Transportation problems

Traffic & TransportationUNIT:IV Urbanization and Transport Problem

Submitted to: Mrs. ANITHA

Department of Urban and Regional PlanningSchool of Planning and ArchitectureJawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University

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Contents Transportation modes Transportation Characteristics Traffic Characteristics Traffic Problems

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Introduction • Application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional

design operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people as well as goods.

• So one way it covers planning, functional design, operation and management. the importance of transportation in the development of a country is really multidimensional.

• We normally say that the economy of a country rolls on transport. • Transport is a major factor that can boost the economic development of a

country. human beings are interacting over distance and time for food, for shelter, work, business. recreation and security. agricultural and industrial raw materials and also the finished products, equipments are needed to be transported from place to another.

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Modes of transportINTRODUCTION• A well–knit and coordinated system of transport plays

an important role in the sustained economic growth of a country. The transport system in India comprises a number of distinct modes and services, notably railways, roads, road transport, ports, inland water transport, coastal shipping, airports, and airlines.

• Railways and roads are the dominant means of transport carrying more than 95% of total traffic generated in the country.

• Although other modes such as coastal shipping and inland water transport would play a greater role, the railways and roads would continue to dominate the transport landscape in the foreseeable future.

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Modes of transport

Motorized

Non Motori

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1.Land transport A. Pathways:• In remote villages, forest and hilly areas

pathways are still an important amongst the different modes of transport.

• It further be subdivided into Head loads (is also known as human transport. It is used in the hilly areas where even animals cannot reach) and Pack animals (is also known as animal transport.

• The animals like horse, pony , donkey, , buffaloes, camel, elephant, yak, sheep etc. are used for transport purpose.


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1.Land transport B.Roadways:India has one of the largest road networks in the world, of 33.14 lakh km,consisting of Rural roads and urban roadsRURAL ROAD classification (i) national highways (NHs),

(ii) State highways (SHs),(iii)Major district roads (MDRs),(iv) RRs that include other district roads and village Roads.

URBAN ROAD classification (i)Arterial roads

(ii) Sub arterial roads(iii)collector roads(iv)local roads


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1.Land transport D. Railways:• Railway has been the pioneer of modern

mechanical transport. It has brought the greatest revolution in transport.

• In India, it is the principal means of transport. It carries over 80 per cent of goods traffic and over 70 per cent of passenger traffic. It provides for more than 60000 kilometers of railways all over the country.

• Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest under one management are also credited with having a multi gauge and multi traction system.


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2. Water Transport• Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest form

of transport for heavy goods and bulk cargoes. • Waterways are the natural gifts, hence it does not

required large amount of capital expenditure for the construction of road and railway tracks, except canal transport.

A INLAND WATERWAYSA.1 River Transport:

• Rivers are the water highways given by nature. River Transport is suitable for small boats and steamers.

A.2 Canal Transport:• Canals are the artificial waterways constructed

for the purpose of irrigation.www.Geography of transportation .com\\chapter 3\\modes of transportation

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2. Water TransportB OCEAN TRANSPORTB.1 Coastal Shipping:• Coastal shipping is a cheaper, speedy, flexible and economical form of

transport for the movement of bulky and heavy cargoes.• Usually coastal shipping trade is reserved for the national shipping. In

India also from 1951 and onwards the coastal shipping trade is extremely reserved for the national ships.

B.2 Overseas Shipping:On the basis of their working, overseas shipping may be divided into • The Liner (those ships which follow defined routes with fixed places

and fixed time table),• The Tramps (those ships which have no set routes or fixed time table)• The Oil Tanker (special sea carriers of crude oil in very large quantity).• The Liners may again be subdivided into Passenger Liners and the

Cargo Liners.www.Geography of transportation .com\\chapter 3\\modes of transportation

05/01/2023 11Google images maps of india.com

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3. AIR TRANSPORT• Air transport is the gift of twentieth century to the

world. It is the latest means of transport. • The first flight in the air was made in 1903 only for

twelve seconds. Successfully it was used as a means of transport after the First World War (1914-1918). The first air service was started in 1919 between London and Paris.

