a: a b
a a , a b bb a b ,
a a . F a, a ac a a caac b
bb a c c; a c a b b bb a b
a b; c c ( c c a
b c a ac a a) a b b.
2.4. PE OF BILE
A AVT a ba aa, aa ca a aca
b a a a a AVT a a.
F a, ca b a a a AVT
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a aa b. L, b a b
a a AVT.
Tca, b cc a a c aa a
a aa a a (Da Ca 2010). T a
b a (Da Ca 2010): aa b c a
aa ( a a a aa); ba b, a a ,
aa c aa a aa.
Sb a a ca ca b c. T a
b a, b cc. Sc b, c c
aaab,a ca. W a DVD c, a a ,
bca b a b . I ca, b a b
a a a a ca c. I a ca ( a), a b c
aa b.
Sb ca a b ca b aa. Ma a b a
a b a aac, c ca aa a b a
b baca. I b, , aa ca baca. D
a a, b a a a b a. S
b a a ca baca b aa a a b
baca.
A b a a baca a ca a b ca b a
b a aa. H, a c a aa
, b c ca b a acc a abb (
abb ca bb). T aa aa c a
aa aaab ().
2.5.
HIO OF BILINGT b ca. S b a a, a
ac a a aa a (
b aa). W c
1920, a a a . Laa bca c
, a a a (a) a . F b
aa . T a a ca c b
a a a cac aa (Ra 2010),
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b cc (T 2009). S a a ac, ac
ac (a bb) a a aa c (a b).
Naa, b c : b a c
( b a) a b. I a a b, c
a . E a aa; aa a a
a aa c a a a a (Ia a Ca 1998). I
a a ab, aba b c a c b cc a
b c b c. U, c a a a a
a b ac a a acc (Ia a Ca 1998).
2.6. BILING E DBBING:AN NEOLED DEBAE
T a ba b bb b a a b
a bab b. I, ac a cc
. I ac, c a c
aca a (Ra 2010) a a b b a . I
a a a c c ; aba
.
B b a bb a aaa a aaa (a Tab 1
b). A a c , ca (T
2009). I a a a c ac : a a
aaa b a aaa bb a c a (Gab 2008). F a
a c, T (2009).
O a aaa b ca baca a
a a ca. O , b, ca a. I bb,
, a a : c a a a aa, ac ( )
a a cca, a b a c. A a ac a a , bb a a c a b. T aa
b c b ca b a a c, a c a . T b
b aa aac, b a a a b a b ca.
A a aaa a b c
a ac, a ac. T a ac a bb,
a ca a ac b c a a
aa. T ( a a ca a a, a ca
) a c a b.
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A a aaa b aca a. W a a
a a aa ba a ac a aa a b,
c aa a b b bca aa (T 1987, T
2009). Dbb ca a aa a a.
Sb a a aaa. F , a a
( c aa) a a a . M, aa a
a c aa c b aaab ( ) a a
b aa, c c b
ac. U b, bb ca a aa a c a
aaab a a a; ac bab .
T ca a b a a a. I a ca a ca
a a a , b a a cc a c c
a c aa. Dbb c ca a ca ac
a; , c a .
E c a b a ca b c a
a a a c ca a. E ca a a a
a , a a b bca a ca
ca a a. Ma a ca (a)
a. T aab c a. H,
caac aa c a a a a
b. Dbb a b a.
I c c aa c b. I c, b a
. W aa a aa a ca , b
a ca c a c, c ca. A a
ac a c, ac a . T a a ac a
cc, c a c aa a ac b aa
aa b. Dbb a a c c a a a ca a aca
a cca a.
La, bb a b a a. T ca a
cab ac c, c a a a .
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DP C P C
Ca() Ma a b Ma c M
Fa() L a N a Ta
N ac V a N a
L ac
Paca a L ac &cc
N ac &cc
N aca a
Ia a Ia a 1.T aaa a aaa b a bb.
2.7. HE BILING POCE AND I CONAIN
T c ca b ca b b a a a. N
a a a a a c b c; Sac (2004) . M ca a a a a.
T b a ca a b ca aa, aca
a c aa a aa, a ba a
a . T a b b : c a
c a a b a aa. T ca b a
aa a ca a a a aa. Sac (2004) ca
aaa. S cca a
b, , , b aa a aa c. A
b a b a, b cc a a ca cc. T
b ac aa b a aa a c,
c Sac (2004) a.
T ca aa a c a
a a a ac. W aa c a
ca a b a (b , a ca b a c) b a a
ca a a b a. I a ca a ca c a
acca b. T a aa b a a b. Da
Ca (2010) a a c b a aa a, b a
ac a a a a.
T ca ac ca a a, a a a a a
c a b a c aa. F
a, , a a a b . H, a ca aa
b a a c a a c. I Jaa, ac, a a ca a a b c aa.
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F c a a aa
c, a a b . T b c
a b b.
T a ac aaab a a a ca b a
aa. Sb aa c c
a, a ac b. T a a ac a a ca
cc a a a , a aa ; Da Ca
, b a aa c (2010:346).
I cca ca a a c ca. T b a
b, b a cca a a a c ca. T cca a
a b a a a cc c
baca a a a b a (a
c a b ). T baca
a ca (ba Da Ca a Ra 2007):
A (a) b a b . Aa b a
, b a a c ac a c,
c a a a a. A a a c b
c ba a a a a a b a c a b a.
Sb aa aa a b c a a a a. T a
c: b a b a a c
c , ca c b b. Sb
aa a aa a a ca a c a b a ca
c. W a b a a c
c c c; b a c.
T c a a b ca aa
c c. Ta aa a a aa a
a a b c b a . T a ac
baca (ca c a a a a
c a a caac ), c a
a . T a ca a a
b 33 43 caac ( 66 86 ), a aa 37
caac a 40 caac a ca c.
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M b a a . T a a caac
b b a , a caac c (c)
(). T aa 12 c ba
c 37 caac , c a . Y, ca
a a a a a a 14 c, a
a a b. T c a
a a c .
A b aa a ac a a a a. I cca
, ac a cc a a . T a
a a a a aa c (1/24 1/25 c
a a c ). T a c a
c a a a a c b
aa.
A b aa a ac a a a b a
a c a a a c a
.. b a aa a a . Sb a a
c a ca (a ca caa a c), b
a c ca (a ca b c a ). V b
a c b a a a a a cca . F a, a a a
12 c ( 24 a c), a b a caac cca
aa a 0.25 c, c a b c. T a
a aa aa c b a a
c.
T aa b a c ba a b b a
ca b. I b aa a a
a , a c ca a b. T
a a b a b b
b a a .
W ac b, ac ac acc b ac a a a
b. F a, a b a ba b
a ac a a a . O a
c b b ac ( ac)
bca a aa .
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Eac b b aca ca a c ac a a c, ca
a acca (Da Ca 2010:345). I , ac b a
cb . A a, ca a bac
a a a b, a . I, b b a
c b a a a b b c.
T a ca bc ; a b c a
. Sc ca a c b b cca aac a ca ca. F
ac, b ( c a
ac a ) c a a a a ac
a ac ( c a a a ). Naa a a
ca a b cca c, a a c
aa a a ca (a ca), ,
aba b.
2.8. EEACH ON BILING
Rac b ca c a ac: a
b b a aa (a a c) c b .
A aa a , b a aca aa c bca ca a b. A Gab (2008) , a b a c
b b a a, b a ca a a
a c: c c ac c, .. a
a aa, c a (.. a, ca, c.) ac. F
ac c c ac, a Bc (2009) ( ) abb
a Ma (2009) aa c ac b. F ac a a
c ac acc, a M (2011) c aa
c ac Ia a P (2009) aa a a c
a ca. A a b a aa
b, a AVT (, b) ba cab cc
a a. T a a c aa, b a a
a b aaab a aa (Dabaa 1994). T b c a
ba a a (a aaab), a a a b.
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3.REALIA
3.1.
HA AE EALIA?T La a (La 2011:126). Raa a (
c) a a cc c, , a Da Ca a Ra
: ac c a a a c c, ,
a (2007:200), b a G (1997 , a ca b
a a a . A a b
ca b aa aa b La: cc c a a c
c b a a c (2011:126). I , aa c a aa ca c. T a
c b c (c a ac) a b
c c b aa a aa (c a ac).
T , c b F (1993), a
cc . O a c
(NaaLa 1993), (CSI) (Fac A 1996), (La
1997), (ECR) (P 2005, 2007, 2010),
(Ra 2006), a (Da Ca a Ra 2007). S
c b a , a cc a
c a (La 2011) a a c, b a ca
a acca .
T, a a a cc ca c a a ca
c a a c, a a aa. N, ,
a b ca a a a c ca c ca b
a c ( Da 2008 a c c). T
a a a aa, a a c cc a b a b
Ba a Vc (1998).
