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TRANSFO
RMING C
ITIE
S
FOR T
HE NEXT
ECONOMY:
WHERE W
E ARE A
ND CRIT
ICAL
NEXT STR
ATEG
IES
L AV E A B R A C H M A N
J U LY 4 2 0 1 4
L A FA B R I Q U E D E L A C I T E - I N T E R N AT I O N A L
S E M I N A R
CA
SE
ST
UD
I ES
FR
OM
OH
I O’ S
LE
GA
CY
CI T
I ES
ABOUT GREATER OHIO POLICY CENTER
A non-partisan NGO based in Columbus, Ohio that champions revitalization and sustainable redevelopment in Ohio through policy and practice:
• Revitalize Ohio’s urban cores and metropolitan regions
• Achieve sustainable land reuse and economic growth
GREATER OHIO’S RECENT REPORTS
SETTIN
G THE S
TAGE
LE
GA
CY
CI T
I ES
& P
AR
AD
I GM
S F
OR
TR
AN
SF
OR
MA
TI O
N
LEGACY CITIES
Formerly industrial cities that have experienced significant population and/or job loss since 1960
LEGACY CITIES UPDATE: MIXED RETURNS
18 cities with population of at least 50,000 in 2010 & loss of at least 20% from peak
City
Akron
, OH
Baltim
ore,
MD
Birmin
gham
AL
Buffal
o, N
Y
Camde
n NJ
Canto
n OH
Cincinn
ati,
OH
Cleve
land
, OH
Dayto
n, O
H
Detro
it, M
I
Flint
, MI
Milwau
kee,
WI
Newar
k, N
J
Phila
delp
hia,
PA
Pitts
burg
h, P
A
St. L
ouis,
MO
Syra
cuse
NY
Youn
gsto
wn, O
H0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Population Change 2000-2010
20002010
INDICATORS OF RELATIVE STRENGTH
Indicators used to rank relative strength of the 18 selected legacy cities:
• Unemployment rate• Percent with BA/BS degree or higher• Crime rate• Percent foreign born population• Population loss from peak to 2010• Population change 2000-2010• Percent of population in poverty• Household dependency ratio• Median house sales price
• Change in median house price
2006-2010• Mortgage ratio• Housing vacancy rate• Grad students as percent of city
population• Total research funding• Change in number of jobs 2002-
2009
Detr
oit
Cle
vela
nd
Bu
ffalo
Bir
min
gh
am
Pit
tsb
urg
h
St.
Lou
is
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Balt
imore
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
TOTAL
CITIES FOLLOW DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES
Some legacy cities showing signs of a turnaround, including Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and Syracuse. (2000-10)
• Can we identify the factors that have led to greater regeneration in some cities?
• Can we apply lessons of success (or failure) elsewhere?
• What can cities do in an age of limited state and federal support?
OPTIMIZING ASSETS IN THREE AREAS TO CREATE A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Downtown Mansfield, Mansfield Ohiofrom http://www.hivelocitymedia.com/cities/Mansfield/
Physical Assets
Institutional and Economic Assets
Leadership and Human Capital Assets
MAKING P
ROGRESS…
SO
ME
OF T
HE
RI G
HT
ST
RA
TE
GI E
S
I MP
L EM
EN
TE
D I
N L
EG
AC
Y C
I TI E
S
LEVERAGING ASSETS: STRATEGIES THAT ARE MAKING AN IMPACT
• Target resources in viable neighborhoods
• Focus on rebuilding the downtown
• Repurpose vacant land for new uses
• Leverage economic assets to build competitive advantage
VACANCY RATES STILL INCREASING
2007 20129.0%
9.5%
10.0%
10.5%
11.0%
11.5%
12.0%
12.5%
13.0%
13.5%
Akron, OH
Cincinnati, OH--KY--IN
Cleveland, OH
Dayton, OH
Detroit, MI
Toledo, OH--MI
Youngstown, OH--PA
Housing Vacancy Rates in Legacy Cities
ENCOURAGING STATE POLICIES
• Brownfields Cleanup Fund (grants/loans)
• Land banks• Expedited foreclosure• New Market Tax Credits/State
historic tax credits
TARGET RESOURCES IN VIABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
Maximizes the impact of available scarce resources.
Over-the-RhineCincinnati, Ohio
Slavic VillageCleveland, Ohio
Green and Gold Asset and Place-Based Investment StrategyDayton, Ohio
TARGET RESOURCES IN VIABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
• Cincinnati Center City Development Corporation (3CDC), a non-profit that is leading revitalization of the area
• Acquiring and rehabilitating abandoned properties within 110 square blocks of Over-the-Rhine
• Over 90% of the rehabilitated residential and commercial spaces are now occupied. Over-the-Rhine
Cincinnati, Ohio
TARGET RESOURCES IN VIABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
TARGET RESOURCES IN VIABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
Slavic Village Recovery Model – a holistic redevelopment approach
1. Select properties for demolition and rehab in target areas through a thorough property analysis.
2. Complete a critical mass of renovations and demolitions, one block at a time, to shift the market on that block.
3. The sale price of the initial homes reached the target amount of approximately $60,000, received an appraisal value above the sale price, and sold quickly.