• Since then it has made notable progress and provide tough competition to Railways. Air Transport can again be subdivided into passenger and cargo.


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Characteristics of a Transport mode

• Speed• Safety• Adequacy• Frequency• Regularity• Integration

• Responsibilities• Comfort• Cheapness• Fuel efficiency• Employment

generation

Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali

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Speed is the essence of transport ,it reduces over all cost ,reduces storage and inventorying , helps a faster turn round with existing facilities and is of prime importance for perishable commodities.

Speed


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s.no mode normal speed range in India(km/hr)

remarks

1 Railway 50-80 1.Speed depends on gauge and no of tracks2.Speeds up to 250 km/hr are possible

2 Road transport:CarsBuses and trucksTwo wheelersCyclesAuto rickshawBullock cart

50-8030-6025-508-1515-303-5

Speed depends on pavement width and terrain. values given are for good roads in plain terrain

3 Air transport:Boeing 747Boeing 707Feeder aircraft

1000950300-400

4 Water transport:Ocean linersCoastal shipsInland water barges

35-5515-3510-25

5 Pipe lines 5-106 Rope ways 5-10

We can see that air transport is 10-20 times faster than roads and railways

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Safety• Rail transport : It moves on one track , and as such if

adequate measures are taken to ensure safety at crossing .Railways are reasonably safe modern systems of electronic signal control and safety devices have further enhanced the safety of rail travel.

• Road transport : Its increasingly becoming unsafe with the spectacular growth of traffic on roads.Vehicles move on road space which is shared by all vehicles and hence crossing and overtaking manoeuvres are potential hazards.There is little control on driver requirements and vehicle maintenance, even though rules and regulations do exist to ensure safety.


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• Air transport has a good record of safety . This is because of high degree of inspection and control of materials ,high standards of vehicle maintenance and medical fitness of crew.However Air craft ,suffer from natural hazards such as storms ,fog, lightning and bird hits . whenever a accidents happen ,the fatality rate is very high

• Water transport is very safe in modern times. Safety measures are highly developed and the danger from natural hazards are forecasted very soon. The country craft used for inland waterways and coastal traffic , however do not have safety devices and instrumental aids and are highly accident prone during storms and cyclones .


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Frequency and regularity• Almost all modes of modern transport offer regular , frequent and assured

service .• Freight transport by road in India is in private hands and is known for its

better service than railways in matters of frequency and regularity.

• Railways from a disadvantage that a number of transfers are allowed .• Firstly, from the door of the consigner to the railway yard , and secondly

from the designation railway yard to the door of the consignee . • These transfers are generally achieved by road transport .

Containerization , which has become popular , is expected to facilitate such transfers.

Integration


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Responsibility• Railways are government owned in India and hence

meet the liabilities for compensation and damage or loss.

• Road transport of freight , through in private hands also offers a kind of insurance coverage.

• Air transport is characterized by a high degree of insurance cover .

• Provision of toilet facilities is absent in buses and hence long distances by buses is tedious and inconvenient

• Air travel is the most convenient.

Comfort


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Cheapness• Passenger travel by rail and bus in India cost about the

same .• The charges levied by railways vary according to type of

goods• The high value commodities like tea , cotton textiles ,

cotton(raw) etc . are exception to this ,where advantage lies with road transport even for longer haulage.

• For perishable commodities like fruits and vegetables , road transport has comparative advantage up to 450 kms.

• For such commodities such as fertilizer , coal, cement, livestock , sugar, steel tubes ,comparative cost advantage for roads is up to 200-300kms


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Fuel efficiencyFuel has become highly important consideration when selecting a

transport modeEnergy efficiency of various transport modesPassenger Energy for

propulsion(BTU /PASS KM)

Electric traction –railway

54.6

Diesel traction-railway

151.2

Stream traction-railway

1445.8

Diesel bus 288.7

Petrol bus 526.5

Average car 1909.0

Freight BUT/tone…km

Electric traction-railway

84.6

Diesel traction-railway

255.5

Steam traction-railway

3576.9

Diesel truck 1587.3

barge 328

Pipe line 281.7

Energy efficiency of various transport modes

It is seen that air transport is most fuel consuming mode . in order of declining rates are road ,rail inland-water transport and pipe line.


