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Transformation Transformation of theof the Economy Economy &&
SocietySocietyin Antebellum Americain Antebellum America
Chapter 9
Guiding QuestionGuiding Question
Analyze the causes of the transformation of the American economy in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Include: developments in transportation, population, manufacturing and agriculture.
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION & THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION & CREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET ECONOMYCREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET ECONOMY
agrarian economy Market Revolution Key catalysts:
(1) transportation improvements – canals, RRs
(2) development of textile mills and factories
(3) innovations in banking and legal practices
(4) Capital – from Europe (esp. Britain)
(5) Population growth – 9M in 1820 → 30+M in 1860
Not Yet the Industrial Revolution
TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATIONREVOLUTIONREVOLUTION
& THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET ECONOMY
Eras of TransportationEras of Transportation
TurnpikeTurnpike & River& River EraEra 1790s-1820s1790s-1820sCanal EraCanal Era 1825-1840s1825-1840sRailroad EraRailroad Era 1850s-1940s1850s-1940sAutomobile EraAutomobile Era 1920s-present1920s-present
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
turnpikes National Road
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Steamboats – Robert Fulton – Clermont (1807)
Impact on transportation and trade
Robert FultonRobert Fulton’’s s ClermontClermont plies the plies the Hudson RiverHudson River
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Erie Canal (1825)
Significance– Cost of trade– Direction of trade– Settlement of NW– New York City– Upstate NY– Canal boom
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Roads and Canals, 1820-1850Roads and Canals, 1820-1850
• Canal boomCanal boom• Effect on transportation and Effect on transportation and trade patternstrade patterns
Paths of Northern Migration after 1800Paths of Northern Migration after 1800
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Railroads Baltimore &
Ohio RR (1830)
short lines trunk lines
Mohawk And Hudson RailroadMohawk And Hudson Railroad ’’s s Dewitt ClintonDewitt Clinton
National Market National Market Economy: Economy:
The Speed of The Speed of News in 1817 News in 1817
and 1841and 1841
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Impact of Railroadsa) Promoted national trade and economic growth b) Linked Northeast and old Northwest for trade
• Consolidation of early short lines leads to E-W orientation• Chicago
c) Promoted the growth of other industries• Iron • Coal• Telegraph
d) Encouraged farmers to specialize e) First great corporations in US – model for later
large businesses
BEGINNINGS OFBEGINNINGS OFINDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION
&&CHANGES IN SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOCIAL
AND CLASS AND CLASS STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION Factory System Rise of Corporations Technological Innovations Labor Old Northwest
BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONBEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
textilesSamuel Slater factory system
Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater((““Father of the Father of the Factory SystemFactory System””))
BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONBEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Lowell (or Waltham) Factory System
– Francis Cabot Lowell
– First dual-purpose textile plants
– employees
Lowell towns
Lowell, Mass. in 1850
New England Textile New England Textile Centers: 1830sCenters: 1830s
• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”
• Factory Girls Association
• Lowell Girls - typical “profile”
• Factory Girls Association
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
Early Early Textile Textile LoomLoom
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
The Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing, 1810The Growth of Cotton Textile Manufacturing, 1810––18401840
BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: Legal and Financial DevelopmentsLegal and Financial Developments
Corporations – In 1800, c. 20 corps US; by 1817, over 1800– General incorporation laws
• New York, 1848
– stock– limited liability
Banking – paper banknotes
2. INVENTIONS & 2. INVENTIONS & INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS
2. INVENTIONS & 2. INVENTIONS & INNOVATIONSINNOVATIONS
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.
They were first copiers, then They were first copiers, then innovators.innovators.
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.
