The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation Insight Report Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, editors
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1. Insight ReportThe Travel & TourismCompetitivenessReport
2013Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job CreationJennifer
Blanke and Thea Chiesa, editors
2. Insight ReportThe Travel & TourismCompetitivenessReport
2013Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job CreationJennifer
BlankeThea ChiesaEditors 2013 World Economic Forum
3. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013World
Economic Forumis published by the World Economic Forum within
Genevathe framework of The Global Competitiveness andBenchmarking
Network and the Industry Partnership Copyright 2013Programme for
Aviation, Travel & Tourism. by the World Economic ForumAll
rights reserved. No part of this publication may beProfessor Klaus
Schwabreproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted,Executive Chairmanin any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical,photocopying, or otherwise without the prior
permission ofBrge Brendethe World Economic Forum.Managing Director,
Government Relations andConstituents EngagementISBN-13:
978-92-95044-40-1ISBN-10: 92-95044-40-1Robert GreenhillManaging
Director, Chief Business OfficerThis report is printed on paper
suitable for recycling andJohn Moavenzadehmade from fully managed
and sustained forest sources.Senior Director, Head of Mobility
IndustriesPrinted and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.The full
edition of the Report, with profiles of all 140economies as well as
an interactive data platform, isEDITORSavailable at
www.weforum.org/ttcr.Jennifer Blanke, Senior Director, Lead
Economist,Head of The Global Competitiveness andBenchmarking
NetworkThea Chiesa, Director, Head of Aviation,Travel &
TourismTHE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND BENCHMARKING NETWORKBeat
Bilbao-Osorio, Associate Director,Senior EconomistCiara Browne,
Associate DirectorRoberto Crotti, Quantitative EconomistMargareta
Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist,Head of Competitiveness
ResearchBrindusa Fidanza, Associate Director,
EnvironmentalInitiativesThierry Geiger, Associate Director,
EconomistTania Gutknecht, Community ManagerCaroline Ko, Junior
EconomistCecilia Serin, Team CoordinatorWe thank Hope Steele for
her excellent editing work andNeil Weinberg for his superb graphic
design and layout.The terms country and nation as used in this
report donot in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a
stateas understood by international law and practice. Theterms
cover well-defined, geographically self-containedeconomic areas
that may not be states but for whichstatistical data are maintained
on a separate andindependent basis. 2013 World Economic Forum
4. ContentsPartner Institutesv 1.6 Competiveness, Jobs, and
Green 71 Growth: A Glocal Model by Geoffrey Lipman,
Greenearth.travel and VictoriaPrefacexiii University Melbourne, and
Terry Delacy and Paulby Brge Brende and Robert Greenhill, Whitelaw,
Victoria University MelbourneWorld Economic ForumExecutive Summary
xvby Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, World Economic Part 2:
Country/Economy Profiles and 79ForumData Presentation 2.1
Country/Economy Profiles 81 How to Read the Country/Economy
Profiles...................................83Part 1: Selected
Issues of T&T Competitiveness Index of
Countries/Economies.........................................................85
Country/Economy
Profiles...............................................................861.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness 3Index 2013: Contributing
to National Growth 2.2 Data Tables367and Employment How to Read the
Data
Tables........................................................369by
Jennifer Blanke, Thea Chiesa, and Roberto Crotti, Index of Data
Tables......................................................................371World
Economic Forum Data
Tables...................................................................................3731.2
How to Succeed as a Tourism 43 Technical Notes and
Sources471Destination in a Volatile Worldby Jrgen Ringbeck and Timm
Pietsch, Booz & Company About the Authors4791.3 Visa
Facilitation: Stimulating Economic 49Growth and Development through
Tourism Acknowledgments481by Dirk Glaesser and John Kester, with
Mrcio Favilla,Sandra Carvo, Lorna Hartantyo, Birka Valentin,
LisaFrba, Kate Holmes, Jacinta Garca, and Alberto G.Uceda, World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO)1.4 The Economic Benefits of Aviation
57and Performance in the Travel & TourismCompetitiveness
Indexby Julie Perovic, International Air Transport
Association(IATA)1.5 Travel & Tourism as a Driver 63of
Employment Growthby Rochelle Turner, World Travel & Tourism
Council, andZachary Sears, Oxford EconomicsThe Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2013 | iii 2013 World Economic Forum
5. 2013 World Economic Forum
6. Partner InstitutesThe World Economic Forums Global
BenchmarkingBarbadosSir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and
Economic Studies,Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank
theUniversity of West Indies (UWI)following organizations as its
valued Partner Institutes, Judy Whitehead, Directorwithout which
the realization of The Travel & TourismBelgiumCompetitiveness
Report 2013 would not haveVlerick Business Schoolbeen
feasible:Priscilla Boiardi, Associate, Competence
CentreEntrepreneurship, Governance and StrategyAlbaniaWim Moesen,
ProfessorInstitute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)Leo Sleuwaegen,
Professor, Competence CentreArtan Hoxha, PresidentEntrepreneurship,
Governance and StrategyElira Jorgoni, Senior ExpertEndrit Kapaj,
ExpertBeninCAPODConception et Analyse de Politiques
