Transport Modes and Intermodality – Implications on Emissions and Lead Time

Prof. Olli-Pekka HilmolaLappeenranta University of Technology, Kouvola Unit

Prikaatintie 9, FIN-45100 Kouvola, Finland, E-mail: olli-pekka.hilmola@lut.fi

Should we take further steps with emissions? Or who should?

Picture taken in Beijing, 19.Oct.2014.

China is still hungry for coal!

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Source (data): BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014. Available at URL: http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview Retrieved: June.2014

India is repeating the same pattern, but different in scale…

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Source (data): BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014. Available at URL: http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview Retrieved: June.2014

Emissions (CO2) per ton-km in different freight transportation modes and sub-modes

2.506

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0.134 0.126 0.084 0.060 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.028 0.013 0.009 0.0030.00

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kg CO2 per tonne-km

Increasing use towards right end of axel.Avoid using towards left end of axel, or make combinations with right end of the axel.

Sources (data): Defra (2014), VTT Lipasto (2012)

Continental transportation need and different options with performance (10 ton container)

Transportation device From To Distance Duration kg CO2 per tonnekm Total emissions (10 tn) Diff.Air (long-distance, int.) Hong Kong Helsinki 8000 km 3 days 0.6214 49712.0

Container ship (8000+ TEU) Hong Kong Dubai 8000 km 20 days 0.0125 1000.0Air (long-distance, int.) Dubai Helsinki 5000 km 3 days 0.6214 31070.0Total Hong Kong Helsinki 13000 km 23 days 32070.0 -35.5%

Container ship (8000+ TEU) Hong Kong Bremen/Bremerhaven 20000 km 34 days 0.0125 2500.0Container ship (<1000 TEU) Bremen/Bremerhaven Helsinki 2100 km 8 days 0.0363 762.3Total Hong Kong Helsinki 22100 km 42 days 3262.3 -93.4%

Sources : Own research (2014), chapter proposal for Wiley, Encyclopedia of Marine and Offshore Engineering

Transportation of 10 ton container from Central Europe to Tampere, Finland

Sources : Own research (2014), chapter proposal for Wiley, Encyclopedia of Marine and Offshore Engineering

Transportation device From To Distance Duration kg CO2 per tonnekm Total emissions (10 tn) Diff.Road transport (Gross >33 tn) Bremen/Bremerhaven Stockholm 1282 km 1.79 days 0.0838 1074.4Large Ropax ferry Stockholm Turku 324 km 1.29 days 0.3843 1245.6Road transport (Gross >33 tn) Turku Tampere 166 km 0.17 days 0.0838 139.1Total Bremen/Bremerhaven Tampere 1772 km 1.46 days 2459.2

Road transport (Gross >33 tn) Bremen/Bremerhaven Travemünde 255 km 0.27 days 0.0838 213.7Roro (150 trailers), VTT Travemünde Helsinki (Vuosaari) 1132 km 1.29 days 0.1340 1516.9Road transport (Gross >33 tn) Helsinki (Vuosaari) Tampere 184 km 0.19 days 0.0838 154.2Total Bremen/Bremerhaven Tampere 1571 km 1.48 days 1884.8 -23.4%

Container ship (<1000 TEU) Bremen/Bremerhaven Helsinki (Vuosaari) 2100 km 8.00 days 0.0363 762.3Road transport (Gross >33 tn) Helsinki (Vuosaari) Tampere 184 km 0.19 days 0.0838 154.2Total Bremen/Bremerhaven Tampere 2284 km 8.19 days 916.5 -62.7%

Container ship (<1000 TEU) Bremen/Bremerhaven Helsinki (Vuosaari) 2100 km 8 days 0.0363 762.3Railway (electric, with exchange work) Helsinki (Vuosaari) Tampere 180 km 1.5 days 0.0092 16.6Total Bremen/Bremerhaven Tampere 2280 km 9.5 days 778.9 -68.3%

Dry Ports are really good option for greener transportation logistics!

Sea Port

Very Short Range “Dry Port” (10-20 km distance)

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Typical “Dry Port” (200-300 km distance)

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Göteborg sea port:

Total container handling 858 000 TEU in year 2013, and 393 000 TEU uses unique dry port structure (45.8%).

In Oil it is also about China…

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Difference between oil production and consumption (million tons) in five major oil market countries. Source: BP (2014)

Conclusions

• CO2 emission reduction is important goal for Europe and the entire world, but main decisions are made elsewhere than Europe or Russia – Emerging Economies drive the coal and with delay, oil consumption (they repeat the same mistakes of developed economies)

• We could reduce transportation logistics emissions easily with 20-40 %, but it means that old fast and oil dependent solutions can not be used that widely.

• In continental transports container ships are the solution, and if some lead time is sought after, then combining some air transportation element in it (of course railway connections such as TSR from Asia to Europe are useful too).

• Inside Europe short sea shipping is really problematic – it is serving with fast speed, but consumes a lot of oil and produces a lot of emissions, if roro or ropax alternative is used – again container ships would be good option, but take a lot of time.

• Railways have special role, and especially dry port concept should be developed with main sea ports (like they have done in Göteborg, Sweden)