Tratados de libre comercio : ciudadanos sometidos, multinacionales ...

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AttacCatalunya

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Trat

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anas Robert Joumard

Tratados de libre comercio : ciudadanos sometidos,

multinacionales soberanas

Septiembre 2015

attac Rhône

Robert Joumard

Tratados de l ibre comercio : ciudadanos sometidos,

multinacionales soberanas

Septiembre 2015

attac Rhône

1ATTAC-CATALUNYA

attac Rhône

Robert Joumard

Tratados de libre comercio : ciudadanos sometidos,

multinacionales soberanas !!

Septiembre 2015

attac Rhône!

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attac Rhône

Septiembre 2015

1ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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4 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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5ATTAC-CATALUNYA

Índice de contenidos

Síntesis del documento ............................................................................................Pág. 9

1. Introducción .......................................................................................................Pág. 19

2. Una multitud de tratados de libre comercio ........................................................Pág. 232.1. OMC y Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios (AGCS) ........................... Pág.252.2. El Tratado entre Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos (TTIP, ATCI, GMT o Tafta) .. Pág. 31

2.2.1. Negociaciones ........................................................................................ Pág. 312.2.2. ¿Son fiables los EE.UU.? ......................................................................... Pág. 332.2.3. Aspectos geopolíticos ............................................................................. Pág. 352.2.4. Campo de aplicación .............................................................................. Pág. 35

2.3. Tratado entre la Unión Europea y Canadá (o CETA)............................................... Pág. 382.4. Acuerdo sobre el Comercio de Servicios (ACS o TiSA) ........................................... Pág. 392.5. Tratados euro-africanos (UE-AO, UE-AA UE-EA) .................................................... Pág. 422.6. Acuerdo de Asociación Trans-Pacífica (APTP o TPPA) ............................................ Pág. 452.7. Los brazos tentaculares del neoliberalismo ........................................................... Pág. 46

2.7.1. Acuerdos de libre comercio entre la UE y el resto de Europa ................ Pág. 462.7.2. Acuerdos de libre comercio entre la UE y Asia-Pacífico ........................ Pág. 472.7.3 Acuerdos de libre comercio entre la UE y América ................................ Pág. 482.7.4. Acuerdos de libre-comercio entre la UE y los países del Mediterráneo y del Oriente Medio ........................................................................................ Pág. 492.7.5. Tratados de libre comercio que no conciernen a la UE .......................... Pág. 492.7.6. Eludir el bloqueo de la OMC ................................................................. Pág. 50

2.8. Firma y ratificación ................................................................................................ Pág. 52

3. Eliminación de los derechos de arancelarios .......................................................Pág. 59 3.1. Las tarifas arancelarias entre la UE y los Estados Unidos ...................................... Pág. 593.2. Los derechos de aduana entre la UE y Canadá ..................................................... Pág. 613.3. Los derechos de aduana entre la UE y África ........................................................ Pág. 63

4. Supremacía del derecho de las multinacionales ..................................................Pág. 714.1. Argumento planteado: la armonización de normas técnicas ................................ Pág. 744.2. Impactos en los diferentes sectores ...................................................................... Pág. 79

4.2.1. Sanidad y protección del medioambiente.............................................. Pág. 794.2.2. Acceso a los cuidados de salud .............................................................. Pág. 854.2.3. Derecho al trabajo, derecho social ......................................................... Pág. 864.2.4. Cultura .................................................................................................... Pág. 894.2.5. Privilegiar las producciónes locales ........................................................ Pág. 914.2.6. Denominaciones de origen protegida y otras denominaciones locales . Pág. 924.2.7. Regulación de las finanzas y de la banca ................................................ Pág. 94

6 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

4.2.8. Vida privada ........................................................................................... Pág. 954.3. ¿Estimular las inversiónes o garantizar los beneficios? ........................................ Pág. 964.4. El foro de cooperación en materia de regulación .................................................. Pág. 984.5 Tratados para negar toda sociedad ...................................................................... Pág. 1044.6. El fin programado de los servicios públicos ......................................................... Pág. 106

4.6.1. Trato nacional ....................................................................................... Pág. 1084.6.2. Nación más favorecida .......................................................................... Pág.1094.6.3. Lista negativa ........................................................................................ Pág. 1104.6.4. Moratoria ............................................................................................. Pág. 1114.6.5 . Efecto trinquete................................................................................... Pág. 1114.6.6. Un ejemplo de congelación de los servicios públicos en Canadá ........ Pág. 1124.6.7. Reservas sobre los servicios ................................................................. Pág. 113

4.7. Alternativa: una cooperación regulatoria de interés público .............................. Pág. 114

5. Una “justicia” privada .......................................................................................Pág. 1175.1. ¿Qué es un sistema judicial privado? ................................................................. Pág. 1175.2. Una “justicia” privada frecuente en los tratados en vigor ................................... Pág. 1195.3. Numerosos ejemplos de condena de Estados .................................................... Pág. 122

5.3.1. Condenas en el marco de la OMC: Estado contra Estado .................... Pág. 1235.3.2. Condenas en el marco de tratados bi o multilaterales ......................... Pág. 1245.3.3. Condenas en el marco del Tratado norteamericano ( TLCAN) ............ Pág. 127