deAlgeriaDveloppementCentre de Recherche en Economie Applique
pourEpiphane Adjovi, Directorle Dveloppement (CREAD)Maria-Odile
Attanasso, Deputy CoordinatorYoucef Benabdallah, Assistant
ProfessorFructueux Deguenonvo, ResearcherYassine Ferfera,
DirectorBosnia and HerzegovinaArgentinaMIT Center, School of
Economics and Business in Sarajevo,IAEUniversidad AustralUniversity
of SarajevoEduardo Luis Fracchia, ProfessorZlatko Lagumdzija,
ProfessorSantiago Novoa, Project ManagerZeljko Sain, Executive
DirectorArmenia Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant DirectorEconomy and
Values Research CenterBotswanaManuk Hergnyan, ChairmanBotswana
National Productivity CentreSevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and
Senior AssociateLetsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and
StatisticianGohar Malumyan, Research AssociateBaeti Molake,
Executive DirectorAustralia Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information
and ResearchAustralian Industry Group Services DepartmentColleen
Dowling, Senior Research CoordinatorBrazilInnes Willox, Chief
ExecutiveFundao Dom Cabral, Bradesco Innovation CenterAustria
Carlos Arruda, International Relations Director, InnovationAustrian
Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)and Competitiveness
ProfessorKarl Aiginger, Director Daniel Berger, Bachelor Student in
EconomicsGerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Fabiana
Madsen, Economist and Associate ResearcherMovimento Brasil
Competitivo (MBC)AzerbaijanCarolina Aichinger, Project
CoordinatorAzerbaijan Marketing SocietyErik Camarano, Chief
Executive OfficerFuad Aliyev, Deputy ChairmanAshraf Hajiyev,
ConsultantBrunei DarussalamMinistry of Industry and Primary
ResourcesBahrainPehin Dato Yahya Bakar, MinisterBahrain Economic
Development BoardNormah Suria Hayati Jamil Al-Sufri, Permanent
SecretaryKamal Bin Ahmed, Minister of Transportation and Acting
ChiefExecutive of the Economic Development Board BulgariaNada Azmi,
Manager, Economic Planning and Development Center for Economic
DevelopmentMaryam Matter, Coordinator, Economic Planning and
Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes andDevelopment
ProjectsAnelia Damianova, Senior ExpertBangladeshCentre for Policy
Dialogue (CPD)Burkina FasoKhondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research
Fellow lnstitut Suprieure des Sciences de la Population
(ISSP),Kishore Kumer Basak, Research Associate University of
OuagadougouMustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Baya Banza,
DirectorThe Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | v
2013 World Economic Forum
7. Partner InstitutesBurundi CyprusUniversity Research Centre
for Economic and SocialThe European UniversityDevelopment (CURDES),
National University of BurundiBambos Papageorgiou, Head of
Socioeconomic andBanderembako Deo, DirectorAcademic ResearchGilbert
Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics &cdbbankThe Cyprus
Development BankManagementMaria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager,
Business DevelopmentCambodiaand Special ProjectsEconomic Institute
of CambodiaCzech RepublicSok Hach, PresidentCMC Graduate School of
BusinessSokheng Sam, ResearcherTomas Janca, Executive
DirectorCameroonDenmarkComit de Comptitivit (Competitiveness
Committee)Danish Technological Institute, Center for Policy and
BusinessLucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary
DevelopmentCanadaHanne Shapiro, Center ManagerThe Conference Board
of CanadaEcuadorMichael R. Bloom, Vice-President,
OrganizationalESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela
SuperiorEffectiveness & Learning Politcnica del Litoral
(ESPOL)Douglas Watt, Associate DirectorElizabeth Arteaga, Project
AssistantCape VerdeVirginia Lasio, DirectorINOVE RESEARCHInvestigao
e Desenvolvimento, LdaSara Wong, ProfessorJlio Delgado, Partner and
Senior ResearcherEgyptJos Mendes, Chief Executive OfficerThe
Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES)Sara Frana Silva,
Project ManagerIman Al-Ayouty, Senior EconomistChadOmneia Helmy,
Acting Executive Director and DirectorGroupe de Recherches
Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projetof
ResearchPtrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)EstoniaAntoine
Doudjidingao, ResearcherEstonian Institute of Economic
ResearchGilbert Maoundonodji, DirectorEvelin Ahermaa, Head of
Economic Research SectorCeline Nnodji Mbaipeur, Programme
OfficerMarje Josing, DirectorChile Estonian Development
FundUniversidad Adolfo Ibez Kitty Kubo, Head of ForesightFernando
Larrain Aninat, Director MBA Ott Prna, Chief Executive
OfficerLeonidas Montes, Dean, School of GovernmentEthiopiaChina
African Institute of Management, Development andInstitute of
Economic System and Management, National GovernanceDevelopment and
Reform Commission Zebenay Kifle, General ManagerChen Wei, Research
Fellow Tegenge Teka, Senior ExpertDong Ying, ProfessorZhou Haichun,
Deputy Director and Professor FinlandChina Center for Economic
Statistics Research, TianjinETLAThe Research Institute of the
Finnish EconomyMarkku Kotilainen, Research DirectorUniversity of
Finance and EconomicsPetri Rouvinen, Research DirectorBojuan Zhao,
ProfessorPekka Yl-Anttila, Managing DirectorFan Yang, Professor
Jian Wang, Associate ProfessorHongye Xiao, ProfessorFranceLu Dong,
ProfessorHEC School of Management, ParisBertrand Moingeon,
Professor and Deputy DeanColombiaBernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and
DeanNational Planning DepartmentSara Patricia Rivera, Advisor
GabonJohn Rodrguez, Coordinator, Competitiveness
ObservatoryConfdration Patronale GabonaiseJavier Villarreal,
Enterprise Development DirectorRegis Loussou Kiki, General
SecretaryGina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General SecretaryColombian
Private Council on CompetitivenessHenri Claude Oyima,
PresidentRosario Crdoba, PresidentMarco Llins, Vicepresident