Ob a aa a c a c ca a. F ac, 5
a 6 Dcb, L C cba a a a a a c;
c a Dc Fc. A a a a
c, c. E a c a
a c ca b aa a E, E a c
b a c, bca a a
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b . I a, ca c ( L C) b b b b
ca Na, B, Lb a a Fac. T ac a a
a a aa (a a a c a Lb) a
a cb c a c a aca aa, b a
aca ca c a aa() .
3.1.1.
ANCLALI
A La (2011) , aa ac ca , b a
ba. J a c aa, aa aa ca b b b a
aa. T a c aa a bc ca aa
cc b b a a a bc a a
a aa. T b cc a b a c. O
La (1997). S aa E F a
ca , c a a ca b . S b a a a
a b c a a, bca c c a. Ia,
W c, c ca c a bbca a. S
a aca a aa:
I F 2, a a ( ) E a a b ,
A c; a a ( ) F a a b, F c. T E a a bca A c b
aca a aca a a F c. T a a
a b c, , , a a
a b c. P (2010) c a acca cb ac
a ca ca ac ca b (c aca). H,
a cc , a a c a a a a c
ca aa, c c a a, a c
a ca a c. A, P (2010) a,
F 2. Oa c a b La (1997:80)
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a b c, a b b c. T a a
E a a F c a c a, ca
c.
P (2005) aba La (1997) . U La (1997), P
(2005) cca cb aca AVT, ca ac a
b a a aa. H a a a c a
acc ca ca a aa (.. c c a
c a a a). H c a c ; a,
a c , ca a a c c
, c a a b a c. H a a
aa:
T F 3 ca c c a a a
a c, c P (2005) a aca, c bca
ac ca b. I ba , a a a
. P (2010) a a a aa b,
bca ca b a ca aa a a
accb a ac. T ca a a
c c ac, b a c ac. A b
c, P (2005) a ca. T a a a
aca . Acc P (2010), a a a aa
b, aa a a a bc accb
a ac. La, b ca c
c a a ac c c. P (2005) a
F 3.T aca b P (2010:73)
ECR = ac ca
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cca, b a a b a a
bc, c b ca, a P (2010) a a a
a aca, c c ac a ca b
a c. T a, a a a a
. Acc P (2010), ca aa b bca
c a c a a c ac
a a, c aa ca a, ca.
P a a a a a aca a
a (2010:73). A b ab ac a aca a
ba, ac c . T a a a
a a b ca ( a c a ca b ab a b b
aca a ca, a), a a a ( a c a
ca b ab a ca, ac). Wa P (2005, 2010)
a ca b aca, ca aca .
T ca b c b a c a aca
ca aca a a aa a .
3.2. EEACH ON EALIA
E AVT a, c a c ba ca cca,
a c a a a (a b bb aa) a
. H, P (2009) a c b ba b ca a b
a a (.. a b aa). A, ac
aa (b AVT a a aa) b a a, a
a caca. S, a caca a c.
O a, a ca ba caa c c
, a c aac a c ca ba aa a b aa a . W a
c, a ca a c b ac ca.
U b a c a a c c aa.
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3.2.1.
CLAIFICAION OF PE OF EALIA
O a ac caca a a
a ac c. A aa a a ,
ac, ca a a a a a a ac c, c ca cca . I ca a ac c a
caca aa a cc . L, b
a a caca a a ba cc . M, a
La (2011) b, a b a a caca. T
abac . W a a a caca,
c ( a a aa a a
a c), b a caca a a a c
a a a a . T c cb
caca a. Caca a a a b a .
3.2.1.1. NEDEGAADLAEN (1993),FLOIN (1993),GI (1997)AND AMIE (2004)
F caca a (aa) a a ca. NaaLa (1993),
F (1993) a Ra (2004) b aca, ca, ca a ca
aa, F (1993) a a caa a ac
c, a Ra (2004) a G (1997) b cb cca
ca. T ca a a a aa: aca aa a c
ac a (A,a G 1997:189), ca
aa a a ( G), ca aa
c (, a F 1993:124) a ca aa ca
(). G (1997) a ca a: bc a aa,
c bc c (), a a aa, c
a c () a , c a a (). T a a ba
ca, b a NaaLa bca
a ca.
W aca aa, NaaLa (1993) bca. T
a, c ca c aa ( ). Sc,
, c ca c ca (). T bca
b, c ca c a a aa ( ). T a bca ca
a, c ca c , a (G). T a
bca ca c: b (A ), ( )
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a ( G). T ca ca c c a bca,
c c, c a a (CE). T c ca
aa, c a a ca ( C). T, c
ca c a aa (). T bca ca c,
c b c a bc (). La, c ca c
a a a a a, , a, , a c ( ). T
a a ca, ca aa, ca bca. R a c
c ac, a (B). T c ca a
a aca c (). T, a ca c ,
a a (BBC). T a bca, c, ca a ca c,
a a aa . G (1997) a a a bc
a ca a NaaLa (1993) ca ca,
c a c. I, a NaaLa a a a,
c a ca a, c G c.
NL(1993)
F (1993) G (1997) (2004)
G Gaca Gaca Gaca
Ga,
M, BH Hca Hca Hca
B, E,P
ScaTa ScCa ScCa
Ec, Scaaa, Pc,
Sca c,C
Pa a,
Pbc a
C Eac ScCa ScCa
R, Eca,
Ma, C
U
2. Scac a b NaaLa (1993), F (1993), G
(1997) a Ra (2004).
3.2.1.2. LACHO AND FLOIN (IN EAEE 2004)
O a a aa b Vac a F (
Va 2004). T caca a 1970 aa a aa. I
b a ca, ac c ac b a
a ca. A a c a a Vac a F ( Va
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2004); E ab ca a a Da Ca a Ra (2007)
(a cc c) a.
T a ca ca a a aca a, a a
aa ( aa) a . I
bca, c ca a. T b aca (,
) a ca c (). T c bca aca bc,
c a ca. H, ca a a aa
, a c ca aa c a a.
T a bca c aa a a c, c aa. Ea a
a .
T c a ca ac a ca a a a a
c a cca , c a a ca. T ac
a b a ca, c a . I ca
c a (, ), (), c (, ) a
(). T c a ca c b (), () a
a (). T bca a a a ca a a c, c
ca c c a (, ), ac (), , a
a (, , ), a (), a (). F,
c, c ca a a a (B
,C
) a
a, ca ca a a (, ).
T a ca ca a c ca a ca . I bca
aa a c a c, a a c a
aa () a a ca (, ). T c ca
ca c a c, c ca ca c
(, ). T, a c cca , c c
( ), ca c ( C), ca (, ), ca ca
() a b ( ). T a bca ca a a a bc:
(), a (), () a a (,).
F (2004)
G E
Pca a Da Aa a
Gaca bc W I a c
Ec aa a a c A a c Scca
Dc Ma a bc
Ma 3. Scac a b Vac a F ( Va 2004).
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3.2.1.3. LEPPIHALME (1997)
La (1997) a a aac. H a a a
aa, b c a caca a c
a. S ca acc a b , b b a ,
a ba a c. T a c
b a a a La (1997:1011). T a c a
.
O ca, a , ca b b. T a
ca a c, b a a a a. T ca
a a, c ca a a, a a a, c
ca a a. A a I
? ; a a a A . B
ca ca b a a a a, a aa ca
a ca , a a a a , a aa a a ca
b cab a a a. A a a c a
ca Saa a .
T c ca a. U a , a a
a. T a a bc cc a ca b a a
a a ca c a . A a c a a .
T ca ca a a a a aa caac (La
1997:11). T a c a ; a, a ca, c
a a b , b a a a bc . A
a , . T c a
a ac, c a a a a a ac, c a
. T a c ca: cba ac
a a c ca ( a, ), a ca
( c c) c a C.
L (1997)
A Sa
Sa ca & acP a a Ka a
a a 4. Scac a b La (1997).
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3.2.2.
CLAIFICAION OF ANLAION AEGIE FO EALIA
L caca aa, a a a a
aa aa caca. H, caca ,
a ca aa a a, bca b a a a a . I, a a caca a b
. T ca ca , b c
c acca, a a ca a aa a cb a a a
( a ac a/ c caca [G
1997, P 2010]). Aa, a caca a a c.
3.2.2.1. HA I A AEG?
B cb caca aa a,
c a a a b a. Taa a aa ca a
a a, b a Taa S, a
a c c bac Taa
S. Gab (2010) c a . F a,
c c, a a c a cb c aa a
aa aa a. T cc
cac b Va a Dab (1958), Na (1964) a c Ca (1997).
T c c a a a a a a a a
aa c aa b. Sa ca cb a a
aa a a ca c (L 1967/2000). I cc a
a a a , a b aa c b. T
cc b Gab (2010) a a a a a
c a aa. T a a a bc
c aa a c aa b
c.
