TRANSNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1International organizations The international organizations- represents the formal structures in which in the international institutions conduct their daily activity necessary for the imposion of the promovated rules. There are two types of international organizations:Non governmental organizations A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political particpation through provision of information. Some are organized around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health. They provide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements. Their relationship with offices and agencies of the United Nations system differs depending on their goals, their venue and the mandate of a particular institution.2. Anintergovernmental organization(orinternational governmental organization;IGO) is anorganizationcomposed primarily ofsovereign states(referred to as member states or of other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are often called international organizations although that term may also include international nongovernmental organizationsuch as internationalnon profit organizations ormultinational corporations. Exponential increase of the number of international organizations:- 1909: 37 intergovernmental organizations and 176 non- governmental organizations- 1997:their number reached 260 and 5472.Types of intergovernmental organizationsThe geographical nature and objectives of organizationOBJECTIVES FOLLOWED MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES 1 OBJECTIVE Globals United Nation (UN)World Health Organization ( WHO)UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) Medicines Sans FrontieresWorld Trade Organization ( WTO)Types of intergovernmental organizationsRegional organizations Multiple objectives1 objectiveOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE)Nord Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)African UnionOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Europe Union ( EU) InternationalInternational Organization of Turkish Culture (TRKSOY))

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE ( OSCE)

OSCE - STRUCTURE

OSCE Is a regional security organization recognized such as under the Eight Chapter of United Nation Charter .It was signed in Helsinki on 31 July 1975 by 35 heads of states .Nowdays has 55 states members .The OSCE takes a comprehensive approach to thepolitico-military dimension of security, which includes a number of commitments by participating States and mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution. The organization also seeks to enhance military security by promoting greater openness, transparency and co-operation.What does OSCE ?1. Arms control The end of the Cold War resulted in a huge amount of surplus weapons becoming available illegally. The OSCE, through its field operations, helps to stop the spread of such weapons and offers assistance with their destruction. The Forum for Security Co-operation, which is the main OSCE body dealing with politico-military aspects of security, contributes to these efforts by developing documents regulating transfers of conventional arms and establishing principles governing non-proliferation.OSCE's Cold War structure still useful in Ukraine crisisOSCE is currently underway on several missions in Ukraine, partly because the organization appears to be the only group in which all the parties involved in the Ukraine conflict are members and which is also capable of acting. Russia has dismissed NATO and the European Union as partisan and the UN is practically blocked by Russia's Security Council veto. In addition, the OSCE still has at its disposal a number of rules and instruments that date back to the Cold War era but can still prove useful.Arms control and reciprocal confidence-building measures which were designed to balance the threat on both sides before the collapse of the Soviet Union are back in demand. Russia is obliged to allow those reconnaissance flights, and it's consistently backed mutual control, especially in the 1992 Open Skies Treaty.Since the start of the crisis in Ukraine, the OSCE has performed a number of smaller monitoring missions that the public barely noticed, says Wolfgang Richter, a security expert with the Berlin-based German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) and former OSCE inspector. "There've already been several inspections under the Vienna Document," Richter says, adding that Russia has so far agreed to all of the controls along its borders without protest.But the number of arms control inspections the OSCE is allowed to conduct is limited. Should the West continue to demand inspections at the present rate, Richter warns, Russia's quota for 2014 will soon be exhausted. 2.Border management The OSCE seeks to enhance border security while facilitating legitimate travel and commerce, protecting human rights and promoting human contacts. The OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, trains border officers from OSCE participating States and Partners for Co-operation, including Afghanistan, and promotes cross-border co-operation in the Central Asian region. 3 .Combating human traffickingHuman trafficking affects virtually all OSCE states, either as countries of origin or destination. This modern form of slavery is an affront to human dignity, often involving psychological terror and physical violence. Human trafficking engages issues of human rights and rule of law, of law enforcement and crime control, of inequality and discrimination, of corruption, economic deprivation and migration. 4.DemocratizationThe OSCE helps its participating States build democratic institutions; hold free, fair and transparent elections; promote gender equality; ensure respect for human rights, media freedom, minority rights and the rule of law; and promote tolerance and non-discrimination. 5. Economical activities The OSCE focuses on security-related economic issues and fosters international economic co-operation. It assists participating States in strengthening their business and investment climate, streamlining regulatory frameworks, countering corruption, money laundering and terrorism financing. It also actively promotes effective labour migration management, women entrepreneurship, integrated international transport networks as well as harmonized border crossing procedures encouraging the establishment of public-private partnerships. 6.Combating terrorismWith its expertise in conflict prevention, crisis management and early warning, the OSCE contributes to world-wide efforts in combating terrorism. Many effective counter-terrorism measures fall into other areas in which the OSCE is active, such as police training and border monitoring. The OSCE also looks at human rights issues in relation to counter-terrorism.

