Translation

Martin Kay Morphology

Martin Kay

Stanford University andThe University of the Saarland

Translationand Cloud Computing!!

Martin Kay Machine Translation

What is Translation?• A text that is based on a text in another language and which—has the same meaning—conveys the same information—has the same effect on its readers—gives the gist of the original—explains the original

• It depends what you want• Generally a mixture of several of these

2


Vauquois Triangle

Phonology / Orthography

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Interlingua


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Transfer

Analys

is Analysis

Abs

tract

ion

Red

uce

dim

ensi

ons


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

tying = tie+ing loved = love + ed


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

loves = love+pl, love+3sg children = child+pl


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

The dog chased the cat = the cat was chased by the dog


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

SemanticsBrutus killed Ceasar => Caesar is dead


Statistical MT


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

TransferMartin Kay Morphology

Pragmatic MT


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

TransferAnal

ysis

Analysis


Pragmatic MT


Morphology

Syntax

SemanticsI left nothing on the train = I had all my belongings when I got off the train


Vauquois Triangle


Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Semantic Processing


Semantic Processing

Replace words and phrases by words and phrases that mean the sameReorder

• Translation in Language teaching• Popular perception of translation• Machine translation


Semantic Processing

Replace words and phrases by words and phrases that mean the sameReorder

• St. Jerome: Vulgate• 20th Century• Translator is anonymous

Martin Kay Robotics

Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in dem Zug vergeßen haben Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien oublié dans le train

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Martin Kay Robotics



Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in dem Zug vergeßen haben

Make sure that you have forgotten nothing on the train

Make sure that you have left nothing on the train

I forgot to call you on the trainI forgot my password on the train

I left the trash on the train

The stuff on the car is still at home, but I left nothing on the train

Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien oublié dans le train

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Martin Kay Robotics


I didn't bring all my belongings with me!

I left your brief case, but none of my belongings.

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Make sure that you take all your belongings with you

Martin Kay Robotics

We all know the Lost and Found scenario and that this is what they are talking about

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Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in dem Zug vergeßen haben

Make sure that you take all your belongings with you

Semantic TranslationPragmatic

Martin Kay Robotics

Situated Language

29 Martin Kay Morphology

Semantic Processing Replace words and phrases by words and phrases that mean the sameReorder

Pragmatic Processing Replace words and phrases by words and phrases that will effect the same changes in the hearer's head


• Mr President , I respond to an invitation yesterday afternoon by the President of the House to speak on behalf of my group on a matter referred to in the Minutes .

• Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui m ' a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le procès - verbal .



• Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui m'a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le procès - verbal .



• Monsieur le Président , je réponds à une invitation lancée hier par la Présidente qui m'a demandé de prendre la parole au nom de mon groupe sur un sujet mentionné dans le procès - verbal .


• I refer to item 11 on the order of business .

• Je veux parler du point 11 de l'ordre des travaux .


• Je souhaite exprimer ce point de vue , même si je désapprouve la proposition du président du groupe des socialistes , tout en la respectant , et même si j'ai voté contre .

• I wish to express that view even if I respectfully disagreed and voted against the proposal of the President of the Socialist Group .


• Je souhaite exprimer ce point de vue , même si je désapprouve la proposition du président du groupe des socialistes , tout en la respectant , et même si j'ai voté contre .

• I wish to express that view even if I respectfully disagreed and voted against the proposal of the President of the Socialist Group.

• I want to express that view, even if I disapprove of the proposal of the president of the socialist group, while I respect it, and even though I voted against it


• J 'apprécie fortement cette attitude . • That is something for which I have a deep appreciation .


• Pragmatic translation often involves addition or removal of substantive information from what is explicitly expressed.

Martin Kay Translation

You cannot avoid it

Two no trumps, short stop, goal keeper, end runHappy hour, a hair of the dogAlimony, juge d'instructionvalue-added tax, home owner's policynut, hot tea, café/espresson-th floor, n pièces2-piece, 2-seater, deux roues, 6-packSecond reading. Do I have a second?

39Martin Kay Machine Translation

I usually go to work in the bus!on

40

Martin Kay Translation 41

Est_ce que ce train va a Perpignan?

Martin Kay Translation 42

Does this train go to

Perpignan?

No, it stops in Beziers.

Fährt dieser Zug nach

Perpignan?

Nein, er in

Béziersendethält


Est-ce que c’est ta cousine?

Non, je n’ai pas de cousine.

Is that your cousin?

No. I don’t have a cousin.

female^

female^

Is that woman your cousin?