3.2.2.2. GI (1997),OMAKIEIC (IN PEI 2009)AND DA CINA &EMAEL (2007)
E caca a a, a cb
a aa. G (1997) cb a a a aa ca
aa a, a Tac ( P 2009) a Da Ca a Ra
(2007) cca a b. D c, a
G (1997) a Tac ( P 2009) a a ca, a
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a a. T caca b Da Ca a Ra (2007)
c . G (1997) a b a G,
Tac ( P 2009) a Tac a Da Ca a Ra (2007) a Da Ca
a Ra.
T a a a a a a. F a, a ca b
c a ca a . F a, a B ca
b c a ac a B . G ca , Tac ca
b, a Da Ca a Ra ca a a. Sc, ca b aa a.
T a a aa a a a a. T aa a
c a a ca a aa b a a
cb a. T a a a a a a b aa
a. F a, aa Dc E, a ca a
D I ( I) b
cb a a , b G ( G)
aa a E a a (a a G 1997:45).
B G a Tac ca a a aa; Da Ca a Ra ca a
ca. T ca a c c a a a
. A a a a .
T a a a a
a ac caca. F, a
ca b aa b a , a , a a . ca ac
b aa a . T a G ca a aa c a a Tac
a aa. Da Ca a Ra a c a a ca
ca, c c a a , b a a cc
(a ) aa. T c a a a aa (a c)
a a c . I , c ac
b a a a a aa a a. I G , aa,
Tac , ac. T a ac a c a
a a a a c. T c a a
a a b c . A G a,
c a a a, a a a. A a aa Dc
A E (G a, 1997:46). B G a
Tac a aaa. Da Ca a Ra cb a a
a a a a c b a
c a .
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O a c caca b Da Ca a Ra, b
. T a c a a a aaa a
a a (a a c ). F a,
ca b aaa a . G a a a ; Tac
ca ca.
T a a a ac a. A
a a b Tac ac cc, b a
ac a a . T b a aa b c
ca a c a b . A a aa
B H . Da Ca a Ra a c
caca a a a ca ca. I c ca a
a c ca a (aa) a . A a a
ca, b c a aa a a a
aa b aba a a. A a a
c , a ac a a a. T a a a
a : aa a aa a a c c.
A a aa E, ca c,
( cc ca) Sa (a Da Ca a Ra 2007:207). T
a a a Da Ca a Ra c b. I c a a
aa a ac: c c c b c
ca b a ac ca b a , a a aa
a b . A a a (a Da Ca a
Ra: 204). Fa, G c a aa cba ca cb ac a
aa a a a.
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G (1997) ( P 2009) D C & (2007)
(aa) b a
a aa (a) a aa ca
(a)
aa c a
(a)
aa ca
aa (ba) ac a
aaa (aaa) aaa
(c) ca
ac cc
ca ca
ca
a
b
cba (cba) 5. Scac a b G (1997), Tac ( P 2009) a
Da Ca a Ra (2007).
3.2.2.3. FLOIN (1993),FANCO AIEL (1996)AND PEDEEN (2007)
T a b F (1993) a Fac A (1996) a
aa , a a b P (2005, 2007) a ca cca aa
b. Y a caca a ba a c b a a
b a ca a a a
ca aa. T ca a c ab ac a b
b F (1993), ca a b b Fac A (1996) a ca a
b P (2007). Eac a a a bcaca a
. T caca a b a F, Fac A a
P c.
Cc , F aba c. H a
a a ca c a aa
. F ac, a a c c a a b a Ra
aab, b b ca aa a a Cc
aab. F ca a aa; Fac A ca ac
aaa. T a a c a aa a a a ca
a, a . B a a c P . Fac
A a P a a a aa
a aa, a. P a a c b ca
a, c a aa aa a aca , a c aa, c
a ca. Fac A a c (ca)
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aa. I, F a ca a a a a ca a
ca b a a, a . A a
a b Fac A. B a , aa a a ,
b a a aa (a a aaa) a a a. T ca
a (aa) a b (aa).
Cc c c, F a a bcaca.
O a ab, a aa aa, c
c a a a . Fac A ca
aa (c ca b ab a
c a), P aa. F a a a b c
ac b a a a c. T a c b
b a , a a a a a a c a c. F
ca b aa, Fac A a aaa a P
a b. S, a aa ca b c c
a a c, a aa a c F a
cca P , aaa . U Fac A ,
c c ac b aaa. A ca a c b
aa. T a Fac A ca . I, P ca
ca ca c a a ca . F a a a
a: ca aa, b c
aa a a a a ba (a) bac c ,
a a c. Fac A a a a
c: a ca, c a ca a a
c , a , b c a ca c
ca a .
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F (1993) F A (1996) P (2005, 2007)
aa ac aaa
c (ca)
aa
ca a
c aa
aa aa aa aa
aa aaa b
c cca
()
ca aa
a ca
6. Scac a b F (1993), Fac A (1996)a P (2005, 2007).
3.2.2.4. NEDEGAADLAEN (1993),LEPPIHALME (1997)AND GOLIEB (2005)
La (1997) a a a aa a , a
NaaLa (1993) a Gb (2005) ca cca aa b
( NaaLa a a caca c a b ).
D a, caca a a. T
a b a NaaLa, La a Gb.
T a a a a a a a a a ca.
T a b a c ca a ca b
NaaLa a b b La a Gb. La a a
aa a c a ca b a a aa
a . T aa. A a c a .
NaaLa a Gb a , La a a , a
a c a a b , b a a
a, c a a. T a a a
a c ac a c c a a c, ca
ac b TL [a aa] b La a b b Gb.
NaaLa, , a ba: aaa, c
a a c a a aa; a aaa, c
ac a c a a a ( ) a c .
T a a a a a a b caca.NaaLa b c ca ( a a
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a aa), c ca a a c a aa (
a), c ca c aa. T a
a a aa Gb a. A a a c a
c c , c a NaaLa a ca a a Gb
ca cca. F a, aa Fc E
a a ca a a (a a
NaaLa 1993:220). La, La a Gb b c a a b
a c c a ac b a a c
c c a a c. T a ca ac b SL [c
aa] a aa c.
NL (1993) L (1997) G (2005)
aa
aaa ac b TL b
aaa
a
a a aa
c aa
ca cca
ac b SL aa
a 7. Scac a b NaaLa (1993), La (1997) a
Gb (2005).
3.2.2.5. CHOOING A AEG
D c a b aa a ac. Acc
P (2005), a c ac a c c a c c
b aa a a cca a b. T ac a
aca. T a b c, a
b c ca ca (c a a a aa). T a
c c, a ca, a aba
a. T c ac a P (2005) aa. A a b
a, a a a a, a b a, b
c . Ta ca aa
a, bca a . T, ca
c a a ac a c aa a. T ca a
a a a cc a , b ca;
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a , ca b a a. T ac,
c ac, ac AVT. I ba ca
cca AVT aa ca a a , b a
a a a ca b a a . T ac a
: c ( aa) a aa ca . I , b
a a c a a c a a b . S, a acc
ca. D a ac ca b, a a b
b a aa a a. A, a a
a ca cca ca b a a a a
a. T a a a P (2005) aaa
ca, c c c aa. T c
cc a a a a ca a a ba c
a . I, a, aa a b a a,
a a a a aa. I , a
ca.
3.3. HEOEICAL POBLEM IN ELAION O EALIA
T aa a a aa, b ac
bac. T b a , c c bac a c ba
Taa S, a a ac, c a aa c. La,
a a a a a aa c.
T b cc ca ac c a , a a
aca . T a c b aa, ca b ca
(La 2011:127). I, ca ca ca ca a a
ca b a a c cca c a aa. F a,
, , B (a c ) a cb B. T caac a a b acc a caba
a a a cb ac. T b ac a a
B aa, (, , a Ba ), c
B . I b a aa a ca
c ca aa , b a .
Sc, ba aa a ac a a ba b
c a a ba a c. I, c ac a . Wa a
bac a a b c b a c a a , c
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ca b, a a c a ca b . Ta, a, aa
a a P (2007) ca ca a. T , a aa, ca
aa ca b , c a a ba ca.
T a: a, aa aa a
F Da (P 2007:36). H, a a a a
bac. A P (2007) , c a a a
ca aa a aa aa. M,
ca a, a ca a a a c (
ca a a, c aa a ). F ac, P
(2007:37) a ca a S, c .
T a ca ac a a, bca a a
c b a , a a a bab a ac
a a, a a a a a a a . I, P
(2007) a a ca ca b. T a a a
cc b a , ac, c b c
a ( c) cab , a a a cc. B
a a Taa S a a : a ca
aa a c a ac a a a c ?
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4.EQUIVALENCE
T aa a aa c ba ac. I
cca a ac,
c cc ca aa, a aa a aa
a c a. T c ac , , a
aa Taa S, a a ca
b a ac. A Jab (1959/2000:114) a: Eac c
caa b aa. T c b a
aa ca a a a b a a
aa aa b a , b b aa,
c a a ba c a ca (Sa 1929, W 1956).
