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Transformational-Generative Grammar
Transformational-Generative Grammar
Transformational-Generative Grammar
• Idealized representation of the knowledge possessed by a native speaker of a language
(Thomas & Kintgen, 1974)
Transformational-Generative Grammar
TArrangementGrammatical
GElements
Rules
The Farmer in the Dell
Any speaker of language can produce
and understand an
infinite number of sentences.
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
Features of Syntax
(Payne, 2006)
Features of Syntax
1. Constituency2. Hierarchical Structure3. Linear Word Order4. Syntactic Category
Linear Word Order
1. John saw the winners. 2. The winners saw John.
A. The 2012 Olympics B. 2012 the OlympicsC. Olympics 2012 the
1
Constituency
1. [Good girls] and boys2. Good [girls and boys]
2
Constituency
For Sale: An antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs
and big drawers.
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
Memory Challenge
1. 092141827892. 93206083. 11194. 97805216715075. EDL201
Constituency
Example: NPSimple: the dogComplicated: the big black dog
that always barks at me as I try to vainly sneak past the junkyard on my way home from piano lessons
Constituent Boundary TestWhere does the click occur?
RESULTS:• Easy = Constituent Boundary• Inside the Boundary = Thought of
Boundary
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)
Hierarchical Structure3
Syntactic Categories
• NP• VP• S• AP• Det
• Adj• N• P• Adv• Aux
4
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams 2003)
Phrase/Constituent Structure Treeor Phrase Marker
• Graphic representation• Evaluated, Validated, and Sanctioned
by PS rules
(Payne, 2006)
Phrase Structure (PS) Rules• Ways of representing idealized
patterns of constituent structure• Specify constituent arrangement• Recursive
(Payne, 2006 & Rowe & Levine, 2009)
Recursion
Repetition=
Productivity
(Rowe & Levine, 2009)
Phrase Structure (PS) Rule
Example:LABEL → CONTENTSNP → Det Nthe dog → the dog
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003 & Payne, 2006)
1. NP → Det (AP) N (PP)
a small picture of Mary
Try this• the Olympic winners on the
stage
2. NP → NP Conj NP
the cat and the dog
3. VP → V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP)
believes that the student knows the answer
Try these
• slept• smile shyly• fled from the house
4. S → NP Aux VP
The men fled from the house.
Try these
• The boat sailed the river. • The wind swept the kite into
the sky.
Transformational Rules (T-rules)
• Derive a new structure
• Can be optional or obligatory
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003 & Rowe and Levine, 2009)
T-rules
1. Deletion2. Insertion3. Movement4. Substitution
Movement Transformation
• Particle–I took off my shoes. –I took my shoes off.
• Topicalization–I love Kris. –Kris, I love.
1
Deletion Transformation• Imperative
–You come here. –Come here.
• Verb Phrase– If he says he will study for the test, he
will study for the test. – If he says he will study for the test, he
will.
2
Insertion Transformation
• He knew she was here. • He knew that she was here.
• *He won the race is history. • That he won the race is history.
3
Substitution Transformation
• Prominalization–Tony thought that Tony was the
best. –Tony thought that he was the best.
4
TG and Teaching Writing
NO to...• Mimicking textbook sentences• Teacher correctionYES to...• Student’s language creativity• Student’s judgment development
(Cleary & Linn, 1993)
Chomsky’s Linguistics Contributions
(Lester, 1973)
Habit Formation vs. Creativity
Knowledge of vs. Knowledge about
Universal Grammar
(Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams 2003)
Language Acquisition Device
BibliographyCleary, L. M., & Linn, M. D. (1993). Linguistics for teachers.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2003). An introduction to language (7th ed.). Boston: Thomson, Heinle.
Google Images. (n.d.). Google. Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.google.com.ph/imghp?hl=fil&tab=wi
Language Acquisition Device | TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC. (n.d.). TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC. Retrieved August 7, 2012, from http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/knowledge-database/language-acquisition-device
BibliographyLasnik, H., Depiante, M. A., & Stepanov, A. (2000). Syntactic
structures revisited: contemporary lectures on classic transformational theory. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press.
Lester, M. (1973). Readings in applied transformational grammar (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Murcia, M., & Freeman, D. (1983). The grammar book: an ESL/EFL teacher's course. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Ouhalla, J. (1994). Introducing transformational grammar: from rules to principles and parameters. London: E. Arnold.
BibliographyPayne, T. E. (2006). Exploring language structure: a student's guide.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2009). A concise introduction to linguistics (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Thomas, O., & Kintgen, E. R. (1974). Transformational grammar and the teacher of English: theory and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
"facebook.com." Facebook. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Aug. 2012. <https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=397305633656134&set=a.1640888
APA formatting by BibMe.org.