They were first copiers, then They were first copiers, then innovators.innovators.•Patents Approved:Patents Approved:
•1800: 41 1800: 41
•1860: 4,357 1860: 4,357
•Patents Approved:Patents Approved:
•1800: 41 1800: 41
•1860: 4,357 1860: 4,357
(Actually (Actually invented by a invented by a
slave)slave)
(Actually (Actually invented by a invented by a
slave)slave)
Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin, 1791
Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle
John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
1840sSewing Machine
Distribution of WealthDistribution of WealthDistribution of WealthDistribution of Wealth
During the American During the American Revolution,Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% of the population. the population.
During the American During the American Revolution,Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% of the population. the population. 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65%65% of the wealth. of the wealth.
1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65%65% of the wealth. of the wealth. 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50%over 50% of the wealth. of the wealth.
1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50%over 50% of the wealth. of the wealth. The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening widening..
The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening widening..
3. WORKFORCE & LABOR3. WORKFORCE & LABOR
Skilled artisans vs. unskilled workers
working classworking classImmigrant work
force
The Factory Girl’s GarlandFebruary 20, 1845 issue.
3. LABOR & THE EARLY UNION MOVEMENT
craft societies National Trades’ Union Early issues:
– Child Labor Laws– 10 Hour Workday – Right to Strike
Commonwealth v. Hunt (Massachusetts,1842)
Early unions were usually local, social, and weak – and were largely ineffective before the Civil War
4.4. RISE OF AN AGRICULTURAL RISE OF AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN (OLD) NORTHWESTECONOMY IN (OLD) NORTHWEST
Northeastern Agriculture vs. The Old Northwest
• Decline in Northeast• Rise of the Midwest• Ties between Northeast and old Northwest
CHANGES IN CHANGES IN SOCIAL AND SOCIAL AND
CLASS CLASS STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
Guiding QuestionGuiding Question
How did the transformation of the American economy in the first half of the nineteenth century bring about changes to society, including the role of women?
CHANGES TO SOCIETYCHANGES TO SOCIETY
The market economy changed: class structure The nature and location of work Gender roles (Middle class) the standard of living
Social Class structure Working class Rise of the middle class Social mobility? Geographic mobility
LOWERLOWER
WORKINGWORKING
MIDDLEMIDDLE
UPPERUPPER
Where do Farmers fit?Where do Farmers fit?
CHANGES TO CHANGES TO SOCIETYSOCIETY
Work & Home Lower birthrates “Separate Spheres”
– end of cottage industry– new gender roles
“cult of domesticity” employment opportunities Education of women
– Oberlin CollegeOccupations of Women Wage Occupations of Women Wage Earners in Massachusetts, 1837Earners in Massachusetts, 1837
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH, ,
IMMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION AND NATIVIST REACTIONNATIVIST REACTION
Guiding QuestionGuiding Question
“Throughout its history, the United States has been a land of refuge and opportunity for immigrants.”
Assess the validity of this statement in view of the experiences of the English, Germans, & the Irish in the 19th-century urban Northeast.
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH 1775 1775 2.5 Million2.5 Million 1790 1790 4 Million4 Million 1820 1820 10 Million10 Million 1840 1840 17 Million17 Million 1860 1860 32 Million32 Million
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH
Causes Natural increase Immigration
Immigration to the Immigration to the United States, 1820-1860United States, 1820-1860
ImmigrationImmigration
Major immigrant groups Irish Germans English
When did they come?
Where did they settle?
National Origin National Origin of Immigrants:of Immigrants:
1820 - 18601820 - 1860
Immigration Immigration to the United to the United States, 1820-States, 1820-18601860
Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New York City Workforce for Selected Occupations, 1859York City Workforce for Selected Occupations, 1859
The distribution of foreign-born residents of the The distribution of foreign-born residents of the United States in 1860.United States in 1860.
Immigration & NativismImmigration & Nativism
nativismNative American AssociationSupreme Order of the Star
Spangled BannerAmerican (“Know-Nothing”)
Party
Recent immigrants, from Recent immigrants, from HarperHarper’’s Weeklys Weekly, 1858, 1858
ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?
SOCIAL?SOCIAL?
POLITICAL?POLITICAL?
FUTUREPROBLEMS?
FUTUREPROBLEMS?