Gambia, TheGambia Economic and Social Development Research
InstituteCte dIvoire (GESDRI)Chambre de Commerce et dIndustrie de
Cte dIvoireMakaireh A. Njie, DirectorJean-Louis Billon,
PresidentMamadou Sarr, Director GeneralGeorgiaBusiness Initiative
for Reforms in GeorgiaCroatiaTamara Janashia, Executive
DirectorNational Competitiveness CouncilGiga Makharadze, Founding
Member of the Board of DirectorsJadranka Gable, AdvisorMamuka
Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of DirectorsKresimir
Jurlin, Research Fellowvi | The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2013 2013 World Economic Forum
8. Partner InstitutesGermany IrelandWHUOtto Beisheim School of
ManagementInstitute for Business Development and
CompetitivenessRalf Fendel, Professor of Monetary EconomicsSchool
of Economics, University College CorkMichael Frenkel, Professor,
Chair of Macroeconomics and Justin Doran, Principal
AssociateInternational Economics Eleanor Doyle, DirectorCatherine
Kavanagh, Principal AssociateGhanaAssociation of Ghana Industries
(AGI) Forfs, Economic Analysis and Competitiveness
DepartmentPatricia Addy, Projects Officer Adrian Devitt,
ManagerNana Owusu-Afari, President Conor Hand, EconomistSeth
Twum-Akwaboah, Executive DirectorIsraelGreeceManufacturers
Association of Israel (MAI)SEV Hellenic Federation of
EnterprisesDan Catarivas, DirectorMichael Mitsopoulos, Senior
Advisor, Entrepreneurship Amir Hayek, Managing DirectorThanasis
Printsipas, Economist, EntrepreneurshipZvi Oren, PresidentGuatemala
ItalyFUNDESA SDA Bocconi School of ManagementFelipe Bosch G.,
President of the Board of DirectorsSecchi Carlo, Full Professor of
Economic Policy, BocconiPablo Schneider, Economic
DirectorUniversityJuan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Paola Dubini,
Associate Professor, Bocconi UniversityFrancesco A. Saviozzi, SDA
Professor, Strategic andGuineaEntrepreneurial Management
DepartmentConfdration Patronale des Entreprises de GuineMohamed
Bnogo Conde, Secretary-General JamaicaMona School of Business
(MSB), The University of the WestGuyanaIndiesInstitute of
Development Studies, University of GuyanaPatricia Douce, Project
AdministratorKaren Pratt, Research Associate Evan Duggan, Executive
Director and ProfessorClive Thomas, DirectorWilliam Lawrence,
Director, Professional Services UnitHaiti JapanGroup Croissance SA
Keio UniversityPierre Lenz Dominique, Coordinator, Survey
Department Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media
DesignKesner Pharel, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Heizo
Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research InstituteJiro Tamura,
Professor of Law, Keio UniversityHong Kong SARHong Kong General
Chamber of Commerce Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate
Executives)David ORear, Chief Economist Kiyohiko Ito, Managing
Director, Keizai DoyukaiFederation of Hong Kong
IndustriesJordanAlexandra Poon, DirectorMinistry of Planning &
International CooperationThe Chinese General Chamber of Commerce
Jordan National Competitiveness TeamKawther Al-Zoubi, Head of
Competitiveness DivisionHungary Basma Arabiyat,
ResearcherKOPINT-TRKI Economic Research Ltd. Mukhallad Omari,
Director of Policies and Studies Departmentva Palcz, Chief
Executive OfficerPeter Vakhal, Project Manager KazakhstanNational
Analytical CentreIceland Diana Tamabayeva, Project
ManagerInnovation Center Iceland Vladislav Yezhov, ChairmanArdis
Armannsdottir, Marketing ManagerKarl Fridriksson, Managing Director
of Human ResourcesKenyaand Marketing Institute for Development
Studies, University of NairobiThorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director
Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Research ProfessorPaul Kamau,
Senior Research FellowIndia Dorothy McCormick, Research
ProfessorConfederation of Indian Industry (CII)Chandrajit Banerjee,
Director General Korea, Republic ofMarut Sengupta, Deputy Director
General College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute
ofGantakolla Srivastava, Head, Financial Services Science and
Technology KAISTByungtae Lee, Acting DeanIndonesia Soung-Hie Kim,
Associate Dean and ProfessorCenter for Industry, SME & Business
Competition Studies,Jinyung Cha, Assistant Director, Exchange
ProgrammeUniversity of TrisaktiKorea Development InstituteTulus
Tambunan, Professor and DirectorJoohee Cho, Senior Research
AssociateIran, Islamic Republic of Yongsoo Lee, Head, Policy Survey
UnitThe Center for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS),
IranKuwaitChamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and
AgricultureKuwait National Competitiveness CommitteeMohammad Janati
Fard, Research AssociateAdel Al-Husainan, Committee MemberHamed
Nikraftar, Project ManagerFahed Al-Rashed, Committee ChairmanFarnaz
Safdari, Research AssociateSayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member The
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | vii 2013 World
Economic Forum
9. Partner InstitutesKyrgyz RepublicMaltaEconomic Policy
Institute Bishkek ConsensusCompetitive MaltaFoundation for National
CompetitivenessLola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Margrith
Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice PresidentMarat Tazabekov, ChairmanAdrian
Said, Chief Coordinator Caroline Sciortino, Research
CoordinatorLatviaStockholm School of Economics in
RigaMauritaniaKarlis Kreslins, EMBA Programme Director Centre
dInformation Mauritanien pour le DveloppementAnders Paalzow, Rector
Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) L Abdoul, Consultant and
AnalystLebanon Mehla Mint Ahmed, DirectorBader Young Entrepreneurs
Program Habib Sy, Administrative Agent and AnalystAntoine
Abou-Samra, Managing DirectorFarah Shamas, Program
CoordinatorMauritius Board of Investment of MauritiusLesotho
Nirmala Jeetah, Director, Planning and PolicyPrivate Sector
Foundation of Lesotho Ken Poonoosamy, Managing DirectorO.S.M.
