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TRANSITION TO HOME AND FOLLOW UP PRETERM INFANT · PDF filebirth as the delivery of an infant...

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PRETERM INFANT TRANSITION TO HOME AND FOLLOWUP
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Page 1: TRANSITION TO HOME AND FOLLOW UP PRETERM INFANT · PDF filebirth as the delivery of an infant before 37 weeks ... Development of the home care plan ... Diarrhea Refusal to eat

PRETERM INFANTTRANSITION TO HOME AND FOLLOW‐UP

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Definition of Premature Definition of Premature Birth 

Th  WHO  AAP   d ACOG d fi    The WHO, AAP, and ACOG define premature birth as the delivery of an infant before 37 weeks of gestationweeks of gestation.The NCHS of the CDC generally reports data  th   t i   f  t  bi thon three categories of preterm birth:

1. Overall preterm, less than 37 weeks2. Moderately preterm, 32 and 36 weeks3. Very preterm births, less than 32 weeks

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Other DefinitionsOther Definitions

LBW i f  l   h    LBW infants, less than 2500 gramsVLBW infants, 1500‐ 2500 gramsELBW infants, less than 1000 gramsMicro premies, less than 750 gramsLate preterm infants, born between 34 and 37 weeks of gestationg

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Other DefinitionOther Definition

E l    i f  b     kEarly term infants, between 37‐39 weeksMorbidity rates doubles for each gestational 

k l h 8 kweek earlier than 38 weeksAt 38 weeks, 3.3%At 37 weeks, 6%At 36 weeks, 12%3 ,At 35 weeks, 25%At 34 weeks  52%At 34 weeks, 52%

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Preterm Birth StatisticsPreterm Birth Statistics

I   h  U i d S  i   6  8% i f  In the United States in 2006 12.8% infants were born prematurely, ie. 1 in 8 babies.

l b h h S b llAnnual birth in the US is about 4.2 millionAbout 540,000 infants were born prematurelyHealthy people 2010 US objective was to reduce the preterm birth rate to 7.6%

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Epidemiology and causes Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth

L b  i d i    C/S f   l   f l Labor induction or C/S for maternal or fetal indications (30‐35%)S l b hSpontaneous preterm labor with intact membranes (40‐45%)Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (25‐30%)Preterm birth causes one‐third of all infant deaths

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Risk factors for premature Risk factors for premature birth

W   ith  i   t  bi thWomen with previous premature birthWomen with twins, triplets or moreW   ith  t i   t i     i l Women with certain uterine or cervical abnormalitiesWomen with late or no prenatal careWomen with late or no prenatal careWomen with behavioral risk factors, smoking, drinking alcohol  using drugsdrinking alcohol, using drugsDomestic violence, and lack of social supportLong working hours and high levels of stressLong working hours and high levels of stress

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Risk factors for premature Risk factors for premature birth

Certain medical conditions during pregnancy  Certain medical conditions during pregnancy, InfectionsHigh blood pressureDiabetesObesityBeing underweight before pregnancyBeing underweight before pregnancyShort time period between pregnancies(less than 18 months)Birth defects in the baby

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Other Risk FactorsOther Risk Factors

C i  d hi  fCertain demographic factorsNon‐Hispanic black raceYounger than age 17 or older than age 35Poverty or low socioeconomic statusFertility treatments resulting in twins or triplets or morep

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Medical Complications in Medical Complications in in Premature Infants

R i t  di t   A   f  t itRespiratory distress syndrome (RDS)Chronic lung disease 

Apnea of prematurityAnemia of prematurity

dChronic lung disease (BPD)Clinical sepsis/infection

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)N ti i   t liti  Clinical sepsis/infection

HyperbilirubinemiaIntra entric lar 

Necrotizing entercolitis (NEC)Retinopath  of Intraventricular 

hemorrhage (IVH)Gastresophageal reflux

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

Gastresophageal reflux

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Societal costs of Preterm birthSocietal costs of Preterm birth

Hi h    f   bi h  i   h  US    High rate of preterm births in the US, costs the society at least $26 billion a yearh b 6That means about $51,600 every premature 

infantFor healthy infant the cost is $4551

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Limits of ViabilityLimits of Viability

I   h  U i d S          In the United States, 500 grams or 23‐24 weeksO h 6Other Western Nations, 600 gramsIn Britain and Sweden, 750 grams

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Survival RatesSurvival Rates