Acc , ac aa a a c a
a aa a c a . A a ,
a a aa cb a a . I
Sa: N aa a c a b c a a
ca a. T c c a c , a
ab aac (1929:209). T a aaab. I ca a a a (c c a c), a aaab; b
ca a ac a a, a a b c c
b c aa a.
4.1. EAL DEBAE ON EIALENCE
O a ac D Sa (1972),
a a c. I , c a
a , c a cab ac . T a
cc , a c aa
cc a aa. A ca b a , b a a a a a. T
b ( ) aa(), b a abac cc a. Eac , ,
a cc a a aa. A a , a ( ca b) a
aa. Acc , aa a a . T aa a
a c aa, c a c . H cc a a a aa aca . I ,
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a a a a a, a aa ac . ( a Va L Za
ca a aca). I c a a a a a , a
a a ca b a aa .
W a a , a, a a a a b
ac a a ba ca c a aa (). F,
ac aa aa a
a. I ca c b c a: a,
a a a . B a ca? Ta a
a, a a aa bac, a a
a a a , a a a a
aa. Sc, Ba (1923/2000), aa D
Sa c a a ac c bc a a
a .
Ba (1923/2000) ac c a a ac a
a. H b a bc
(1923/200:18), c a a a a D Sa (1972) a
. Ba a cc a a: a ca
a B b a Fca a a Ga c, b
bc a c a. I ,
aa (c. ) a bc
a c (c. ). A a c, , a Ba
a a a aa ab a a a a. T
, a a b: a a aa,
c, ca a c (1923/2000:18); ca a
c. Wa c a ca b a
aa, Ba , b c a b
. H cc a bc a b
a, a a acc. Y c ac
a, Ba c aaab. I ac, a a a ac a cc
a aa. Wa a aa a ab, acc Ba, b a
ac a a (a) aa c ac aa. A aa
c aa. I a aa, a aa
T Bab, b a c a aa a c
cc. T, aa bac aa, c a b, b a
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ac . A aa a a aa a
aa.
T a a abac Ba
a aaa. F a, Ba ca a a
aa acc. I b c abac a a a a acc.
I, acc Ba, a b a acab acc. Sc
a a, c bc aa. T a a, c
a ac, b a a a a , c Ba c
b aca. Taaab a a a a, b a aa
; a a caac aa a , a
b aaab. T bca c c
Taa S aa a ca c c aa a
a. T a ac a aa ca c ab a
. Ha a a a ac aa a b
a aa .
4.2. IC E ANLAION EIALENCE
T ab c a ba ac a a c cc, b ca (D
Sa 1972) ca (Ba 1923/2000) b c a b a
aa. T c cc a aa c a 20
c b a aa a ac
ac cc. T ab ca a aaca aa, a a c
cb ac a a a . Acc Va Bc (1999:212) a
Va (2005:72), a a ac a a aaca a b
ca a a. S a a AB , a B
A a . Ta a a AB a BC , a ACa . B Va Bc (1999) a Va (2005) a ca b
aa a. F a, aaca a a b, aa a
. B a a a . I a aa b
a aa, aa a b a. W aa
a aa bac c aa, a a bac
aa a ca a c . Va Bc
ca aa b (1999:213). Va (2005) a a c a. T
aaca a a a ca b aa ac c ,
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bca a b a a (a ca) a b
a c . T ca ca b a. A abac
aac a b a a ca a aa .
Ia c a aa (Va 2005:73) a c cca
ac a (Va Bc 1999:212). H, aa ba
a c, b , b a ac a a ca bc
a. I , c ac ab a b ac b a
b .
Jab (1959/2000), a ac a a D Sa, aa
ac a b, b a aa a aa
ac aa. H c c ac: a ac b
c (1959/2000:114). T E , Jab a,
a Ra , bca c ca c, a
. H, a aa ca a a a , cc a a
a aca c c. T, aa (
a) b, bca ac a a aa b a aa
c aa a, b b a a: ca
aa a, b a a c
aa a a aa.
Jab (1959/2000) b aaab. H , , a
c. I ca a b a a a
a a aa b, a a c. E
a a ca b a, a a (c a ) ca, bca
aa a a a . I a, a b ca ac
aca a a, a Jab ca aaca :
Ra a ac, b Ga (1959/2000:237). U
ac a aa a Ga a c a a a a b a
, a a.
W a c , Ca (1965), a a ca c
( ca Jab 1959/2000 Sca). I , aa (a aa)
ca b a c acc. W a ac, a
c ac b, b a SL a TL ca c a a
(1965:49). Taa ab c a a ( a , a Ca
c ca aa ) a a, b a a
a a ca b a a a c .
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H aa ac b . H a :
Taa ac cc a SL a a TL a aab (a a )
a a bac (1965:50). Ca (1965:51) a a ac
aa a a c . E c c
Naa c . Naa a () E (a
). S a b a a aa a (a c a) b ca
b a bac, a a aca c , ac a
a a a (b c ba a ).
D aa ac, Ca (1965) a a a
aaab. Lc aaab a a a c aa
a a ca a a aa, bca aa a .
T aaab a: aa a a a a a
ca, a aa a ca a b . T Ca, b
a ab a a ca a c ( a, a).
I c ca, a aa a a ab a aa
a aaab. Ca aaab, a, cc a c aa
a ab a c. T a aa, a a a c.
Aa, aaab ab a a b c aa a.
4.3. POLOGIE OF EIALENCE
O a, ac a b a
c. O a a b Na (1964/2000),
a ac. I a ac, aa a
a c a c a b a . T aa a
a b a c a, ac a . Na
aa a a a ac (1964:159). I acac, aa a a c aa a
b a aa. H a ca c ,
aab a a ac a a c. I
, ac ac ca b cb a a a c a b
c aa. T a ac a a a c,
b a a c. Na c a a aa
aa , a a a ac a a aa a ca b ca
b . T ac c a aa b a:
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c c a, c a c a , a
a ac.
Ka (1968) b ac. T
ac, c ca a c a b a c aa a a a
aa . I , c ac a c ab. H, a
ac a ca a c cca a a (Va
2005). M, ca ca aac c ab, Ka
(1968) a ac. T c a ac.
T ac cc a b a a c
. T ac a ac, b a a
c a a a c . I a a c , b
. T b a b a a: E a a
a Ga H (c a ca E ), E
a a Ga a, Ga a a
a, ac c a E (, , , a
) (a a SHb 1988/1995:20). I ca (a
), E a a Ga , b a
(a), E a a Ga . T a
ac a Ka ac. I cc a a
aca c , , c a ca b . T a
abac aa a a ca aac a
a , c a a aa (K 2009).
A aa ac a a b K (1989). H a ac
a a b a c a a a . W aa aca ac b
, ac ac (1989:99). T ac
a ac, b c a a a ac
. Sc, ca ac cc a []
a a aca a a aa (K 2009:97)
c a ac . I ac, a
ac, a a a c a c aa a a
a a a a a a c a . T
aac ac. Sc cc a a
ac, a a Na (1964) ac ac. T a a ac
a ac, c acc Ma (2008:47) a a Na (1964) a
ac. K a ac a aac(1989:100) a
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c c a a a c caacc a a. N a ac
ca b a a a aa, aa a cc. T ,
aa c , aa ca a ac a
b aa (1989:104), c ca c c ac
a .
4.4. EIALENCE A A DECIPIE CONCEP
T (1995) aca a c aac ac. U
cb , cca Taa S. H a a c
aac, aa ac, a ( )
ac b aa. Ra a ba ac a a
b, T (1995) a ac a : ac a a
b c ( a) a a aa ( c) a
ca c. H cc ac ba a ca b b a
a a c a ac a aca c. T a b
c a a a a a a a a aca c. T
a a a cca, bca ca b c a a ac
a (P 1992). H, a ba c
ac a: a ca b b b ca c a a
b ca.
Va Bc (1999) c ac b a a T a
c cc caac a b c a a , c ba
W a bac. T W, a a , b
a (Va Bc 1999:214). T a
a a a a a a ac , b a a c ac
ca. T ca a b a aa, acc Va Bc (1999). T a c a a ca a c b b a . I, Va Bc
a, a a a ca b cb aa a c ,
a a a a ac aa, a,
, a a ac aa (1999:214). I ca, ac
aa a a c , b a a a aa
a a b a c . I, acc Va Bc, a aa a
c a c bca a a (a
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aa a ), b a a, a ca a a a
aa a c ( ac ).
4.5.
CONCLIONT ba ac a b a a a Taa S a a
c. I ac, a bc ca a abac a a bc .
S ac, c a Ha (1999) ca a. Y
a cc ca ac, acc b
aa a aa a c a a c a a . A
Ba c b: L aa c aa,
ac a b a cc bca aa a
a a bca a a ca a (1992:56).