Moosa, PresidentThabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer Joint Economic
CouncilNteboheleng Thaele, Researcher Raj Makoond,
DirectorLibyaMexicoLibya Development Policy CenterCenter for
Intellectual Capital and CompetitivenessYusser Al-Gayed, Project
DirectorErika Ruiz Manzur, Executive DirectorAhmed Jehani, Chairman
Ren Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief ExecutiveMohamed
Wefati, Director Officer Rodrigo David Villarreal Ramos,
DirectorLithuania Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad
(IMCO)Statistics Lithuania Priscila Garcia, ResearcherOna Grigiene,
Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy Manuel Molano, Deputy General
Director and Special Surveys Statistics Division Juan E. Pardinas,
General DirectorVilija Lapeniene, Director GeneralGediminas
Samuolis, Head, Knowledge EconomyMinistry of the Economy and
Special Surveys Statistics Division Jose Antonio Torre,
Undersecretary for Competitiveness and StandardizationLuxembourg
Enrique Perret Erhard, Technical Secretary forLuxembourg Chamber of
Commerce CompetitivenessChristel Chatelain, Research Analyst
Narciso Suarez, Research Director, Technical SecretaryStephanie
Musialski, Research Analyst for CompetitivenessCarlo Thelen, Chief
Economist, Member of theManaging Board Moldova Academy of Economic
Studies of Moldova (AESM)Macedonia, FYR Grigore Belostecinic,
RectorNational Entrepreneurship and CompetitivenessCouncil (NECC)
Centre for Economic Research (CER)Mirjana Apostolova, President of
the AssemblyCorneliu Gutu, DirectorDejan Janevski, Project
Coordinator MongoliaMadagascar Open Society Forum (OSF)Centre of
Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Munkhsoyol Baatarjav,
Manager of Economic PolicyRavelomanana Mamy Raoul,
DirectorErdenejargal Perenlei, Executive DirectorRazato Rarijaona
Simon, Executive Secretary MontenegroMalawi Institute for Strategic
Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)Malawi Confederation of Chambers of
Commerce and Maja Drakic, Project Manager IndustryPetar Ivanovic,
Chief Executive OfficerHope Chavula, Public Private Dialogue
ManagerVeselin Vukotic, PresidentChancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief
Executive Officer MoroccoMalaysia Comit National de lEnvironnement
des AffairesInstitute of Strategic and International Studies
(ISIS)Seloua Benmbarek, Head of MissionJorah Ramlan, Senior
Analyst, Economics MozambiqueSteven C.M. Wong, Senior Director,
Economics EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.Mahani Zainal Abidin,
Chief Executive Peter Coughlin, DirectorMalaysia Productivity
Corporation (MPC)Donaldo Miguel Soares, ResearcherMohd Razali
Hussain, Director GeneralEma Marta Soares, AssistantLee Saw Hoon,
Senior Director NamibiaMali Institute for Public Policy Research
(IPPR)Groupe de Recherche en Economie Applique et Graham Hopwood,
Executive DirectorThorique (GREAT)Massa Coulibaly, Executive
Directorviii | The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
2013 World Economic Forum
10. Partner InstitutesNepalPortugalCentre for Economic
Development and Administration (CEDA)PROFORUM, Associao para o
Desenvolvimento daRamesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country
Coordinator Engenhariaand Project Director Ildio Antnio de Ayala
Serdio, Vice President of the BoardMahendra Raj Joshi, Member of
DirectorsHari Dhoj Pant, Officiating Executive Director, Advisor,
Survey Frum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE)project Paulo
Bandeira, General DirectorNetherlandsPedro do Carmo Costa, Member
of the Board of DirectorsINSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus
University Esmeralda Dourado, President of the Board of
DirectorsRotterdam Puerto RicoFrans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor
Puerto Rico 2000, Inc.Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor Ivan
Puig, PresidentNew ZealandInstituto de Competitividad
Internacional, UniversidadThe New Zealand Initiative Interamericana
de Puerto RicoCatherine Harland, Research Fellow Francisco
Montalvo, Project CoordinatorOliver Hartwich, Executive Director
QatarNigeriaQatari Businessmen Association (QBA)Nigerian Economic
Summit Group (NESG)Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General ManagerFrank
Nweke Jr., Director GeneralIssa Abdul Salam Abu Issa,
Secretary-GeneralChris Okpoko, Associate Director, Research Social
and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI)Foluso Phillips,
Chairman Hanan Abdul Ibrahim, Associate DirectorNorway Darwish Al
Emadi, DirectorBI Norwegian Business School RomaniaEskil Goldeng,
Researcher SC VBD Alliance Consulting SrlTorger Reve, Professor
Irina Ion, Program CoordinatorOman Rolan Orzan, General DirectorThe
International Research Foundation Russian FederationSalem Ben
Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Bauman Innovation & Eurasia
Competitiveness InstitutePublic Authority for Investment Promotion
and Export Katerina Marandi, Programme ManagerDevelopment (PAIPED)
Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Principal and Managing DirectorMehdi Ali
Juma, Expert for Economic Research Stockholm School of Economics,
RussiaPakistan Igor Dukeov, Area PrincipalMishal PakistanCarl F.
Fey, Associate Dean of ResearchPuruesh Chaudhary, Director Content
RwandaAmir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer Private Sector
Federation (PSF)Paraguay Hannington Namara, Chief Executive
OfficerCentro de Anlisis y Difusin de Economia ParaguayaAndrew O.