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Employment generation• India is a country with big

unemployment problem . transport is a sector which absorbs labor force in good measure . any mode of transport that offers the best employment potential , therefore ,should find favour . a recent study in India has yielded valuable results in that area

• It is thus seen that road transport ,inland water transport and coastal shipping score very high as compared to railways and air transport in the matter of employment generation.

Mode Employment potential per 1,00,000 of investment

Inland water transport operations

33.59

Development of navigational channels

13.20

Road construction and maintenance

27.50

Road transport operation:Bullock cart3 wheelerTrucksBusesTaxisVehicle production

2717.1516.959.263.711.78

Coastal shipping:Sailing vesselsOther coastal shipping

202.40

railways 4.30Air transport 0.97


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Information on traffic characteristics is vital in selecting the appropriate geometric features of a roadway. Necessary traffic data includes: Traffic volume Traffic speed Vehicular density

TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS


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Traffic Volume

Average Daily

TrafficDesign Hourly Volume

Computation of DHV

and DDHV

Projected Traffic

Volumes

Service Flow Rate

Traffic volume/flow• Traffic volume is an important basis for determining what

improvements are required on a highway or street facility. • Traffic volumes may be expressed in terms of average daily volumes

or hourly volumes. • These volumes may be used to calculate the service flow rate, which

is typically used for evaluations of geometric design alternatives.

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Average Daily Traffic• Daily volumes :

a) Average Daily Traffic (ADT) which considers generally the day to day variation of traffic within a week. So we take the traffic measurement for seven days and take the average of that. So we do consider the variation of traffic within a week.b) Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is the total volume of

vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days.

• Hourly volumes : This normally reflects hourly traffic variation within a day. And is used for capacity analysis.

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Computation of DHV and DDHV• The percent of ADT occurring in the design hour (K) may be used to convert ADT to DHV as

follows:DHV = (ADT)(K)

• The percentage of the design hourly volume that is in the predominant direction of travel (D) and K are both considered in converting ADT to DDHV as shown in the following equation:DDHV = (ADT)(K)(D)

• Projected traffic volumes are provided by the Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP) Division upon request and serve as a basis for design of proposed improvements.

• For high-volume facilities, a tabulation showing traffic converted to DHV or DDHV will be provided by TPP if specifically requested. Generally, however, projected traffic volume is expressed as ADT with K and D factors provided.

Projected Traffic Volumes

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Service Flow Rate• A facility should be designed to provide sufficient capacity to accommodate the

design traffic volumes (ADT, DHV, DDHV).• The necessary capacity of a roadway is initially based on a set of “ideal

conditions.” These conditions are then adjusted for the “actual conditions” that are predicted to exist on the roadway section.

• This adjusted capacity is termed service flow rate (SF) and is defined as a measure of the maximum flow rate under prevailing conditions.

• For two-lane rural highways, the DHV is the total traffic in both directions of travel. On highways with more than two lanes (or on two-lane roads where important intersections are encountered or where additional lanes are to be provided later).

• knowledge of the directional distribution of traffic during the design hour (DDHV) is essential for design. DHV and DDHV may be determined by the application of conversion factors to ADT.

Design Hourly Volume

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Traffic Speed

DESIGN SPEED•Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway.• It is important to design facilities with all elements in balance, consistent with an appropriate design speed. •Design elements such as sight distance, vertical and horizontal alignment, lane and shoulder widths, roadside clearances, super elevation, etc., are influenced by design speed.

Traffic Speed

Traffic Speed

Design Speed

Posted Speed

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Traffic speed• Speed is normally the distance traveled in unit time.

Two types of speed measurement are normally used in traffic engineering. One is the Time Mean Speed(TMS) and the other is the Space Mean Speed(SMS).

