TRANSFORMATIVE SOLUTIONS: CITIES FOR PEOPLE

PHOTO: JESS KRAFT/SHUTTERSTOCK

ANI DASGUPTA | GLOBAL DIRECTOR, WRI ROSS CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES

May 24, 2016

2Photo by Stephen Bugno/Flickr.

GDP per capita: $1,110 (2014)Population : 5.02 millionPoverty Rate: 25%

KOLKATA, INDIA

3Photo by: VnGrijl/Flickr

KOLKATA HAS BEEN MAKING STREETS WIDER TO ACCOMMODATE GROWING NUMBER OF CARS

4Photo by: VnGrijl/Flickr

NARROW SIDEWALKS FORCE PEOPLE ONTO STREETS, SLOWING TRAFFIC FURTHER

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CYCLING BANNED TO MAKE ROOM FOR CARS ON MAIN STREETS

6Photo by Nicolas Mirguet/Flickr

ONLY 8% PEOPLE IN KOLKATA DRIVE CARS25% WALK OR CYCLE

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Choices today create path dependencies for decades to come

Source: IIHS,2011,h\p://iihs.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IUC-Book.pdf

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LOW DENSITY SPRAWL AT THE URBAN FRINGE

Selected findings, Kolkata urban fringe, 1990-2014: • Share of residential area in atomistic housing: 92.1±7.4%;• Share of the built-up area in roads and boulevards: 8.4±2.2%; and• Share of roads less than 4m. wide: 66.7±13.3%

Residential development on the urban fringe of Kolkata, India1(990-2014)

Source: Sholomo Angel

HOW WE BUILD CITIES MATTERS

HOW WE BUILD CITIES MATTERS

Source: LSE research, drawing on data from Atlanta Regional Commission (2014), Autoritat del Transport Metropolita (Area de Barcelona) (2013), GenCat (2013), UCSB (2014), D’Onofrio (2014), based on latest data.

Atlanta’s built-up area Barcelona’s built-up area

Population: 5.26 millionTotal area: 16,605 km2

Urban area: 7692 km2

Transport emissions: 6.9 tonnes CO2 p.c.

Traffic fatalities: 564 per year

Population: 5 millionTotal area: 3263 km2

Urban area: 648 km2

Transport emissions: 1.2 tonnes CO2 p.c.

Traffic fatalities: 31 per year

ATLANTA BARCELONA

WHAT STRATEGIES WILL AVOID LOCK-IN?

Source: World Bank

Short-Term Capital Stock

Long-Term Capital Stock

Infrastructure

Land Use and Urban Form

10-15 years

15-40 years

30-75+ years

100+ years

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WE WORK WITH 70-80 CITIES

1 We aim for reaching 60% of catalytic cities within current geographies where WRI Ross Cities has offices and 40% outside such geographies2 This includes cities influenced by Publications, Tools, Training and Short-term assistance. This encompasses pilots with the Global Protocol for Community-

Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC), Aqueduct Flood Analyzer, and Accessibility Tool.

Network Country: USA, Mexico, Turkey, India, Brazil, ChinaBloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (10 Cities)Building Efficiency Accelerator - Signatory partners (11 Cities)Additional cities reached through Catalytic influence (9 Cities)

12916

Mexico

2 614

Brazil

1 13

India

267

Turkey

2622

China

5

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Cities (FY16)Geo Deep Targeted Catalytic* Others

Mexico 1 16 29 0 India 1 13 21 0 Brazil 2 14 6 0 China 0 22 26 0 Turkey 0 7 26 0 Global 0 0 250+ 30 Total 4 72 350+ 30

* Catalytic Cites FY16 1, 2 FY19

Geographies Actuals Target

Within network country 108 120

Outside network country 250+ 80

Total 350+ 200

200Catalytic

30Targeted

4 Deep

Goals

SCALING UP INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IS POSSIBLE IN CITIES