Rwigyema, Head of Research and Policy(CADEP) Saudi ArabiaDionisio
Borda, Research Member National Competitiveness Center
(NCC)Fernando Masi, Director Awwad Al-Awwad, PresidentMara Beln
Servn, Research Member Khaldon Mahasen, Vice PresidentPeru
SenegalCentro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliques (CREA),de Industrias
University of DakarNstor Asto, Project Director Diop Ibrahima
Thione, DirectorLuis Tenorio, Executive Director SerbiaPhilippines
Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)Makati Business
Club (MBC) Mihail Arandarenko, DirectorMichael B. Mundo, Chief
Economist Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project CoordinatorMarc P.
Opulencia, Deputy Director Bojan Ristic, ResearcherPeter Angelo V.
Perfecto, Executive DirectorManagement Association of the
Philippines (MAP)SeychellesArnold P. Salvador, Executive Director
Plutus Auditing & Accounting Services Nicolas Boulle,
PartnerPoland Marco L. Francis, PartnerEconomic Institute, National
Bank of PolandPiotr Boguszewski, Advisor SingaporeJarosaw T.
Jakubik, Deputy Director Economic Development Board Anna Chan,
Assistant Managing Director, Planning & Policy Cheng Wai San,
Head, Research & Statistics Unit Teo Xinyu, Executive, Research
& Statistics Unit Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia
(PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive DirectorThe Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2013 | ix 2013 World Economic Forum
11. Partner InstitutesSlovenia ThailandInstitute for Economic
ResearchSasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration,Peter
Stanovnik, Professor Chulalongkorn UniversitySonja Uric, Senior
Research Assistant Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow
Narudee Kiengsiri, President of Sasin Alumni AssociationUniversity
of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director
of SasinMateja Drnovek, ProfessorAle Vahcic, Professor Thailand
Development Research Institute (TDRI) Somchai Jitsuchon, Research
DirectorSouth Africa Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished
FellowBusiness Leadership South Africa Yos Vajragupta, Senior
ResearcherFriede Dowie, DirectorThero Setiloane, Chief Executive
Officer Timor-Leste East Timor Development Agency (ETDA)Business
Unity South Africa Jose Barreto, Survey ManagerNomaxabiso
Majokweni, Chief Executive Officer Palmira Pires, DirectorJoan
Stott, Executive Director, Economic Policy Chambers of Commerce and
Industry of Timor-LesteSpain Kathleen Fon Ha Tchong Goncalves,
Vice-PresidentIESE Business School, International Center
forCompetitivenessTrinidad and TobagoMara Luisa Blzquez, Research
Associate Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of BusinessAntoni Subir,
Professor Miguel Carillo, Executive Director and Professor of
Strategy Nirmala Harrylal, Director, Internationalisation and
InstitutionalSri Lanka Relations CentreInstitute of Policy Studies
of Sri Lanka (IPS)Ayodya Galappattige, Research OfficerThe
Competitiveness CompanyDilani Hirimuthugodage, Research Officer
Rolph Balgobin, ChairmanSaman Kelegama, Executive Director
TunisiaSuriname Institut Arabe des Chefs dEntreprisesSuriname Trade
& Industry Association (VSB)Ahmed Bouzguenda, PresidentHelen
Doelwijt, Executive SecretaryMajdi Hassen, Executive CounsellorRene
van Essen, Director TurkeyDayenne Wielingen Verwey, Economic Policy
Officer TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness
ForumSwazilandIzak Atiyas, DirectorFederation of Swaziland
Employers and Chamber of Selcuk Karaata, Vice DirectorCommerce
Sezen Ugurlu, Project SpecialistMduduzi Lokotfwako, Research
Analyst UgandaZodwa Mabuza, Chief Executive Officer Kabano Research
and Development CentreNyakwesi Motsa, Administration & Finance
Manager Robert Apunyo, Program ManagerSweden Delius Asiimwe,
Executive DirectorInternational University of Entrepreneurship and
TechnologyFrancis Mukuya, Research AssociateNiclas Adler, President
UkraineSwitzerlandCASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic
ResearchUniversity of St. Gallen, Executive School of
Management,Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive DirectorTechnology and Law
(ES-HSG)Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading EconomistRubn Rodriguez
Startz, Head of Project United Arab EmiratesTobias Trtsch,
Communications Manager Abu Dhabi Department of Economic
DevelopmentTaiwan, ChinaH.E. Mohammed Omar Abdulla,
UndersecretaryCouncil for Economic Planning and Development,
Executive Dubai Economic CouncilYuan H.E. Hani Al Hamly, Secretary
GeneralHung, J. B., Director, Economic Research Department
Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), ZayedShieh,
Chung Chung, Researcher, Economic Research UniversityDepartment
Mouawiya Alawad, DirectorWu, Ming-Ji, Deputy Minister Emirates
Competitiveness CouncilTajikistan H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah,
Secretary GeneralThe Center for Sociological Research ZerkaloRahima
Ashrapova, Assistant Researcher United KingdomQahramon Baqoev,
DirectorLSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics andGulnora
Beknazarova, ResearcherPolitical Science Adam Austerfield, Director
of ProjectsTanzania Niccolo Durazzi, Project ManagerResearch on
Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Robyn Klingler Vidra, ResearcherCornel
Jahari, Assistant ResearcherJohansein Rutaihwa, Commissioned
ResearcherUruguaySamuel Wangwe, Professor and Executive
DirectorUniversidad ORT Uruguay Isidoro Hodara, Professorx | The
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 2013 World
Economic Forum
12. Partner InstitutesVenezuelaCONAPRIThe Venezuelan Council
for Investment PromotionLitsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and
Investor Services ManagerEduardo Porcarelli, Executive
DirectorVietnamHo Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies
(HIDS)Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and PresidentDu Phuoc Tan, Head
of DepartmentTrieu Thanh Son, ResearcherYemenYemeni Businessmen
Club (YBC)Mohammed Esmail Hamanah, Executive ManagerFathi Abdulwasa
Hayel Saeed, ChairmanMoneera Abdo Othman, Project CoordinatorMARcon
Marketing ConsultingMargret Arning, Managing
DirectorZambiaInstitute of Economic and Social Research
(INESOR),University of ZambiaPatricia Funjika, Research FellowJolly
Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and ProjectCoordinatorMubiana
Macwangi, Director and ProfessorZimbabweGraduate School of
Management, University of ZimbabweA. M. Hawkins, ProfessorBolivia,
Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, PanamaINCAE Business School, Latin American Center
forCompetitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS)Ronald Arce,
ResearcherArturo Condo, RectorMarlene de Estrella, Director of
External RelationsLawrence Pratt, DirectorLiberia and Sierra
LeoneFJP Development and Management ConsultantsOmodele R. N. Jones,
Chief Executive OfficerThe Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Report 2013 | xi 2013 World Economic Forum
13. 2013 World Economic Forum
14. PrefaceBRGE BRENDE AND ROBERT GREENHILLWorld Economic
ForumThe World Economic Forum has, for the past seven industry and
in online travel services. Resilience hasyears, engaged key
industry and thought leadersalso been demonstrated in the way that