FOCUS ON REBUILDING THE DOWNTOWN
Washington Avenue
Downtown St Louis MO
Many downtowns have success stories…
FOCUS ON REBUILDING THE DOWNTOWNMany cities are seeing downtown population growth
Baltimore Cleveland St.Louis Cincinnati0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
20002010
POPULATION CHANGE IN ST. LOUIS 2000-2010
Downtown
St. Louis University
Barnes Jewish Hospital
NORTH
SOUTH
CENTRAL
FOCUS ON REBUILDING THE DOWNTOWNMany cities are seeing growth around major
universities and medical centers
Historic Building in the West End, Cincinnati, OhioPhoto from http://www.hamiltoncountylandbank.org/portfolio-items/1201-linn/Hamilton County Land Reutilization Corporation currently accepting redevelopment proposals for the space.
RE-PURPOSE VACANT LAND FOR NEW USES
- Alternative/green uses
- Brownfields to productive reuses
- Landbanks hold properties and clear delinquent taxes, liens
LEVERAGE ASSETS: ANCHOR INSTITUTIONS DRIVE MUCH LEGACY CITY REGENERATION
Wayne State University Detroit
University Circle Inc. Cleveland
LEVERAGE ASSETS TO BUILD COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
University Circle
Cleveland, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Dayton, Ohio
Uptown Consortium
Dayton Tech Town
University Circle in Cleveland, Ohio:
• Anchor district in Cleveland, Ohio with over 26 anchor institutions
• $1.1 billion investment in the neighborhood leading to a 30:1 return
• 5,000 new full-time jobs since 2005 (15.5% increase). An additional 8.6% increase expected by 2015.
• $14 billion in overall annual economic output, according to University Circle Inc.
• 11% population growth in University Circle while there was a 17% decline in overall city population
Anchor District = vibrant city center, strong anchor institutions, multi-anchored district, community service corporations
LEVERAGING ASSETS TO BUILD COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Uptown Consortium in Cincinnati, Ohio
• 6 anchor institutions
• Established in 2004 and in 10 years has:
• leveraged +$400 million in private development• Induced +$1 billion in development• Generated 3,300 jobs• Created and retained ~400,000 sq.
feet of office and retail space• Developed 500+ residential units
• 10% of Consortium members’ workforces live in Uptown
LEVERAGING ASSETS TO BUILD COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
CITIES ARE EXPLORING OTHER ECONOMIC ENGINES
ENTERTAINMENT AND TOURISM
TECHNOLOGY
What potential do thesesectors have to generatejob and business growthin legacy cities?
WHAT
’S C
HANGED?
WHAT
’S N
EXT?
WHILE THERE HAS BEEN OVERALL POPULATION LOSS IN OHIO’S LEGACY CITIES…
LEGACY CITY POP GROWTH IS LARGELY DRIVEN BY THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION
Baltimore Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
City share of state population
City share of 25-34 year old college graduates
City share of 2000-2011 INCREASE in 25-34 year old college graduates
REMAININ
G CHALL
ENGES
OPPORTUNITY TO LEVERAGE & ATTRACT THIS POPULATION
• Some legacy cities are attracting increasing numbers of Millennials
• Ohio’s cities will need to do more to attract this population in order to compete
• What are the barriers? What still needs to be done?
CRITICAL CHALLENGES
Equity
Solving the regionalism conundrum
• Rising legacy costs, declining tax base
• Aging infrastructure
LEGACY CITIES HAVE AN INCOME/POVERTY GAP
Cam
den
Cle
vela
nd
Detr
oit
Gary
San F
ranci
sco
Seatt
le
Port
land
Bost
on
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% below poverty level
% of population below poverty levelcompared to % ofpopulation in households earning2X poverty level
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN INCOME ARE GROWING
Baltimore Buffalo Cincinnati Cleveland Pittsburgh St. Louis0
20
40
60
80
100
120White medianBlack median 2000
Median income Of African-AmericanHouseholds as a Percentage of white Non-Latino median
WHY REGIONS MATTER FOR ECONOMIC REGROWTH
• Cities and their regions are economically interdependent
• Collaborations and new governance structures can increase fiscal efficiency and economic attraction.
TOO MUCH LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADDS TO RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS86% of states have fewer governments per 100 square miles than Ohio
Source: Greater Ohio Policy Center, Census of Governments; Government Organization, 2007
16 14 12 11 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 <00
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Number of Governments per 100 miles
Nu
mb
er
of
Sta
tes
Ohio
Less than Ohio (43)More than Ohio (6)
Cleveland
Akron
Canton
Youngstown
Lorain
Northeast OHIO: five legacy citiesembedded in a single region ofover 5,000 mi2
NEED FOR GREATER REGIONALISM
Urban centers are embedded in larger regions
WHERE D
O WE G
O
FROM H
ERE?
CRITICAL NEXT STRATEGIES
• Use economic growth to increase community and resident well-being overcome forces leading to increased economic and
racial inequalities?
• Build stronger local governance and partnerships create multifaceted public/private partnerships
capable of driving sustained regeneration?
• Increase the ties between cities and their regions build effective regional linkages to foster stronger
economic growth throughout the region?
CRITICAL NEXT STRATEGIES
• Make change happen through strategic incrementalism• taking incremental steps grounded in a coherent
vision of the future
• Consider a special paradigm for smaller/medium-sized cities:• Distinguish between those that are too big to fail and
others
QUESTIONS?
Lavea Brachman,Executive Director, Greater Ohio Policy [email protected]
Conta
ct u
s at
Gre
ater
Ohio
Pol
icy
Cente
r