T cc c, ca a a ac, b a
aa a ac a a a a aa, b, aa . I
ac, aa a a , a cc , b a
aaab a a ca. Eac a bc a ab (K
2009:97) c c a cc c a a . I
a , T (1995) b a, a a aa a
a aa b a a c.
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5.RESEARCH QUESTION
I ca a b a a ca c .
T aa ca b acca b a a c, a b
a aa (.. a, b, c.). T b
b c, b ac . I
H (1976/2010) , a a cc b aa aa a
a a c a c c
a; , V (1995) , c b ca a
aa. I ca, b ca a
, a accb a aab; c, c
a a a. B a ? H c
ca (a ) b a a a ac b aa ? W (a
) a ? A b a ac :
? I ,
, ?
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6.METHODOLOGY
6.1.
COPT c a a aa ba a B ,
. T a ca a a ac aa .
T a c c a a aa. A ac
a a E DVD b aaab, b
acb a c. E ab (a ://bc.c//
YMTCS/b131509.a) a c (a
ca E b ), c a aba ba a a. T c a c c Dc a b a a
DVD ca a 1 a 2 (a B a Na 2003),
c b a 1 . T b ac
DVD Oca Caac Ra SbR a (aaab a
://..c//Sb). A c ca b a a aa
a , ca b c a a ca, ba aa c (Laa
2010:84). T c, c b a a a Dc b,
A B (aaab CDROM).
6.1.1. E,MINIE
, a B c a BBC, baca 1980 1984. F
1986 1988 , , a baca. I a ca a b
A Ja a Jaa L a b ca a a ca
c a ; a ba . T
bca a b a UK, c a aaa
a baca, a a a a a b ba a c.
T aca ac aa a b a:
, a a a a a a a c
ac b caac. O a a
caaca a ca . Sc,
B c a cc a cb c bca
c a cc, B a c (a) a c a b c c (a c b
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ca b a ://..c/aaba.). Mc
a a ac ba a a ba c. T
a a a ca , ca ac ac a
a a ca c ab . T,
a b a a c a ac a
b aa a b.
6.1.2. MAIN CHAACE
T a a caac. I a M J
Hac a a a ca a c. H
Pa Sca H Ab a M ca a b a a
a a a a. Ta M
Pca Pa Sca Ba W a b a M, b b
Pa Sca.
J Hac MP ( a, c a , T R Hab Ja Hac,
L Hac I KG, PC, BSc), a b Pa E, M Aa
Aa, a a b P M . H
: ca ab c a a c b
Pa Sca H Ab. H, bc a a a c . J Hac a a a, b a a b
ca , a a (a c a).
S H Ab ( a S H Ab GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (O)),
a b N Ha, Pa Sca M. H a c
a a a M c a a a
a M c. A c, aa, b a (
La a bc a c ) a , c
b c a a a aaa. H a a ,
a ca.
Ba W ( aa a a ), a b D F,
Pca Pa Sca M a ba Pa Sca. H
b a caac . H a a a S
Ab a b a a. H a a
c a, a , a a a ccc. O ,
b .
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6.1.3.
EING AND HEME
T a Aa Aa a Wa L
(, 10 D S). E ca ,
a , a a a caac, a ca. T cab a a a a a b 30 a .
T a a : a, cc ,
a a a bacac a aba a ca . T
a aa c a c, B c. Sc, ca
aa caac . T a a a a caac (a
c) c b Lab a Ca a, a
a. I ac, a b a c a,
ca bc a a ca a aa a a a
a a b a .
6.1.4.
EPIODE
T a cc a. Ia, ac
a , c . A a , ac ca b
aa a a b . T c a 1, c
caac a c. T a a b a
. A a, a
ac A A.
6.2. MEHOD OF ANALI
T aa aa c, I a aa c c . I
ca, I a a a a ca b . T
b, I c I a a ca ( ab Va Da)
cc a a a a c, a , a
a a a aa . S a aa a
ac ca , c . L ( La 2011) ca
aa. T a c aa bca a ac (a
a c ac) a a a
. A a c a a a a a b.
N, a a ca b c a a , I ca a
aa c ca (aa, a a aa a a), a . T
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a ca c ac aa a aa a
a. F a, I , a / a
(Ma 1998:546; Laa 2010:81) aa c . Ta , I c b
aa ( ) a cc a a a a. I a
c b a ca cc ( ), a b
a a c, a ca aa ca
. I a cc a c aa,
c a . F a, B a a c b
a H , b a a a a a a
b a cc. Sc, I ca c aca c
ca. I a b aac : I aa a aa
ca a, b a c ca . T
a a a ca ca bc a aa a a
ca a b a cc cc . O a
aa ca c a a , a a a caca
aa a G : a a [a ] c ac
cac c a a abac, (1973:25). I ca
a caca ab aa, b a b
a a a aa . T aa aa ca A C
CDROM.
T a a a aa c a c
a (c. c T [1995] a ). I , a
a I aa aa a a b aa. T
ac () aa c bca ccc a a a b
aa a ccc a cc. O c
aa a a a b aa a aa (A,
Ab a Ja 1996, Ba 2008). I c ca a
ac a , a a ca. A caca
aa , I ca a a aa b cb a a
b. Aa aa ca caca: a a aa caca,
caca a aa ca acca aa a
a ca a a. T aa aa a
A D; aa aa a aa aa A E.
B ac a CDROM.
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7.RESULTS
T c aa. I ca
aa a aa a a c aa. A b a
c ac ca b a a. B
ca, a a .
7.1. OME GENEAL FINDING
A c a aa c a a 1350 ac,
(Ma 1998, Laa 2010), ca b c. A a cc b a a ac , b a
a b aa a cc ( , Ma 1998, Laa 2010),
c c a 223. T / a (TTR, Ma 1998) a a 0.17. T
a a c aa a a ac cc a . H,
c a b b b a a cc a
a a : c 439 ac a b .
W / a, ca 0.24. W b
, a , ca a a aa. T bab
ac a ca a c caac a a . T a
a . N a a b b
, bca a a ac .
N N / A
E 1 77 251 0.30 0.41E 2 57 170 0.33 0.46
E 3 52 159 0.33 0.46
E 4 34 183 0.18 0.29
E 5 50 242 0.20 0.29
E 6 31 158 0.20 0.36
E 7 43 187 0.23 0.33
223 1350 0.17 0.24 8. Nb a a a / a b ac aa a
a c. T a TTR a ac acc.
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7.2. CLAIFICAION OF PE OF EALIA
Sc 3.2.1.1 a c caca aa
(NaaLa 1993, F 1993, G 1997 a Ra 2004) a ca
a a a b b. T a ca a ca, aca,ca a ca a. T aa a
ca: aca, ca a ca ca a , b aa a a
ca ca . T ca ca b b, a
a a a. T a ca ca a ca, a ac,
, b, a a. Sc ca bca a ca ac b
b . T a ca ca , c ca
bca a, bc c, a a, ca ,
c c, aa c, a, a a a ca .
Sc, ca a ca b a ca: a ,
a, a a . T ca ca a c a ca
bca: b a ca. La, aa ca bca
ca, c a . C ca bca: a, c a
a, c, , , a , ca, a ca. N a
caca a c c. O ca c b a a
c c a. A ca
Tab 9.
G C
G D P
O
Pac Da F a
Jb Ca Ma
S Pbc c Ta Ca Sc C a
aB O a
aMa U Dc
M Pca S S
Na C c E
Iaa c Fa
La Dca
Ma Eca
Ga ca
9. Caca aa a a c.
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7.2.1.
GEOGAPH
T ca ca a c a , b aa a a
a. I a a ca aca a
(NaaLa 1993, F 1993, G 1997, Ra 2004, Vac a F [ Va2004]) bca a a a caca.
I bca ac, ca b ac a a a (a 1).
T c bca, , ca c (a 2) b a
a a a c a a, c, c a b a a (a
3). T, b ca a b. A a 4. T
aca ca, , ca a ac a ac a ac, b
a a a c ca a ac (a 5). T a b ca
aca a a a ca bca aca a ,
a bca a a bc cab ca. M, a
caca, NaaLa a a a ca
a (a a a , 1993:229), a a a
a a a a ca . La, bca a a
a aa (a 6). T c ca aa a .
1.
Nca [E 4]
2. 3 17 Bac S [E 3]
3. Sac Sa [E 3]
4.
H Paac [E 2]
5. B [E 5]
6. C [E 2]
7.2.2.
OCIE
T ba ca ca c ca a ac. I
a (b a) a ca a b c, a ca . I cb Vac a F caca (
Va 2004), c a cca ca ( c a
bca cca ) a a ac ca. T
a ca a a NaaLa (1993) ca
ca, bca a a b caca.