some aviationthrough its Aviation, Travel & Tourism
Industrycompanies responded to erratic fuel prices by
exploringPartnership Programme, along with its Global Agendanew
business models and acquiring energy assets.Council on New Models
for Travel & Tourism, to carry Additionally, industry players
have made commitmentsout an in-depth analysis of the T&T
competitivenessto a low-carbon economy through several
initiativesof economies around the world. The resulting Travel
&aimed at optimizing operations, retrofitting, recycling,
andTourism Competitiveness Report provides a platform for
preserving the environment.multi-stakeholder dialogue to ensure the
development Yet despite these many positive developments, theof
strong and sustainable T&T industries capable need for greater
openness remains one of the majorof contributing effectively to
international economictrends impacting the T&T sector,
especially with regarddevelopment. The theme of this years
Report,to the freer movement of people. The importance ofReducing
Barriers to Economic Growth and Jobefforts in this area has been
highlighted specificallyCreation, reflects the importance of the
sector for thisby the G20 Los Cabos communiqu in June 2012,
inpurpose. which the group recognized the importance of
tourismEncouraging the development of the Travel &as a vehicle
for job creation, economic growth andTourism (T&T) sector is
all the more important today development and furthermore committed
to workgiven its important role in job creation, at a time when
towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in supportmany
countries are suffering from high unemployment. of job creation,
quality work, poverty reduction andThe sector already accounts for
9 percent of GDP, a totalglobal growth.of US$6 trillion, and it
provides 120 million direct jobsAt the core of the Report is the
fifth edition of theand another 125 million indirect jobs in
related industries. Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index
(TTCI). TheThis means that the industry now accounts for one in aim
of the TTCI, which covers a record 140 economieseleven jobs on the
planet, a number that could even rise this year, is to provide a
comprehensive strategic toolto one in ten jobs by 2022, according
to the World Travelfor measuring the factors and policies that
make& Tourism Council. it attractive to develop the T&T
sector in differentThis edition of the Report comes at an uncertain
countries. By providing detailed assessments of the T&Ttime for
the T&T sector. Although the global economy isenvironments of
countries worldwide, the results can beshowing signs of fragile
recovery, the world is becoming used by all stakeholders to work
together to improve theincreasingly complex and interconnected. In
this industrys competitiveness in their national economies,context,
it is notable that the T&T sector has remainedthereby
contributing to national growth and prosperity. Itremarkably
resilient in a number of ways. The number also allows countries to
track their progress over time inof travelers has increased
consistently over the pastthe various areas measured.year,
notwithstanding the difficult economic climate The full Report is
downloadable from www.weforum.and shrinking budgets. Indeed, the
UNWTO reports org/ttcr; this contains detailed profiles for each of
the 140that international tourist arrivals grew by 4 percent in
economies featured in the study, as well as an extensive2012, and
forecasts that they will continue to increasesection of data tables
with global rankings coveringby 3 percent to 4 percent in 2013.
Although this trend over 75 indicators included in the TTCI. In
addition,is primarily driven by increasing demand from theit
includes insightful contributions from a number ofemerging-market
middle class, the picture has also beenindustry experts. These
chapters explore issues such asbrightening for many developed
economies.how visa facilitation can play a relevant role in
stimulatingThe industry has responded to the changing economic
growth, the importance of policymakersenvironment with a number of
structural adjustments. leveraging local competitive advantages to
thrive in aIndeed, 2012 witnessed a number of alliances,volatile
environment, the impact of the tourism sectormergers, and strategic
investments both in the aviationon employment creation, how the
connectivity that the The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Report 2013 | xiii 2013 World Economic Forum
15. Prefaceaviation sector creates sustains economic
development,and the essential role of green growth in enhancing
theresilience of the sector.The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report2013 could not have been put together without
thedistinguished thinkers who have shared with ustheir knowledge
and experience. We are gratefulto our Strategic Design Partner Booz
& Company,and our Data Partners Deloitte, the International
AirTransport Association (IATA), the International Unionfor
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World TourismOrganization
(UNWTO), and the World Travel & TourismCouncil (WTTC) for
helping us to design and develop theTTCI and for providing much of
the industry-relevant dataused in its calculation. We thank our
Industry Partnersin this Reportnamely Airbus/EADS, BAE
Systems,Bahrain Economic Development Board, Bombardier,Delta,
Deutsche Lufthansa/Swiss, Embraer, EtihadAirways, Jet Airways,
Hilton, Lockheed Martin, Marriott,Safran, Starwood Hotels &
Resorts, and VISAfor theirsupport in this important venture.We also
wish to thank the editors of the Report,Jennifer Blanke and Thea
Chiesa, as well as theproject manager, Roberto Crotti, for their
energy andtheir commitment to the project. Appreciation goes
toother members of the competitiveness team: BeatBilbao-Osorio,
Ciara Browne, Margareta DrzeniekHanouz, Thierry Geiger, Tania
Gutknecht, Caroline Ko,and Cecilia Serin. Finally, we would like to
convey oursincere gratitude to our network of 150 Partner
Institutesworldwide, without whose hard work the
annualadministration of the Executive Opinion Survey and thisReport
would not be possible.xiv | The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report 2013 2013 World Economic Forum
16. Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryJENNIFER BLANKE AND THEA
CHIESAWorld Economic ForumThe Travel & Tourism (T&T)
industry has managed to Council (WTTC). We have also received
importantremain relatively resilient over the recent year despite
feedback from a number of key companies that arethe uncertain
global economic outlook, which has Industry Partners in the effort,
namely Airbus/EADS, BAEbeen characterized by fragile global
economic growth,Systems, the Bahrain Economic Development
Board,macroeconomic tensions, and high unemployment in Bombardier,
Delta, Deutsche Lufthansa/Swiss, Embraer,many countries. Indeed,
the sector has benefitted from Etihad Airways, Hilton, Jet Airways,
Lockheed Martin,the continuing globalization process: travel has
beenMarriott, Safran, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, and
VISA.increasing in mature markets and, particularly, has beenThe
TTCI is based on three broad categories ofdriven by the rising
purchasing power of the growing variables that facilitate or drive
T&T competitiveness.middle class in many developing economies.
