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Transposon
“Jumping Genes”DNA Sequence that moves from one location to another
Insertion Sequence
“retro” – made with transcriptase (like virsuses)
Transposon
Direct repeats
Composite
Adds extra genes between two insertions
Regulation of Metabolic Pathway
Regulate genes
Regulates enzymes
Operons
A unit of genetic material that functions in bacteria and phages
Clustered gene with one promoter
On/off switch
Negative Gene Regulation
Repressible operonsTranscription is inhibited
Inducible operonsTranscription is stimulated
The trp Operon
Corepressor – absent makes tryptophan
Repressor
Corepressor – present stops tryptophan productionCorepressor – helper for repressor
lac operon
Lactose absent / repressor active – operon off
lac operon
Lactose present / repressor inactive – operon oninducer
Positive Gene Regulation
cAMPAccumulates when glucose is scarce
Chromatin
Nucleosome
DNA and histone proteins together
Repetitive DNA
Gene Amplification
Not passed to childrenEmbryos – ribosome production
Cancer cells – drug resistance
Questions???
Gene loss??
Gene rearrangement??
Genome??
Gene Expression
Transcription Factors
A protein that binds to DNA and allows for RNA polymerase to attach and begin transcription
Enhancers – bends DNA to allow the factors to be closer to the promoter region
RNA Splicing
Allows alternative mRNA molecules to be built – ex. exons will act as introns
Recombinant DNA
Proteasome
A giant protein complex that destroys proteins tagged for elimination by ubiquitin.
DNA Testing
PCR
RFLP
Practical Application
Diagnosis of Diseases
Human Gene Therapy
DNA Fingerprinting
Environmental Uses
Agricultural Uses
Human Genome Project
Safety and Ethical Questions
Pages 407-408 or 399