43 Martin Kay Machine Translation

Is that your cousin?

No. I don’t have a cousin.

female^

female^

Is that woman your cousin?girl

Est-ce que c’est ta cousine?

Non, je n’ai pas de cousine.

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Martin Kay Robotics

People, see everything

—in a context

—from a point of view

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Situated

Embodied


Facts about translation

… are not all reflected in emergent properties of translationsDoes this train go to Endville?Est-ce que c’est ta cousine?I just got back from Texas/Utah. I had forgotten how good

beer tastes. Ich hatte vergeßen, wie gut[es] Bier schmekt.It may be necessary to reduce condenser steam side pressure

pression latérale de la vapeurpression côté vapeur


TargetQuality

SourceDifficulty

!!

!

! ShakespeareGoogle

Weather reports

Coca Cola

Caterpillar

Haiti

Boeing


TargetQuality

SourceDifficulty

!!

!

! ShakespeareGoogle

Weather reports

Coca Cola

Caterpillar

Haiti

Boeing

The Human Zone


TargetQuality

SourceDifficulty

!!

!

! ShakespeareGoogle

Weather reports

Coca Cola

Caterpillar

Haiti

Boeing

TheAmateur

Zone


• Literary translators are usually amateurs.• Legal translators are professionals.• Scientific, and technical translators of material to be disseminated are professionals.

• Scientific, and technical translators of internal material may be either.


The human contribution

• Post-editing• Pre-editing• Consulting• Triangulation and Reflective editing


Fin


The Prevailing ViewInformation about language—resides in records of it in use—in texts;—Has something important to do with the frequency of short sequences of words (n-grams);

—occurs mostly in very weak dilution.

∴ Learning about language requires—computers, and—vast corpora.

Translation is all about relations between words and phrases in two languages.


The Traditional ViewInformation about language—resides in people's heads;—Has something important to do with the frequency of short sequences of words (n-grams);





The Traditional ViewInformation about language—resides in people's heads;—Has something important to do with the recursive grammatical structure of sentences;





The Traditional ViewInformation about language—resides in people's heads;—Has something important to do with the recursive grammatical structure of sentences;

—occurs mostly in quite strong dilution.




Dictionary-and-Rearrangement Translation

• α' can translate α if α:α' is in the bilingual dictionary.

• α'β' can translate αβ if α' can translate α and β'can translate β

• β'α' can translate αβ if α' can translate

α and β'can translate β• The right alternative is the one that looks best.


Dictionary-and-Rearrangement Translation

Used exclusively in:—Translation in foreign-language teaching.—Machine translation.

Preferred in—Religious translation—Much legal translation—Much post-1900 translation

Deprecated in—Scientific and technical translation—Translation of Belles Lettres

Because—It's easiest—Makes the translator anonymous

Because—What the text refers to is more important than what the words mean.

Semantic Translation


Understand and Re-express Translation

• The ultimate basis of all translation

Pragmatic TranslationMartin Kay Morphology

• Je ne veux pas sans cesse remettre sur le tapis les problèmes de ce bâtiment mais cela constitue un sujet de préoccupation sérieux .

• I do not want to ever put on the table the issue of this building but this is a serious concern. (G)

• I do not want to drag up the issue of this building endlessly , but this is a serious problem .


• Toutefois , nous discutons également aujourd ' hui du rapport sur les aides d ' État et du rapport général sur la politique de concurrence pour 1998, ma contribution à cette discussion commune touchant au dernier rapport .

• However , we are also discussing the aid report today and the general competition report for 1998, and my contribution to this joint debate relates to the latter .

• However, we also discussed today the report on state aid and the general report on competition policy for 1998, my contribution to this joint debate concerning the final report.


• Il s ' agit de l ' exigence de modernisation afin d ' assurer l ' avenir de la politique européenne de concurrence .

• It is all about the need for modernisation and the future viability of the European competition policy .

• Nous appelons le Conseil et la Conférence intergouvernementale à introduire la procédure de codécision en matière de droit de la concurrence .

• Therefore , I would urge the Council and the Intergovernmental Conference to introduce the codecision procedure into legislation in this area


• Les rudiments de l ' économie nous apprennent que• At the end of the day , one of the fundamental tenets of

economic theory is that



Cloud ComputingWhen you need computing resources—In large amounts.—In bursts—With simple parallelization—MapReduce

When you could use people—irregulary—of just the right kind


Cloud Computing• Client

—A way to rent out time on computers you are not using.—A way to get other people to work for you for free

• Customer—A way to get huge bursts of computation done.