These categories are summarized into the three In such a context,
Travel & Tourism has continued subindexes of the Index: (1) the
T&T regulatoryto be a critical sector for economic development
and framework subindex; (2) the T&T business environmentfor
sustaining employment, in both advanced andand infrastructure
subindex; and (3) the T&T human,developing economies. A strong
T&T sector contributescultural, and natural resources subindex.
The firstin many ways to development and the economy. Itsubindex
captures those elements that are policy relatedmakes both direct
contributions, by raising the national and generally under the
purview of the government; theincome and improving the balance of
payments, andsecond subindex captures elements of the
businessindirect contributions, via its multiplier effect and by
environment and the hard infrastructure of eachproviding the basis
for connecting countries, througheconomy; and the third subindex
captures the softerhard and soft infrastructureattributes that are
criticalhuman, cultural, and natural elements of each countrysfor a
countrys more general economic competitiveness. resource
endowments. Although developing the T&T sector providesEach of
these three subindexes is composed in turnmany benefits, numerous
obstacles at the national levelby a number of pillars of T&T
competitiveness, of whichcontinue to hinder its development. For
this reason, there are 14 in all. These are:seven years ago the
World Economic Forum, together 1. Policy rules and regulationswith
its Industry and Data Partners, embarked on a 2. Environmental
sustainabilitymulti-year research effort aimed at exploring various
3. Safety and securityissues related to the T&T competitiveness
of countries 4. Health and hygienearound the world. This years
Report is published under 5. Prioritization of Travel &
Tourismthe theme Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and 6. Air
transport infrastructureJob Creation, which reflects the
forward-looking attitude 7. Ground transport infrastructureof the
sector as it aims to ensure strong growth going 8. Tourism
infrastructureinto the future. 9. ICT infrastructure 10. Price
competitiveness in the T&T industryTHE TRAVEL & TOURISM
COMPETITIVENESS 11. Human resourcesINDEX 12. Affinity for Travel
& TourismThe Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
13. Natural resourcesaims to measure the factors and policies that
make it 14. Cultural resourcesattractive to develop the T&T
sector in different countries.The Index was developed in close
collaborationEach of the pillars is, in turn, made up of a
numberwith our Strategic Design Partner Booz & Company of
individual variables. The dataset includes both surveyand our Data
Partners Deloitte, the International Airdata from the World
Economic Forums annual ExecutiveTransport Association (IATA), the
International UnionOpinion Survey (the Survey) and quantitative
data fromfor Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the World Tourism
publicly available sources, international
organizations,Organization (UNWTO), and the World Travel &
Tourism and T&T institutions and experts (for example, IATA,
theThe Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 | xv 2013
World Economic Forum
18. Executive SummaryIUCN, the UNWTO, WTTC, UNCTAD, and
UNESCO). Thealso attracts tourists because of its rich and
well-Survey is carried out among chief executive officers and
managed natural resources. A large percentage of thetop business
leaders in all economies covered by our countrys land area is
protected, environmental regulationresearch; these are the people
making the investment is among the most stringent (3rd), and the
T&T industrydecisions in their respective economies. The
Surveyis considered to be developed in a sustainable wayprovides
unique data on many qualitative institutional (7th). These good
environmental conditions, combinedand business environment issues,
as well as specific with the high safety and security of the
country (2nd),issues related to the T&T industry and the
quality of thecontribute to its solid T&T competitiveness.
Switzerlandnatural environment. is not only a strong leisure
tourism destination but also The details of the composition of the
TTCI arean important business travel hub, with many
internationalshown in Appendix A of Chapter 1.1; detailed
rankingsfairs and exhibitions held in the country each year,and
scores of this years Index are found in Appendix Bdriving its
showing on the cultural resources pillar (6th).of that chapter.