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7.2.2.1. OCIE:GOENMEN
G a bca c 1059 a 96 ,
c aa : c a a a
. I ca a c a c a a a a
c. T ca c b NaaLa (1993), ca
a a a, bca, a ca.
Ma bca a a ca a c a
Vac a F ( Va 2004) aa a a a
c.
T ca a a b bca a ca b . T
a, c ca c , a a 7. Sc, c
bc c ca b a bc c (a 8). G (1997)
c a a aa a ca caca, a a ca aa. T
a a ac a ba a a bc c
a ac ba ca ca. T bca ca a a
ac a a bca. T a a ac a
ca a ca a a (a 9) cc (a
10). Pca ca c a b
(a 11), c C Sa. T a b bca, cca a c C Sc a ,
a ac (a 12). S, aa c ca a
aa a a ca cc (a 13). T bca a
a ca , c a b a a (a 14). Ma
a a a (a 15). T ca a a Vac a
F ( Va 2004) a a bc. T a ca ca a ca
a a ca (a 16). M a a .
7. T F Oc [E 1, 2, 5]
8. Ia R [E 3]
9. Paa [E 1, 3, 5, 6, 7]
10.
Pbc Acc C [E 1]
11.
M[A ]
12.R Oc [E 1]
13.NATO [E 5]
14.Sca Ac 1978 [E 2]
15.
Ra Na [E 3]
16.
Ec [E 1, 2, 4, 6, 7]
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7.2.2.2. OCIE:DAIL LIFE
T c ca ca ca a . T a ca a
Vac a F ( Va 2004), a ca a c. Naa
La (1993) a ca c. I ca a c bc a c a
c a a . I c, bca a ca ca.
T a , c ca c a b a a
a . A a 17. T c bca a, c
c ca c a a a (a 18). T, a ca
a. T c (a 19), b a
a . T a bca a , ca a ,
a a ca (a 20).
17.
Ha [E 2]
18.E [E 1, 3]
19.T [E 2]
20.Ha [E 7]
7.2.2.3. OCIE:PIAE ECO
T ca ca a c. I c a Naa
La (1993) c, ca ba. I a a a a G
(1997) ca a a aa. A bc c, c a a
aa ca. Aa, a a a a ca ca a
c a. I, ca a a c, ca 15
a 7 . S, ca b bca: b, c ca a c
c a b (a 21), a ca, c ca a c
b (a 22).
21.D caa [E 7]
22.
B La [E 3]
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7.2.2.4. OCIE:OGANIAION
Oaa a a bca ca ca. T bca
a ca a. I a a a bac Vac a F (
Va 2004) cca bca a ca , b a
ca a (c a b a ca) a a c
aa. T ca caca ca c
(cca) aa a a a aca . T
bca ca, c ca c aa a a ca a
ca (a 23). Sc a c aa. T a a
ca (a 24). T a aa , c ca c
a a a a (a 25).
23.
S. J abac [E 7]
24.T Aa [E 2]
25.TUC [E 2, 7]
7.2.3. CLE
T a ca a a b c c. I a a
ca c a (NaaLa 1993, F 1993) a a c a
ca caca a cb ca a ca aa ca (G
1997, Ra 2004). Ma bca Vac a F ( Va 2004)
ac a cca ca a a ca ca a
ca ca.
A ca a a a b bca,
ac a a a b (34) a (67) ca ca
a a . T aa b bca a 8. T bca a a a ca NaaLa (1993) a ca,
ca c a a, cc ac c
a (a 26). T c ca c a a, c
ca c a (c ), bbca c a (a 27).
NaaLa (1993) c c a c bca.
T bca c, b aa ca a a Vac a
F ( Va 2004). I ca a c a (a 28). T
ca, , ca () ; a b c ba
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a. O a 29. T ca a ca c
ca . T a ca, c a 30.
S, a , c b ca caac, ca a
ca (a 31). T ca, ca ca a
aa a a a . O a 32. T a ca
c ca, (c a ). I a acac
(a 33). Vac a F ( Va 2004) c c
cca ca (c ca a), NaaLa (1993),
, ca a a ca ca.
26.T Gaa [E 6]
27.
Cac 22 [E 6]
28.
Cc [E 2]
29.L [E 1]
30.Waa [E 7]
31.
F La [E 2]
32.
KBE [E 2]
33.LSE [E 2]
7.3. CLAIFICAION OF ANLAION AEGIE
I a aa a aa (cb c 3.2.2) a
a a a a ca a a a. O ba
c, a caca a a ca
a b. N a b: ca a, ,
aa, cca, cc, aaa, , a aa, a
b. A caca aa ca, a
a c a a b a a c ,
c a. S a a a c
aa aaa (P 2005), b a NaaLa(1993) , a aa a aa a a
ca c. Ra, c cc ac a a. F a,
c a a a a a caca.
7.3.1. OFFICIAL EIALEN
T a a c a ca a. T a
a b a cb b P (2005, 2007) ( c 3.2.2.3 a 3.3). D
ac a a cc c a b ac a a
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a b aa a a cc, ca a a
c: c c a a 468 ac (c acc 34.7%
c). I, c a b a a a bab
a aa (P 2007:38). T a a
a 34 a 35 ( c a a ac a b aa
b; a aa a aa a a b ac).
34.a. D Ma , Jac a F ?
b. Ma , Jac F .
[E 1]
35.a. W a a a a?
b. H a?[E 6]
7.3.2. OMIION
T c aa a c . T a
a a a a a a , c
caca. T a 509 ac , c acc
37.7% a aa. I a a a a a
b (Da Ca a Ra 2007) , a NaaLa (1993) , a
ca b . T aa c : aa aa
a b. T a a 36 a 37 b.
36.a. , b.
b. Da a .
[E 4]
37.a. B ca a 74 b c a a c, b
ca?
b. E c a 74 c a.
[E 7]
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7.3.3.
GENEALIAION
T a c a a (a ) aa
cc a a. I a aa aa ca
a b Tac ( P 2009), Gb (2005) a P (2005, 2007).O caca a a a a (G 1997 aa
c a [a]) b a a aa . T a a 38
a 39.
38.a. W' .
b. W a b .
[E 2]
39.
a. H Ab . M. Hac' .
M H, M Hac .
[E 6]
7.3.4.
PECIFICAION
T a aa a cc c. Scca c
a cc aa a c , a aa
c a c . Da Ca a Ra (2007) cb a
a , b c a ca ca b c, a
b a aa caca. T cca a b Gb
(2005). NaaLa (1993) ca, b a ca a
aa cc. Ea 40 a 41 a ac cca.
40.a. B a a c ca, a a
.
b. O a ca' c.
[E 1]
41.a. A b a .
b. D b b .
[E 1]
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7.3.5.
E OF DEICIC
T aa a c cc ( a aaa)
aa a ca a c . O caca
a c a: Tac ( P 2009) a ac cc. T a (45 ca 3.3%) b a c a
a b c, a caca . T a cc
a 42 a 43.
42.a. M, Baa a 'Aca c.
' a a Aca c.
b. H aa Aaa b.
bb Aaa b.
[E 2]
43.a. Ba a a .
b. E a .
[E 6]
7.3.6. PAAPHAE
T a, aaa, a caca, b a a
a : c (Fac A 1996), (G 1997), cca
(P 2005, 2007), a ca (Tac, P 2009). O NaaLa
(1993) a aaa. I a ca, c cb
a , c b ca b a aa a . T
a a 44 a 45.
44.
a. , a.
b. .
[E 5]
45.a. H a a a. A caa a , ac.
b. H c b .
[E 7]
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7.3.7.
EENION
T a . I a caca a a
(G 1997, La 1997, P 2005, 2007, Gb 2005), c
. S caca a a c b a c a aa ac a (F 1993, Fac A 1996), b b a
c a caca. T a a 46
a 47 b.
46.a. W a a 6.
b. W a 6baa.
[E 3]
47.
a. W .
N, I a .
b. Gaa aa ?
N, a aa .
[E 4]
7.3.8. LIEAL ANLAION
Ma caca c a a b a aa a ( a
a aa ). T a, a aa, a c.
S a a a , c a ca (Da Ca a Ra 2007) c
aa (P 2005, 2007) b a a ca a a aa (G 1997,
Tac [ P 2009], Gb 2005). Ea 48 a 49 a ac a.
48.a. H a a ?
b. H b ?[E 4]
49.
M a ab a S a bab a
M c aa 3...
[E 6]
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7.3.9.
BIION
T a a a a c a, cc 6 (0.44%)
c. I c ac a c a a
c. P (2005, 2007) a a a b, b a a . T a a a , a b
a a . Sb a a 50 a 51.
50.a. Y, M cc a a a ac.
, ab.
b. D ba a aa.
[E 2]
51.
a. B Sca .
N a a . I' a b ab ab P Ba.
b. Sca .
Da a . H , b P Ba.