5.4. La “justicia” privada en los proyectos de tratados de librecambio ...................... Pág. 1295.4.1. La “justicia” privada en el tratado euro-canadiense ........................... Pág. 1305.4.2. La “justicia” privada en los tratados euro-africanos ............................. Pág. 1345.4.3. La “justicia” privada en el tratado euro-estadounidense ..................... Pág. 1345.4.4. La “justicia” privada en el Acuerdo sobre el Comercio de Servicios (ACS) .... Pág. 1355.4.5. ¿Futuras condenas de los Estados? ..................................................... Pág. 136

5.5. Una forma de golpe de estado ............................................................................ Pág. 1395.5.1. Comparación de las justicias pública y privada .................................... Pág. 1395.5.2. Conflicto con el derecho en la Unión Europea ..................................... Pág. 1435.5.3.¿Imposibilidad de reestructurar las deudas? ........................................ Pág. 1455.5.4. Situar el beneficio como la norma suprema ....................................... Pág. 1465.5.5. Golpear el corazón de la democracia ................................................... Pág. 1475.5.6.¿ Las multinacionales no estan ya protregidas? .................................... Pág. 1485.5.7. Un mecanismo sin justificación creíble ................................................ Pág. 150

5.6. Soluciones alternativas a la “justicia” privada exisrtente .................................... Pág. 152

6. Garantías y beneficios socioeconómicos ilusorios .............................................Pág. 1576.1. Garantías ilusorias ............................................................................................... Pág. 157

6.1.1. ¿Que valores comunes? ....................................................................... Pág. 1576.1.2. El lenguaje claro y la jerga legal (en francés “lengua de madera”) ..... Pág. 1596.1.3. Las “garantías” ...................................................................................... Pág. 162

7ATTAC-CATALUNYA

6.1.4. Las ilusiones (mentiras piadosas) ......................................................... Pág. 1646.2. Los beneficios socioeconómicos irrisorios ........................................................... Pág. 164

6.2.1. Impacto del tratado euro–EE.UU ........................................................ Pág. 1656.2.2. Impacto del tratado euro-Canadá ........................................................ Pág. 1706.2.3. Evaluacion de los beneficios socioeconómicos .................................... Pág. 1716.2.4. Impacto sobre el Acuerdo sobre el Comercio de Servicios (ACS) ......... Pág. 1766.2.5. Impacto del Acuerdo norteamericano de libre comercio ( TLCAN) ...... Pág. 1766.2.6. Impacto del tratado entre los Estados Unidos y Corea del Sur ............ Pág. 178

6.3. El respeto de los derechos humanos .................................................................. Pág. 1796.3.1. Tratados de librecambio y derechos humanos ..................................... Pág. 180

7. Secreto e irreversibilidad .................................................................................Pág. 1837.1. Negociaciones secretas, pero completamente abiertas a las multinacionales ... Pág. 183

7.1.1. Un tratado euro-estadounidense: preparado desde hace tiempo por el mundo empresarial ............................................................................ Pág. 1837.1.2. Los ciudadanos y sus representantes apartados del Tratado Euro-estadounidense ..................................................................................... Pág. 1897.1.3. Un ejemplo de actuación manipuladora a espaldas de los ciudadanos ....Pág. 1947.1.4. Un tratado euro-canadiense mantenido en secreto el mayor tiempo posible ............................................................................................... Pág. 195 7.1.5. ACS: impuesto por los lobbies industriales, sin consultar a los ciudadanos ............................................................................................. Pág. 1967.1.6. Los lobbies de negocios de los Estados Unidos .................................. Pág. 1987.1.7. Secreto sistemático .............................................................................. Pág. 199

7.2. Tratados de carácter constitucional y prácticamente irreversibles..................... Pág. 202

8. No hay que confundir el marketing político y la información política ................Pág. 205

9. Conclusión general ...........................................................................................Pág. 211

Anexo 1: Acuerdos comerciales en que interviene la U.E. ......................................... Pág. 219Anexo 2: Evolución del número de tratados de inversión y libre-comercio ............... Pág. 220Anexo 3: Otros tratados de librecambio .................................................................... Pág. 221 Anexo 4: Peso económico de los partícipes en los tratados de librecambio .............. Pág. 223Anexo 5: Apelaciones protegidas en el tratado euro-canadiense .............................. Pág. 226Anexo 6: Evolución de las demandas de arbitraje ...................................................... Pág. 227Anexo 7: Estimación de las opiniones sobre el mecanismo de arbitraje privado ....... Pág. 228Apendice: Demandas de arbitraje contra España ..................................................... Pág. 229Anexo 8: Films y videos sobre los tratados de libre –comercio .................................. Pág. 234Anexo 9: Mandato comercial alternativo ................................................................... Pág. 237

Referencias ................................................................................................................. Pág. 243

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8 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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9ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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16 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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17ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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20 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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23ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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24 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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30 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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31ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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34 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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40 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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42 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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47ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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48 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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58 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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59ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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68 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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70 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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71ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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118 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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131ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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132 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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150 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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180 ATTAC-CATALUNYA


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188 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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189ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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205ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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206 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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211ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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212 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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216 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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217ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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242 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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243ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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263ATTAC-CATALUNYA

264 ATTAC-CATALUNYA

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