A     k   %  h   f  i lAt 23 weeks, 17% chance of survivalAt 24 weeks, 39% chance of survivalAt 25 weeks, 50% chance of survivalAt 26 weeks, 80% chance of survivalAt 27 weeks, 90% chance of survivalAt 28‐ 31 weeks, 90‐95% chance of survivalAt 28 31 weeks, 90 95% chance of survivalAt 32 weeks or above, most babies survive

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Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate

I f   li     h   b   f i f  Infant mortality rate, the number of infant deaths, less than one year of age per 1000 live birthsbirths.Perinatal mortality, includes deaths between f t l  i bilit     k   t ti   d  t th  fetal viability, 23 weeks gestation and at the end of 7th day after deliveryN t l  t lit  i l d  d th  i  th  Neonatal mortality, includes deaths in the first 28 days of life

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Global Infant Mortality RateGlobal Infant Mortality Rate(Deaths per 1000 live births)

Highest infant mortality Lowest infant mortality

Angola 180 Singapore 2.31

Sierra Leone 154

Afghanistan 152

Bermuda 2.46

Sweden 2.75

Liberia 138

Niger 116

Japan 2.79

Hong Kong 2.92

U it d St t 6United States 6.30

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Infant Mortality Rates in the Infant Mortality Rates in the US(Deaths per 1000 live births)(Deaths per 1000 live births)

District of Columbia 14.10Mississippi 10.74Louisiana 9.79Massachusetts 4.89Utah 4.92Utah 4.92California 5.22Nevada 5 86Nevada 5.86

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Transition to HomeTransition to HomeAAP Recommendations

P l  d iParental educationImplementation of Primary careEvaluation of unresolved medical problemsDevelopment of the home care planIdentification and mobilization of surveillance and support servicesppDetermination and designation of follow up care

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Key Components of Follow up Key Components of Follow up Care

M ltidi i li   d t   i   li iMultidisciplinary graduate preemie clinicDischarge planning coordinatorM di l  i l  kMedical social workerPrimary care providerS h  h iSpeech therapistOccupational therapistPh i l  h iPhysical therapistDevelopmental psychologist

bl h l hPublic health nurse

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Transition to HomeTransition to Home

H i    i f  i   h  NICU b  i lf i    Having an infant in the NICU by itself is very stressful for parents

C f f h h l hNICU infants often have numerous health issues making it difficult for parents to bondTransition to home is often a difficult time for parents and familiesTransition may continue for months and even years as the infant and family try to recover

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Role of the Neonatal NurseRole of the Neonatal Nurse

N   h ld d l   hi   i h Nurses should develop partnerships with families and recognize and accept their role in the discharge managementthe discharge managementWork collaboratively with families in f ilit ti  th  t iti  t  h  f  facilitating the transition to home from admission onwardD l   id b d  ti   id li  Develop evidence‐based practice guidelines consistent with current knowledge and researchresearch

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Family‐centered ApproachFamily centered Approach

I l       ll b i     d Involve parents as collaborative partners and essential members of the high risk NICU team

d l lParenting is a developmental process in which parents learn to care for their infantThis will enhance the development of parental competence and empower families t    f  th i  i f t  i  th  NICU  d  t to care for their infants in the NICU and at home

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Promoting Parenting in the NICUPromoting Parenting in the NICU

P id         d h l   h  Provide support to parents and help them identify and use of other support systemsC ll b h f l l dCollaborate with families in planning and providing careEnhance the role of parents as advocates for their infantCope,(Creating opportunities for parent empowerment).Empower parents to care for h i  i f   i i  i   d   k their infant, participate in rounds, ask questions, meet with care team , etc.

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Characteristics of Family‐Characteristics of Familycentered Care

C i i   l   d h l   i h Communicating openly and honestly with parents on medical and ethical issuesSh f d h fSharing information and the meaning of information with parentsInvolving parents in decision makingPartnering with parents in providing careDeveloping policies and programs to promote parenting skills and family involvement

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Family‐centered Care in Nursing Family centered Care in Nursing Practice

Th   l  d f   f  ll NICU’   h ld b  The goal and focus of all NICU’s should be implementation of family‐centered care

f l d lHowever, family‐centered care is not always consistently implemented during hospitaliza‐ti    th  t iti  t  htion or the transition to homeNurses must reexamine their current 

  d   f    t diti l processes and move from a traditional approach to a family‐centered approach