[E 2]
7.3.10. COMBINAION OF AEGIE
I ca, a a a aa a . Ma
a cba a cc aa, b G (1997) c a aa
ca . A a a ,
aa ca c . T a a c a ca a a
ab aca a ac ca. T, a a a b aa
a a ca a a. F ac,
ca aa a aaa a , a ca a 52. D
a a B H, bca c b a a a
cca BBC . H, aa a aaa a, a
a a B H. S aa b a aa a a
aaa, bca ac a a BBC a b . A aaa
bab a b BBC.
52.
a. I' b ab a , I ' a b a a .
b. I b a, aa .
[E 7]
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8.DISCUSSION
8.1.
E OF HE ANLAION AEGIET b aa a b a ca
aa a b c. T c a c a
a c ca, a a b aa
a a . F a ac, a ca aa a
cb (a a bca a ca ca), bca
a ca. S a a a a a a.
8.1.1.
GEOGAPH
D ac a ca ca (a) a ac, c a a
aa, aa a a b ca. H, a
c, b a c a , 83 138 (60.1%) a
ac. A a a a a aa, a c aa,
ca a aca (P 2005, 2010) cc. I a 53, J Hac
S H a a
aa, ca c ca . T a b
c b. B ac , a
a a a b, a aa Dca bab a
E aa a a a a a
b. T a b a a, c a a (B) ca c
aa.
53.
a. L' a b. , .
b. E b. , .
[E 3]
T c a . I ca, a a b
a , a aa b b
a a a c a ac. I a 54, J Hac
a S Ab a c Q a a a. T
a a ac L, b Hac a ac Sca a.
Bca aa Sca, c Q c Eb
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a a ca Dca , a bab a
aca aac b. T a a a a ca,
a .
54.a. T a a ac Sca, a .
b. D a aa Sca b.
[E 2]
T a a a ca a ca
a c a. T a a c : aa
a cca. T a a b a a a
a/ a ca (P 2005, 2010). Ea 55, c J
Hac a a a a Ba aac, a
cba : a a a a c,
C a b. T a c a a a c a
b ac b ac a a. A ac a , a
ac a ac a b, b a a
a a a ca a . H, b a ,
a ac a a a cca a ac a c
a a . B , Hac a a a a a
c, a a, a a aac Ba . T cc ac
c ( c) b aa aa. O a b
a a ac a a c c c c a a, b a
c ca a cb a. A cb a a aa a a c
b b ca a b c
c c (c, a c, aa a ) (NaaLa
1993, P 2007).
55.a. N, I' . I a ' I ca. I a, b I
, ' a a aac, a
aac, a aac...
b. H a c . V , b.
[E 7]
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T a cca a b a ac bca.
T c a a , b a ac (
aa ca c a), c b a c a c
a c. I a 56, ac, S Ab ac a
. A a a J Hac, a , c
ca a. Bca , b a a ac a
a . T ac , a a cc aa.
56.a. O I' b , b a ' b a .
b. D b b .
[E 1]
O a a , , aa a cca,
a : cc, a aa, ca a a
b.
8.1.2.
OCIE
T ca ca c ca aa a c . T
bca a a a a aa, a a c a
aa bca a a bca a b a a bca
a a a b b .
8.1.2.1. OCIE:GOENMEN
A bca a ca ca a a, a
a a a a b . T a, , a a
c, a a ac b 442 ac ca a.T a ca , b a a ac a b a
441 ac. T, ca a a acc 83.1%.
Oca a a aca bca a,
a a a ca . T ca ca bac
B ca a c . T ac a ca a
a b aa a c a a ca a
a a b a ca a cb a
(NaaLa 1993, P 2007). T b ca , a c
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b c a a c a a. M, a (
c 6.1.3) a a c b ca . A
a 57. H, S Ab a Ba W
cc . T aa H C a
a c (a a a Dc ac, c a b a
ac). T a ac a a a
a ac b a cc. T a a ca a a
: ac a c c H C
a cc c a a.
57.a. APPLEBY: Ma ca'
a ca' a aa.
WOOLLEY: B ?
APPLEBY: W, , ac.
b. APPLEBY: Z a aa .
WOOLLEY: Waa a ?
APPLEBY: I , bb.
[E 6]
O c a ca bca, a
aca aa (318 331 ac 96%). I a ca,
a a . T a a b bca
a a: a ca a ca b a (Da
Ca a Ra 2007). I a, a a Dc (
, ca a c ca), c a a
ca a ac b. W b,
a ca a b . I a 58, a aac a
Ba W ac , c a
aa. I a 59, , b. J Hac b
; b a Hac a a a c a. A a
a ac b , a a a a
a a ca b .
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58.
a. I' c b, .
b. I aa , .
[E 1]
59.a. Eca, . W a ac a
' a ?
b. Da b. Waa ?
[E 4]
I bca c c, a aa . F a
c c c, c a. F ac,
aa a a aa a a ca a aa a
, a aa (a 60). I ca, b bab c b a c a
aa (, a a, / a a),
a ac c. W a a
c a a ac cca ac , a
a aa c ca bacac c c. T
caaca ca ca a a cb a
a . Ta b a, a a b c a
b b, caaca c .
60.a. T M L Pca, .
b. D L Pca, .
[E 1]
La, a cc a. I a
bca, a a a b. D ,
a a c a a a a c a . I
aca ca (a 61), , a ac c
a. aa c: c a ca a () a c a
a . T a ac a a ca, a a
a a. Pa a a a ca a a
c , a c b ca a. I
ca b a cc, a a a c. I
aca ac, , a b , c a b ab
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: Maa Tac, a PM UK a a, a
a a a. T ac , c a,
a a a aca , c aca
.
61.
a. B a a a a a ab a a
b , a a .
N, a ! S a , .
b. E a c ? E
a b .
N, ac.
[E 5]
8.1.2.2. OCIE:DAIL LIFE
T c a ca bca a . I
bca a, a aca aa . I a ca,
a a a, a ac a
ac a a aa cc, b ca a a a
a cc. F ac, a 62, S Ab a c a b
a Aca a a B a aa
. Taa a a, a
b ca Dca a a aab. M,
b a a b a ca cc, / a a c
b , a , a c a ca cb a (NaaLa 1993,
P 2007).
62.
a. H' a a .
b. H aa 50 caa.
[E 2]
T a b c, b
ac a a ca. I cc ac b a
a a aa, bca a
a/ a a b . A a 63. T Aca
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a a a a c Sc c ( UK) a
bc c a Q a a, c a baa b a
. S Ab a 63, a a c a
ac. Sc a ca b aa a ,
c ca b . Ia, b a ca a a
a a , aab a a
a ca b .
63.a. M M cc a a a ac.
, ab.
b. D ba a aa.
[E 2]
O a a a b ca a , aaa, cca
a ca a.
8.1.2.3. OCIE:PIAE ECO AND OGANIAION
I b a c a aa bca a ca ca,
a aab a , a . T ca 35 a,
b a aa a ca. B ca ac
, ca a, , aaa a aa. I a,
b cc a c ca a cca cc aa.
Ga a ca a aaab a c. W
c a, a a c a b aa aaa, aa,
a a aca ca, a a
a c. F a, () a c b
aa Dc ca a , a 64. I a 65, ,
a . T a b aa a cba aaa a
aa. I a a a b Ba W a J
Hac aa a a . A a aa ca,
cc b a a; a a a a
a a b a. T a a
, b ca b a a a a.
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64.
a. W b c ?
b. Paa
[E 3]
65.a. A a ,
Ta ,
b. E aaa ...
[E 1]
8.1.3. CLE
Aa, a ca, a a aa a
ca ca. T a a a b. T c a
a a 20 ac ac, c acc 59.7% a.
M ac a a , b a (b aa a
aa). T ca b aa a a a ca aca. A P (2005,
2007) , c ca a b c aa a b
b a ac. S , , ac b
ca a a bac a a a
(P 2005, 2007). I a 66, J Hac, S H, a
a ca b a a c Aca
a a a baa c. S Ab ca a
, c ca a aca a ca a b a b. N,
Ca A , c a ca . Ma
a ac a c a c, a a a a a b
Tac ba a a . T, aa a, b
ab cc a a ca, a c
b .
66.
a. HACKER: H, ' a a , a !
APPLEBY: T a Caa a '
c cb.
HACKER: T b ca .
APPLEBY: H, c ?
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b. HACKER: J a .
APPLEBY: A aa a a aa b .
HACKER: W a .
APPLEBY: .
[E 2]
T a a b b, a ca
a a a . O cc ca, a 67,
c a. J Hac a Lc a a a bca a
c a a a a Ba aa a, a c a ca
a . A a a, ba c bab
. I a, Lc ca a a a ba H a
a J . T ac b a a, bca a a
ab c ac a c, c bc
c c b. S, aa c bab
a ac, a a aca (P 2005, 2007).