Members and partner states of OSCE

OSCE analyses StrenghtsIncludes all European countriesHigh legitimacyPrevents the conflicts by :A) mediationB) promotes the humans rightsC) promovation of democracyLimitations The state membres dont get involved so much .The general profil is low Has too few resources North Atlantic Treaty Organization( NATO)

What is NATO ?Founded in 1949 in the aftermath of World War Two "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down", the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (Nato) is a military alliance, backed by the nuclear weapons of the United States, France and the United Kingdom.There are currently 28 member states plus three in the process of joining: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro and Macedonia.For much of its history Nato was involved in the Cold War, a prolonged period of tension with the eight communist states of the Warsaw Pact including the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and East Germany.Its primary purpose was to defend member nations against the large number of troops in pro-communist countries. The U.S. also wanted to maintain a presence in Europe, to prevent a resurgence of military nationalism and foster political union. In this way, NATO made the European Union possible.

NATO EXPANSION

What Is the Purpose of NATO Today?

What Is the Purpose of NATO Today?:NATOs essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.POLITICAL- NATO promotes democratic values and encouragesconsultationand cooperation on defence and security issues to build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict.MILITARY- NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capacity needed to undertakecrisis-managementoperations. These are carried out underArticle 5 of the Washington Treaty- NATOs founding treaty - or under a UN mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations.

What is article 5 ?On 12 September, NATO decided that, if it is determined that the attack against the United States was directed from abroad, it shall be regarded as an action covered by Article 5 of theWashington Treaty.This is the first time in the Alliance's history that Article 5 has been invoked.Article 5 is at the basis of a fundamental principle of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. It provides that if a NATO Ally is the victim of an armed attack, each and every other member of the Alliance will consider this act of violence as an armed attack against all members and will take the actions it deems necessary to assist the Ally attacked.This is the principle of collective defence.

What is peacekeeping ?Peacekeeping is a technique which has been developed, mainly by the United Nations to help control and and resolve armed conflicts.The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was the first United Nations peacekeeping operation. It consisted of unarmed military operation who were sent to Palestine in June 1948 to supervise a truce negociated by Count Bernadotte in the first war between Israel and its Arabs neighbours.The Golden Age of peacekeeping operations was from 1956 to 1974 . Those 18 years gave birth to 10 of 13 peacekeeping operations established before the revival of demand for peacekeeping in the late 1980s.The established principles of peacekeeping summary -1)First peacekeeping operations were United Nations operations.Their United Nationsness derived from various facts: they were established by one of the legislative organs of United Nations and they were under the control of Secretary General, who acted with authority delegated to him by the Security Council .2) Peacekeeping operations could be set only with the consent of the parties to the conflict in question.3)The peacekeeps must be impartial between the parties.4) National armies and police forces could be the only source for the uniformed personnel to the United States required.5)Use of force.More than half of peacekeeping operations before 1988 had consisted only of unarmed military observaters.But when the operations were armed, it had become an established principle that they should use force only to minimum extent necessary and that normally fire should be use only in self defence.

NATO's Relationships with Other Non-Members

Only three of the twenty-three members of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council are being admitted to NATO. The security concerns of the great majority of the new Eurasian states will need to be addressed outside the context of membership. But the United States and NATO will play a crucial role.As with Russia, military-to-military cooperation is a central mechanism by which stability can be extended eastward to states and regions not designated to join NATO. NATO's principal mechanism for military-to-military cooperation is the Partnership for Peace, which should receive attention comparable to that devoted to enlargement.

NATO's Lack Of Any Serious Purpose Means It ShouldRetire

European countries want to be military powers, but increasingly are failing to maintain capable forces. America always has been the dominant power in NATO. The U.S. may soon be the only effective power in the alliance. NATO should retire.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created more than six decades ago. Having fought to free Western Europe from Nazi domination, Washington was determined to keep Western Europe free from Soviet domination. Yet a Soviet invasion quickly became unlikely, if for no other reason than the potential of escalation to nuclear war.After the collapse of the U.S.S.R. the transatlantic alliance became irrelevant. Its purpose, famously explained Lord Hastings Ismay, was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down. All of these objectives had been met.

Today the Soviet Union is gone. Russia may be hostile, but it lacks both the will and ability to threaten Europe. At most Moscow can beat up on weak neighbors like Georgia.Germany remains down militarily, skeptical of international involvement. Ironically, most of Europe wants Berlin to do more. Economically the federal republic is way upunderwriting the entire European Union.The U.S. is in. America and Europe share history, tradition, and values. Economic ties may grow through a transatlantic free trade agreement. Military links are secondary.

Germany helped trigger the Balkan wars with its speedy recognition of the seceding Yugoslavian territories without any protection for Serbian minorities. While the initial attack on Afghanistan to displace al-Qaeda and oust the Taliban properly responded to 9/11, the years of combat that followed (and which continue) did not. Britain and France pressed for war in Libya even though they were incapable of prosecuting it alone. Mali belongs to Paris, though as yet the rest of the alliance has stayed out of combat there.These unnecessary wars have kept the alliance busy, but they also have accelerated its decline. They demonstrate that NATO is irrelevant to its members security. Many Europeans no longer even see any obvious need for national militaries.

References!. The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping by Marrack Gouldings /p.2532. http://www.forbes.com/sites/dougbandow/2013/04/22/natos-lack-of-any-serious-purpose-means-it-should-retire/3. Russia, The OSCE and the European security Fraser Cameron, Dov Lynch, Mark Entin, Andrei Zagorski, Vladimir D Shkolnikov, Pl Dunay, Andrei Fedarau, Vlad Lupan, Olena Prystayko, Olexandr Sushko.