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Approaches to the Discharge Approaches to the Discharge Process

F il   i i i  i     i i   h h  Family participation in care giving throughout the hospital stay will increase parental confidence and competenceconfidence and competenceStaff involves family into care giving as early   ibl   d f il   d i  h l  as possible, and family advisors help 

determine family learning needs F ili   t   ith  t ff t  d t i  Families partners with staff to determine discharge goals and timing through rounds and other processesand other processes

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Continuum of Discharge ProcessContinuum of Discharge Process

Discharge timing is determined by infant’s Discharge timing is determined by infant’s medical status and family readinessContinuity of care for infants and families can Continuity of care for infants and families can facilitate smooth transition and positively affect outcomesEfforts focus on communication, information, policies and practicesN    f ili  f  th   t  h   f Nurses prepare families for the next phase of care and communicate with providers involved in the current and next phasesp

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ImmunizationImmunization

P t  i f t    i i d  ith f ll Preterm infants are immunized with full doses based on their chronologic age, not PMA.PMA.Immunization should begin when infants reach 2 months chronologic age, regardless g g , gof whether they are hospitalized or dischargedPreterm infants are at increased risk of apnea in the 48 hours after immunization, should be monitored closelymonitored closely

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Clinical Indicators of Clinical Indicators of Readiness for Discharge to Home

Ph i l i l  d  h i l  i   f i f  Physiological and physical signs of infant readiness

f l dDemonstration of parental competence and preparednessPreparation of the home environment

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Readiness for DischargeReadiness for DischargeInfant Factors

F ll  i l  f di  b l    bFull nipple feedings, bottle or breastProgressive weight gain of 15 to 30 grams pr d l dday over several daysSuccessful weaning from a thermoregulated environment and maintenance of body temperature in an open cribThis usually occurs by 35 to 37 weeks post menstrual age (PMA)

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Parent Readiness and EducationParent Readiness and Education

Th       h    h   h  The nurse ensures that parents have the knowledge and skills they need for the infant’s transition to homeinfant’s transition to homeNurse individualizes teaching content for 

h f il  b d   th  f il ’   d   d each family based on the family’s needs and priorities.E h f il   f bl   d   t l t t  Each family preferably needs at least two caregivers

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Parent Education TopicsParent Education Topics

Ch i     i   Sl i   itiChoosing a primary care providerHand washing

Sleeping positionStool and urine patternsHand washing

Behavioral cuesB i  i f t 

patternsSigns of illnessM di ti   d Basic infant care

FeedingMedication and equipmentHome and car safetSleep and wake cycles Home and car safetyVisitors and outings

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Choosing a primary Care Choosing a primary Care Provider

Thi     d   i  i   h     d This can reduce anxiety in the parents and ensure that a provider is in place at the time of dischargeof dischargeAllow provider involvement during the di h  discharge processNurses should encourage parents to meet ith  t ti l  id  t  h l   k  th i  with potential providers to help make their 

selection

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When to Follow upWhen to Follow up

Fi  f ll     i i   i hi        dFirst follow up visit within 2 to 3 daysSubsequent visit, 2 to 3 times weekly d d h l l f fdepending on the clinical status of infantNeuro developmental assessment is done at term (corrected age) at the high risk clinicThen at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 2 years, and 3 yearsThen at 4 and 5 years

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How to Follow upHow to Follow up

E h  l   i i   h ld i l dEach regular visit should includeMonitoring of growth and nutritionNeurological examination including milestonesManagement of medical problemsAdvice on breast feeding, complementary g, p yfeeding, immunization and neonatal careAnticipatory guidance to parentsp y g p

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Follow up at the early Follow up at the early interventional services

E l  i i   i   f id if i    Early intervention consist of identifying a baby who already has or is at potential risk for developing a handicap conditionfor developing a handicap condition.Compensatory mechanisms exists for all 

b l f ti   d thi   l ti it   f b i  cerebral functions and this plasticity of brain is  encouraged by stimulation and early interventioninterventionAlso modifiability of the brain at the molecular level forms the basis of early molecular level forms the basis of early intervention in high risk infants

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Readiness for Oral FeedingReadiness for Oral Feeding

T i i  f   b  f di    b  Transition from tube feeding to breast feeding or bottle feeding

f h f b f h f dAssessment of the infant before each feeding to be sure that the infant is ready to feedBoth nursing and parental assessments are important