67.a. T aa, ? T a?
b. [N/A]
[E 6]
I ca a a aa a b, ca a
a , bca a a c a a a a aa
a aa. I ca, a aa a a c a
a a c . I ca, , ac a aa
a. I a 68, J Hac a ab a a
ba a. T b a aac a a
a, cca ab. Hac a b ab
a . A a a b , Hac a
a b 3 a c ca a c a B
ab. T a a a a ac a a ab b
a ac, b c Dc F a a a c a a
S a , a aca cc . Taa a a 3
bab a a c ca. I a a
c a a b a, c a ab a
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aa. H, b bab a ac a a
b a a a c a c aa.
68.a. O, a, a' ab a S,
a bab a , a a ca .
b. M' c aa, 3
aa b.
[E 6]
A ca a aa a 69. J Hac a c
ca b a a a. E c
, , a a a a aca b a a
c a. A a a, a aca baca, a
Hac ab aa. H a b, c a
C Bb L T, a Hac a . T
a ba Ca a, c B a
a cac aa Ra a. B , a a c
a a . W c bab b
a ac, a a aa aa a
a a a c, a a a a a. M,
a a aa a a c bab a a ,
c c cc.
69.a. , ,
. .
b. ' .
[E 7]
8.2. EIALENCE
I ca 4, a c a aac aaa ac, c
a T (1995) c ac, a a ac
a . W c aa, a ac a ca b b
b aa a c c: a b ac a
a c c , a ca. T a ac a. T a a a, b a ca a,
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a a. A ac a T (1995), a a
(, , a a c c a aa). H, cc c,
b a ac a b b a ca a
a a . I, a ac a b c
a, b a a c a a. W c a a
ca a, cc a: a a aa a
caac ca aca , a c a.
T aa a ca a a b . H,
ca ac ac ca. T B a Dca
c a b a a a a, a a a a c
c b c c. T aa a b a b ca
a, c a a b c a (ca) a, a a b
b b aa.
8.3. INFLENCE ON AEG CHOICE
I c 3.2.2.5, ac a b P (2005) cb
a c aa (a cca b) cc c aa a
. T a b c ac T (1995) , bca
cc c cc c aa aa.
T P (2005) ac, aca, ca a a c
c, a a aa b a c. P (2007) ca a
ca aa b, aa a b
aca a aca , ca b . T ca ca
aca a ca , a c a a a a b b
, b a a a b aa b ca a
ca, a c a c aca.T c ac, aa, a aa a aa: a
a , . Acc, P (2005)
ca, aa a aa b. T b c:
aca a a b aa b , a
ca a a b aa c
(, , a) a, a ac a 65 ab.
Ca c, ac, a a a ca c c.
W a a b ac a cc , a
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P (2005) c. T a a : a b ca bc
a ( ca: ca) a aa ca
a. H, P (2005) a c a a ca,
c , b ac a a ca a a a
aaab. T P (2005) c, c a
a a b ca bc ca a b . T ca , a
a ca a ca a
ca. H, a ac. F ac ,
aa a c b ac a a , a .
T ac a c ac. A c a a a
a , b cc a b a c b ac.
Ma a a ca aa a , a
a 58, b a ca a . M, a cc
a a ca b aa a ca a ac, b
a ca b bca ac.
T c c, c ac, ca a b b c. I
a ca, a a ca. A ca
c a a bc ca , aa b a b
a . I ca, c a a c, a ac a
61 ab, a a ca b a aa a.
T a c a acc
ca, ac, a a a ca aa c. S
a c a , a aa a
aa (P 2005, Da Ca a Ra 2007). M, ca
a a ac a ac b c a
a b aa aba b c ac.
T c a ac, aaa ca, a c
a. A a b c ( a a a),
c b c c a a a a aa. P
(2005) a a a c a a a c ac a ,
a aa ab, ca a a c: aa a a ca a
aa ca a. Bca ac a a a
aaa , b c a a aa ac c, a
a a ac P (2005) .
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8.4. HE BILE A A CLAL MEDIAO
A P (2010) , a aa a c
aa a, b / a a ca a, a ac
a c a (c ) c c. U a a aa, b a a ac aaab ac , a a a a
b acc. Sb b a a b, a a
a aa. I a, b a c
a c , a a a ac a c c
aa a c a aa a a a a
aa c , a aaab aa
. A P a, [] b a baac ac a
ST a, c acc ca , c b
ca (2010:70). T a a , : a a
c, c a b c a a , a a c a
bab a b a a ac, a
a aa a.
I a, b a a c ca a
ac aab a b. Ra, b a c, ca
a c b a ac, a a b a a
a c aac. I a, aa c c
c , b b a b a
c . Ra, ca a c b a b c. T b
a aa c c a a c a b a a a B
a Dca c a. T ca a bab b
b, , b a Sa.
B a ca a, b a bab a ac aa c a ac. I aa a a c a a,
a ac a c ca a a c a b
a , a, a ac a c a c b . H,
a aa a b a ac a c, ca a
c aa b a aa. Ta ca
b aa.
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9.THE PRACTICAL SUBTITLING ASSIGNMENT
A a a c, I a b , (c ca b
A F CDROM). T ca a c
acca a a, cca, acca b a a
aa ca. A c , c
cca b a, a c
a, Da Ca (2010) c.
9.1.
HE COMPAIONAE OCIET a I c b c a , ,
C . T a I c a, a
(c I aa), I a aa Dc b c
a a I a c b a b b
. I a aa a I a a ab b a ca, b b I a
aa aa a . T, I a a ba a a
aa b, I a a b.
C a . F a, b S.
Ea Ha. J Hac a b a c
a a a aa a a a 500 aa a , b a
a ca a a. Hac a a ac aa
a ca a, b S H a . Hac S H a
cc a a aca aa a b
ca a. H, a , S H a ac a
a , ca a a a ac. T c, a
a cc a a Cba . Hac a ac
, b a . Ea, Hac c a a a b
: c S. Ea Ha ca a a, ca Cba
. T aa a a , b ca a ca .
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9.2. HE ECHNICAL DIMENION
C cca , .. a b a a
cca ca, a . F a, a c aa a
c a a aa 10 11 caac c (c). Sc a a c a, a a b c c
a, b a b a a a a a a 12
13 c. I a ca, , caac a c
b a a 11 a 12 c. F, b a
a c bac, a a b
aa c. T a c a aa a ca (
c 2.7).
Sc, b a a a b c a a a
b b a ( a, a a). I
ca, ca b ba a b b a a b ca cc
b a a . T a , c
a , b b.
T cca c a ac a I a c
acc b a b a, a I a a a a.
A b c a bac b , a
c aac b a aba c b.
9.3. HE LINGIIC DIMENION
Cc c b, a ac aac a. T
a c a aa b bac aa. S, c
a aa ac a a . Oc a a
ca, c c a b,
a c cc ca a a a. I
c bca ca a aa a a cc aa a a a a
a a c a. I a c a I a
ca a, a b ca bca I a aa aa
a b a . T a c a
c a c a c b c
a aa a a , a P (2007) a ca. T
a b ac a a a bac a a
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ac . A, I c a c a a
b ab . T a a acca aa
a a. H, a b, aa
a . A a a c aa a, ac a
ca a, a c c c a ac
. T a a c a aa, c
I a c c a b. T a c a ac c
ca b aa c c b a a
aa.
W b , c bca ca a
c a ca . S, b c
ca a aa. T ca
a 70, c S H a a a a a J
Hac ca a b a. T ba
, c a a b ac aa ACA a
AG. T cca c a b a a c (a a
a c ab a ) a a ac a S H a a ,
c caac c a ca . T c Dc a
, b c a
a b b: a, bab
a a a . T, a b aa ac cca
c a a a aa a ca.
70.
T ACAS NALGO.
A c a a a b c, aac a. A I a
a ca aa, I c a I c a c
a I c aa a b a I a c c
c , a a a , . A a , cc
aa a ca a a ( a a, a a a)
aa c a a a
. Y a b ( aa ca
b) a , b a cca
. O c a b bab ca a a
aa. T, a a a , aa a
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aa bab a a a b (Da
Ca a Ra 2007).
O a ca b a c . I a ca, a a
c a bca c b . H,
caac , a a, c c a .
T a c a c a c.
T cc, ca a a b b b a ca b
cca c b acc. W c c ,
a c aa a b a. H, I
a a b c b , c I a aa b a a, I
a aa b.
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10.CONCLUSION
T a a a aa cb c. M cca,
a a aa a b a B ca
a , . T ac a ca a b aac: aa
ca caca aa a a a
aa, a a caca c.
T a a a ca aa : aca, ca
a ca c, c ca ac b b a ca .
T c a ca a a b a aba, c a
ca ca a c , a bc . T
a a a a a b a
aa b. O a ca a a b a c aa
a a.
W c c c aa a c a,
ca a a a a a ca (a a ca