Source: Dalkmann, WRI

TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE

Source: The GuardianPhoto Source: Juan Manuel Cardona Granda/Flickr

• “Murder capital of the world” in the 1990s– 6,349 killings in 1991

• Fragmented city form– Low-income residential neighborhoods far-

removed from city center

MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA

Source: McGuirk, 2014Photo Source: Iván Erre Jota/Flickr

• Governance and public finance leveraged for “Integral Urban Projects” or PUIs– Participative design

• Metrocable car system

MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA

Source: NYT, India Water PortalPhoto Credit: John Abel/Flilckr

• Outbreak of pneumonic infections in the 1990s – Affected outskirts with poor drainage, sanitation

services• 60% of the population left Surat• Estimated loss of Rs. 12 Billion

SURAT, INDIA

Source: World Resources Report, India Water PortalPhoto Credit: John Abel/Flickr

• Governance• Municipal commissioners instituted improved

sanitation services and waste management• New bus rapid transit system • City climate resilience planning• Public health data collection and

monitoring• E-governance initiatives

SURAT, INDIA

Source: The Independent, Transport for LondonPhoto Source: City.and.Color/Flickr

• In the last decade, London showcased some of the worst congestion in Europe

• In 2002, road deaths in Greater London composed 14% of all road casualties in Great Britain

LONDON

Source: Bartlett and Satterthwaite, 2016, p. 207-209.Photo Source: [Back to Action]/Flickr

• Immediate reduction of congestion: 15%– 70,000 fewer vehicles on the street today

than before the congestion charge– About half of former drivers chose to use

public transport, and others used bikes or shared vehicles

• Changes to local governance– London Plan, produced under the Greater London

Authority– Mayor’s Adaptation Strategy– London Climate Change and Resilience

Partnerships• Integrated planning between sectors

LONDON

Source: East Asia ForumPhoto Source: Craig Nagy/Flickr

• Booming urban expansion– Increased to population of

over 10 million in the 1990s

• Issues of overcrowding and congestion arose

• Growth management plan became necessary

SEOUL

Sources: Forbes; Song, Dutt and Costa; Seoul Metropolitan Government; Metropolis.orgPhoto Source: Brian Kusler/Flickr

• 2030 Seoul Plan• Policies work toward a productive and

competitive city while improving citizens’ quality of life

• Growth management• Inclusive and integrated mobility:

– Public buses and subway – integrated fare system– BikeSeoul bikeshare system

• Urban renewal project: Re-invigorated Cheonggyecheon Stream

SEOUL

Image: Flickr/RodrigoSolon

MEXICO CITY

• One of the most polluted cities in the world• Economic weight 40% of national GDP• 22M daily trips• Transport = 18% of emissions• 4,000 deaths per year due to pollution

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MEXICO CITY

Photo: Táis Policanti/EMBARQ Mexico

1 MILLIONDAILY RIDERSHIP

122,000TONS OF CO2 REDUCED

ANNUALLY

20%REDUCTION IN VEHICLE ACCIDENTS

Political, technical, and financial solution to congestion & air pollution

MEXICO CITY

Photos by EMBARQ Mexico

Before After

Creating a local coalition for solutions, through evidence-based decisions and capacity-building

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Source: The GuardianPhoto Source: Katherine Sharpe/Flickr

• Road safety in 1950s-1970s deteriorated– 3,300 total traffic deaths in 1971

• City built to accommodate increasing number of cars

AMSTERDAM

Sources: International Traffic Forum; Guardian; NYT; Gemeente AmsterdamPhoto Source; Aykut Türkay/Flickr

• Movement takes hold– Taking back city spaces for

pedestrians and cyclists• Streets built to the human

scale– Woonerfs, or complete

streets, emerged as a model • Model for road safety• 38% of trips are by bike

AMSTERDAM

GROWING CONSENSUS IS ON COMPACT AND CONNECTED CITIES

HOW TO TRANSFORM

• Success breeds success (from one sector to another)

• Political change between cities and citizens• Coalition-building

– Cities, businesses and citizens engaged– Creating momentum behind solutions and

projects– Knowledge sharing and participatory planning