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Assessing Readiness for Oral Assessing Readiness for Oral Feeding

P   i l   Post conceptional age. Respiratory statusGag reflexSuck‐swallow –breathe patternInfant behavioral cues Hunger and satiation cuesHunger and satiation cuesDuration and volume of feedingsCorrect preparation of formulaCorrect preparation of formula

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Breast FeedingBreast Feeding

K       li  b  Kangaroo care promotes earlier breast feeding and maternal milk supply, and increases the number of mothers breast increases the number of mothers breast feeding at NICU discharge, and the duration of breast feedingof breast feedingIn the first few weeks, regular and frequent pumping is important to establish milk supplypumping is important to establish milk supplyLatching on and letting down

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Engagement CuesEngagement Cues

R l d    i h  h Relaxed tone with smooth movementsQuite alert state with flexed extremetiesAnimated face with bright eyesPeriodic eye contact with caregiverHand‐to‐mouth movementsTurning toward a voiceTurning toward a voiceWell‐perfused, oxygenated appearance

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Disengagement CuesDisengagement Cues

A t d  Hi i   itti    Averted gazeFalling asleep

Hiccupping, spitting or gaggingSplayed fingersYawning

Frowning or grimacing

Splayed fingersCryingB i   l  Arching

Gagging, grunting or 

Becoming pale, mottled or red

sneezing

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Response to Disengagement CuesResponse to Disengagement Cues

P id         i     i h  i i l     Provide a rest or time out with minimal or no sensory inputS ddl h fSwaddle or contain the infantPosition the infant with blanket rolls Use the infants cues to determine when to engage again

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Sleeping Guidelines for Preterm Sleeping Guidelines for Preterm Infants

P i i   h  i f   i     d   h   i k Position the infant supine to reduce the risk of SIDS

f h f bUse a firm tight‐fitting mattress in a crib covered only by a fitted sheetDon’t cover the baby with sheets, blankets or other coversDon’t put soft objects under the infantKeep the infant’s head uncovered 

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Signs and Symptoms of InfectionSigns and Symptoms of Infection

C i Ab l  i tiCyanosisPallor and mottled

f l

Abnormal respirationDiarrhea

Refusal to eatIncreased irritability

FeverHypothermia

LethargyVomiting

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Transportation Safety for Transportation Safety for Preterm Infants

B f  di h   b   h  i f  i   h  Before discharge, observe the infant in the car seat for 90 minutes to monitor for apnea, bradycardia or oxygen desaturationbradycardia or oxygen desaturationMinimize travel for infants at risk for 

i t   irespiratory compromiseMaintain home cardio‐respiratory monitors d i  t lduring travelSecure oxygen tanks, monitors and other 

iequipment

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Emergency PlanEmergency Plan

CPR  d fi   id  i i  f  CPR and first aid training for parentsEmergency phone listChild care arrangements for other childrenBack up telephone serviceIdentification of the nearest 24 hour pharmacy and emergency room servicesp y g y

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Pre‐discharge Home VisitPre discharge Home Visit

N     h  i f ’   l d  h i l Nurse assesses the infant’s planned physical environment

h l l f l dReviews the cleanliness, status of utilities and appliances and the family’s general 

d  f  th  i f t’  preparedness for the infant’s careHelps the family prepare for the homecoming 

d  i  di h  t hiand reviews discharge teaching

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Discharge Summary FormsDischarge Summary Forms

C   f  h  di h  Copy of the discharge summaryAny significant physical findings at dischargeMedical problems for follow‐upImmunization recordFamily issues for follow‐upHome health nursing follow‐upHome health nursing follow upAppointments with primary and specialty care providerscare providers

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Technology‐dependent InfantsTechnology dependent Infants

I f   i h BPD  i i  h      Infants with BPD requiring home oxygen or home ventilatorf h h b l dInfants with short bowel syndrome requiring 

home TPNInfants with feeding issues requiring GT feedingsInfants with metabolic disorders requiring special diet at home

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Technology‐dependent InfantsTechnology dependent Infants

A i t   d ti   d t hi  f   tAppropriate education and teaching for parentsAppropriate home environmentOngoing support and respite for parents A plan for home health nurse follow up Appropriate resources and contacts identified and known to parentsSafe transport to attend the follow up clinicsAccess to 24 hour emergency and support services

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Family TransitionsFamily Transitions