• The Time Mean Speed is the average speed at one point over a period of time. It carefully observes the time mean at a point or at a fixed location and it is measured over a period of time and the average of that is taken. So it is average speed at one point or location over a period of time.

• Space Mean Speed is the average speed of vehicles over a certain length of road at any time. it is averaged over the distance and hence it is called Space Mean Speed.

*Remember that Space Mean Speed is always less than or equal to Time Mean Speed.

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Posted Speed

• Posted speed refers to the maximum speed limit posted on a section of highway.

• The posted speed should be based primarily upon the 85th percentile speed when adequate speed samples can be secured.

• Speed zoning guidelines permit consideration of other factors such as roadside development, road and shoulder surface characteristics, public input, and pedestrian and bicycle activity.

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Vehicular density

• The number of vehicles occupying a unit length of the roadway at a given instant. It is usually expressed as to how many vehicles per kilometer.

• In traffic flow, the two most important densities are the critical density (kc) and jam density (kj).

• The maximum density achievable under free flow is kc , while kj is the maximum density achieved under congestion. In general, jam density is seven times the critical density.

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TRAFFIC PROBLEMSTraffic congestion and parking difficulties. • Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport

problems in urban areas.ie The volume capacity ratio (V/C ratio) in any urban area during the peak hour is more than one.

• Congestion and parking are also interrelated since looking for a parking space (called "cruising") creates additional delays and impairs local circulation. In central areas of cities as drivers can spend 10 minutes looking for a parking spot.

• Demand for parking in the CBD is twice the supply. Acute shortage of parking supply is witnessed in commercial areas.

• Unauthorized and indiscriminate parking impedes free flow of traffic and causes accidents . The haphazard parking has led to loss in the road capacity that ranges between15% to 60%.


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• Phenomenal growth of vehicles coupled with minimal increase in road space, has led to a low speed of 15 kmph in CBD and 20 kmph in other major roads. The declining speed leading to increase in time delay.

• The carriageway has to be leveled i.e. without undulation and the drive way has to be properly paved.

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• Permanent and temporary encroachments of footpaths and carriageways have reduced the capacity of the road. Pedestrian flows are significant at many critical locations across the city road network .

• Traffic control devices, traffic signs and road markings are not adequately maintained to retain their legibility and visibility. Inadequate enforcement of traffic rules and insufficient regulatory measures brings Conflicts between fast moving vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic have reduced safety.

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Accidents and safety• Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and

fatalities, especially in developing countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays.

• As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets.• Accident data reveal that on an average about 620 persons die on City roads

annually. shows the trend of road accidents over the years

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• Fatality rate works out to 35/10,000 vehicles. Other sources of data indicate that 42% of road accidents involve pedestrians and 10% cyclists.

• Traffic Police (TP) is responsible for reporting and investigation of road accidents.

• The accident rate across various cities in the country is indicated in the Table 5.3.

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Regional Level Problems• Some of the rural areas doesn't

have connectivity to the main roads of the region.

• Improper pavement of roads .

• Intersection of Highways and local roads lead to the accidents due to the fast moving vehicles on the highways

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• Misusing the underpasses for other activities. Ad hoc use of the carriageway and footpaths for utilities.

• Poorly maintained drainage system also affect the efficient use of the roads.

• Lack of organised parking including loading/unloading facilities for trucks is resulting in reduced capacity and safety of movement.

• Unplanned intersection lead to the accidents.

• Improper traffic separators lead to accidents more during Night hours

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Road accident deaths by various modes of transport during 2012

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• Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other motor vehicle.

• A frustrated driver in traffic jam.• Heavy Traffic has a number of negative effects:• Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As

a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.

• Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.

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Total number of road accidents, persons killed, and persons injured during 2002-2011

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Submitted by:Rajesh khanna - 01 Keerthi Jerusha – 18 Naveen reddy – 05Bhuvaneshwari – 22 Vishwa teja – 09 Sagarika – 26 Manasa - 13 Guru raj – 30

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Date post:	09-Feb-2017
Category:	Engineering
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Transportation problems

Engineering