CIA Google


• A core team of about 100 employees has been developing n.Fluent over the past four years. The software went live for internal IBM use in August 2008. Since then, about 3,000 employee volunteers have collectively contributed more than 36 million words to extend and improve it. To encourage further participation and raise awareness of the project, IBM held its first crowdsourcing event last summer.

• No specific plans have been announced for a commercial product or service. "For right now, we're focusing on building and perfecting the tool," said Ari Fishkind, an IBM spokesman.

• Salim Roukos, computer science researcher at IBM's T.J. Watson Labs, believes this sort of technology could play a big role in localizing global operations. Companies currently spend about $13 billion a year to translate documentation, which is all done using human labor. With n.Fluent, companies could automate the first translation and then let humans focus on correcting any mistakes.


• Philip Resnik, associate professor of computer science at the University of Maryland, has been researching crowdsourcing machine-translation techniques. Resnick said statistical techniques made a revolutionary leap by turning a labor-intensive, expert-driven development process into a machine-learning problem.


• To address this gap, Resnik is working with Ben Bederson, associate professor of computer science at the University of Maryland, to develop a framework for human-machine interaction that pairs volunteers, one of whom knows only the source language and the other, only the target language.


MapReduce• It is clear that the needs of machine translation re- searchers have outgrown the capabilities of individual computers.


• Last month, for example, it said it was working to combine its translation tool with image analysis, allowing a person to, say, take a cellphone photo of a menu in German and get an instant English translation.

• The services themselves have long been referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Like many other NLP problems, output quality of statistical machine translation (SMT) systems in- creases with the amount of training data.


Translation Models• Classroom model• Find lexical pairs (bilingual dictionary)• Do morphology• Reorder

• Makes translator anonymous, less accountable• Good for

—religious translation—legal text?


The delphi method• The name "Delphi" derives from the Oracle of Delphi. The authors of the method were not happy with this name, because it implies "something oracular, something smacking a little of the occult"

• The opening anecdote relates Francis Galton's surprise that the crowd at a county fair accurately guessed the weight of an ox when their individual guesses were averaged (the average was closer to the ox's true butchered weight than the estimates of most crowd members, and also closer than any of the separate estimates made by cattle experts).


• Coordination of behavior includes optimizing the utilization of a popular bar and not colliding in moving traffic flows. The book is replete with examples from experimental economics, but this section relies more on naturally occurring experiments such as pedestrians optimizing the pavement flow or the extent of crowding in popular restaurants. He examines how common understanding within a culture allows remarkably accurate judgments about specific reactions of other members of the culture.


Pragmatic Translation• Assurez-vous que vous n'avez rien oublié dans le train

• Versichern Sie Sich daß Sie nichts in dem Zug vergeßen haben

• Make sure you have not forgotten the train.—Google translate 5/29/10 5.55pm CET.

• English—Make sure that you have have not forgotten (left) anything on the train.

—Make sure that you take all your belongings with you.

Martin Kay Machine Translation Martin Kay Machine Translation

Translation Types• Outbound• Inbound• Indicative• Informative


The European UnionDanishDutchEnglishFinnishFrenchGermanGreekItalianPortugueseSpanishSwedish

CzechEstonian

HungarianLithuanian

LatvianMaltese

PolishSlovene

Slovak

11 languages2,500 (12.5%) of 20,000 staff1% of the annual budget40% of administration costs.


The perception

Linguistics is not about communicationIt focuses on fringe phenomenaIt is not robustIt luxuriates in ambiguities but is not

interested in resolving themIt never gets beyond the sentence

Linguistics has failed technology


Generative Linguistics

The generative vein in linguistics has run out because most problems have—been solved—turned out to belong to a wider domain

A new paradigm is required based in acknowledging that language is about communication

Translation is about communication


In many ways Linguistics has been a phenomenal success

Where problems have competing solutions, fringe phenomena can decide the issue

The strength and flexibility of language comes in large measure from its openness to ambiguity. Resolving ambiguity is not a linguistic enterprise

Much of what there is to study about language is within the sentence

Lexical semantics


Unfortunately we have …

Early bindingZipf’s lawLocalityEmergent PropertiesAIBleu score


Triangulation


Weather reports

Belles LettresAdvertising

Manuals

Scientific PapersSource

Difficulty

Easy

Hard

TargetQuality

HighLow

DisseminationInformative

AssimilationIndicative

There is a lot of stuffin this corner


TargetQuality

SourceDifficulty

!!

!

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Weather reports

Date post:	31-Oct-2014
Category:	Education
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Translation

Education