C ld b   i i  b   i ll   f l f  Could be exciting but potentially stressful for the parents

b bParents may be anxious but sometimes unsure about their ability to care for NICU 

d tgraduatePhysical and emotional tolls of caring for the i f t  t hinfant at homeImpact of the infant on the family and siblingsSibling’s response to the homecoming baby

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SUMMARYSUMMARY

T i i    h   i   i  Transition to home requires appropriate, individualized interventions and   multidisciplinary programs to optimize infant multidisciplinary programs to optimize infant recovery and health outcomes for NICU graduatesgraduatesThese programs are absolutely essential, so that small  fragile survivors of NICU can that small, fragile survivors of NICU can achieve their maximum developmental potentialpotential.

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SUMMARY, continuedSUMMARY, continued

If  h   i       id d   h   h  If these services are not provided, then the whole purpose of having these expensive high technology NICU will be defeatedhigh technology NICU will be defeatedFollow up clinical outcomes of these NICU 

d t  i   l      t    th  graduates is also a way to measure the quality of care and to provide feedback for improvement of care in the NICUimprovement of care in the NICU

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REFERENCES

AAP committee on Fetus and newborn, 2008; Brodsky and Ouellette, 2008.Ruchi N. Nanavati, MD, Seth G.S. Maha Neocon 2005 Pediatric on call., ,Discharge planning coordinator, About Kids Health, Nov, 7, 2008.Discharge teaching in the NICU: Are parents prepared. An integrative review of parents perception. Nicole Sneath, RN, MSN, NNP, BC. Neonatal network. 2009; 28 (5) : 237-246.Outpatient care of Premature infant. Amy Lahood, MD et al, Am Fam Physcian. 2007, Oct 15; 76 p y , , y , ;(8): 1159-1165Ahman, E. Abraham, M.R. and Johnson, B.H. (2003) changing the concepts of families as visitors: supporting family presence and participation, Bethesda, MD: Institute of Family centered careAAP committee on practice and Ambulatory Medicine and committee on Fetus and newborn, p y ,(1996). The role of Primary care pediatrician in the management of high-risk newborn infant, Pediatrics, 98 (4), 786-788Bakewell-Sachs, S. and Grennaro, S. (2004). Parenting the Post-NICU infant, MCN: The American Journal of Maternal-child Nursing, 29 (29), 398-403g, ( ),Bakewell-Sachs, S. and Blackman, S. (2003), State of the science: Achievements and challenges across the spectrum of care of Preterm infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 32, 683-695Bonhoeffer, J., Siegrist, C.A. and Health P.T. (2006) Immunization of Premature infants, Archives of , , g , ( ) ,Diseases of children, 91, 929-935Broeddsgaard, A. and Wagner, L. (2005). How to facilitate parents and their premature infant for the transition home. International Nursing Review, 52, 96-203

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Cooper, L.G. Gooding, J.S. Gallagher, J., Sternesky, L. Ledsky, R. and Berns, S.D. (2007). Impact of a family-centered care initiative on NICU care, staff and families. Journal of Perinatology, 27, S 32-37Griffin, T. (2006) Family-centered care in the NICU. Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, 20, 98-102Neonatal Nursing, 20, 98 102Hamilton, B. Martin, J. and Ventura, S. (2007). Births: Preliminary data for 2006. National Vital Statistics reports, 56 (7). Hyattsville. MD: National Center for Health statisticsH l P d C i J (2004) H f th hi h i k i f t Ad iHummel, P. and Cronin, J. (2004) Home care of the high risk infant. Advances in Neonatal care, 4, 354-364Institute for Family centered care. (1998). Core principles of Family centered care. Advances in Family Centered care, 4 (1), 2-4y , ( ),Johnson, A.N. (2007 a). The maternal experience of kangaroo holding, JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, gynecologic and neonatal nursing, 36, 568-573La Hood, A and Bryant, C.A. (2007). Outpatient care of the premature infant. American Family Physician 76 1159 1164American Family Physician, 76, 1159-1164McCain, G.C. (2003). An evidence-based guideline for introducing oral feeding to healthy premterm infants. Neonatal Network, 22 (5), 45-50Nye, C. (2008). Transitioning premature infants from gavage to breast, Neonatal Network, 27 (1), 7-13Immunization of Preterm and low birth weight infants: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on infectious diseases. Pediatrics, 112, 193-198


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