Switzerlands strong performance in all these areas enables the
country to somewhat make up for its lackTHE TRAVEL & TOURISM
COMPETITIVENESS of price competitiveness (139th), which, together
with aINDEX RANKINGS 2013fairly restrained international visa
policy, does indeed limitTable 1 shows the overall rankings of the
140 economiesthe number of arrivals.assessed in this edition TTCI,
comparing this years Germany ranks 2nd in Europe and out of
allrankings with those from the 2011 edition of the
Report,.countries in the TTCI. Similar to Switzerland,
itsSwitzerland maintains its top position in the
rankings,infrastructure is among the best in the world: it is
rankedwhich it has retained for five consecutive editions, since
6th for ground transport infrastructure and 7th for airthe very
first Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.transport
infrastructure, facilitating connections bothTables 26 present the
rankings in a regional context, within the country and
internationally. Germany also hasgrouping economies into the
following five regionalabundant cultural resources (ranked 5th
worldwide for itsgroups: Europe, the Americas, Asia Pacific
(includingmany World Heritage cultural sites) and is host to
almostCentral Asia), the Middle East and North Africa, and 600
international fairs and exhibition per year (2nd), whilesub-Saharan
Africa. We discuss below a selection ofhotel prices are relatively
competitive (55th). In addition,countries from each region to
provide a sense of the Germany makes great efforts to develop in a
sustainableresults and how they are interpreted at the national
level.way (4th), with the worlds most stringent environmentalMore
countries are discussed in detail in Chapter 1.1. regulationswhich
are also among the best-enforced and the strong support of
international environmentalEurope efforts, as demonstrated through
its ratification of manyIn line with statistics on international
tourist arrivals, international environmental treaties.Table 1
shows that Europe remains the leading region Austria ranks 3rd,
improving by one position sincefor Travel & Tourism
competitiveness, with all of the2011. Its strong performance is
driven by factors such astop five places taken by European
countries. Likewise, tourism infrastructure, in which it ties for
1st place with13 of the top 20 countries are from the region. Table
2Italy; a welcoming attitude toward visitors; a very safeshows the
rankings for European countries only, with and secure environment
(7th); and, most importantly, itsthe first column showing the rank
within the region, rich cultural resources. Austria hosts nine
World Heritagethe second column showing the overall rank out of
allcultural sites, has excellent creative industries, and140
economies included in the Index this year, and the attracts many
travelers with several fairs and exhibitionsthird column showing
the score. As the table shows,organized every year. The countrys
tourism industry isSwitzerland is ranked 1st out of all countries
in the 2013 also being developed in a sustainable way (10th),
withTTCI, a position it has held since the first edition ofsome of
the most stringent (4th) and well-enforced (7th)this Report in
2007. Germany, Austria, Spain, and theenvironmental regulations in
the world, driving its overallUnited Kingdom complete the top five,
while France and positive performance on environmental
sustainabilitySweden are among the top 10 overall. (ranked
6th).Switzerland continues to lead the rankings,Spain is the
country among the top 10 that seesperforming well on almost all
aspects of the Index.the most improvement since 2011: moving up
fourSwitzerlands infrastructure, especially ground transportplaces
since the last assessment, it is now ranked 4th.(3rd), is among the
best in the world. The country alsoSpain continues to lead in
cultural resources, rankingboasts top marks for its hotels and
other tourism-specific 1st this year in this area because of its
extremelyfacilities, with excellent staff thanks to the
availability of numerous World Heritage sites (2nd) and its
largequalified labor to work in the industry (ranked 2nd)number of
international fairs and exhibitions (3rd), as wellperhaps not
surprising in a country that holds many of as its significant
sports stadium capacity. Its tourismthe worlds best hotel
management schools. Switzerland infrastructure is another strength,
with its many hotel The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report
2013 | xvii 2013 World Economic Forum
19. Executive SummaryTable 2: The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index 2013: EuropeSUBINDEXEST&T
regulatoryBusiness environment T&T human, cultural, OVERALL
INDEXframeworkand infrastructureand natural resources
RegionalOverallCountry/Economyrank rankScore RankScore
RankScoreRankScoreSwitzerland 115.66 15.9415.42 25.63Germany 225.39
85.5765.29 75.31Austria 335.39 25.80 115.11 95.24Spain 445.38
145.48 55.30 65.36United Kingdom555.38 175.44105.13
35.57France675.31 95.5675.18 115.20Sweden795.24 125.54234.89
85.30Netherlands 8135.14 165.45 155.01 164.97Iceland 9165.10
35.77135.06 364.47Finland10175.10 55.74224.89 244.65Belgium11185.04
185.43 264.78 184.90Ireland12195.01 75.68194.96 404.41Portugal
13205.01 205.42 274.78 194.84Denmark14214.98 255.31 164.98
264.64Norway 15224.95 115.55 284.77 334.53Luxembourg 16234.93
215.41 204.96 394.42Malta17244.92 155.47 145.06 494.22Italy18264.90
504.90 294.76 145.05Cyprus 19294.84 225.35 214.89
464.27Estonia20304.82 105.55 304.72 514.19Czech Republic 21314.78
285.24 374.49 284.61Greece 22324.75 395.02 334.65
304.58Croatia23354.59 424.99 394.43 424.37Slovenia 24364.58 335.12
354.52 524.11Hungary25394.51 265.29 494.16 544.08Montenegro
26404.50 345.09 504.14 474.26Poland 27424.47 494.92 583.94
324.56Turkey 28464.44 644.62 524.08 274.63Latvia 29484.43 355.08
404.40 773.81Lithuania30494.39 414.99 484.19 613.98Bulgaria
31504.38 584.79 454.24 534.10Slovak Republic32544.32 434.96 603.92
554.06Russian Federation 33634.16 924.24 464.22
584.02Georgia34664.10 305.18 803.46 913.67Romania35684.04 664.61
683.67 733.85Macedonia, FYR 36753.98 574.79
743.581003.58Ukraine37763.98 604.73 713.62 993.59Albania38773.97
634.65 903.31 633.96Armenia39793.96 514.88 883.34 943.65Serbia
40893.78 744.50 813.401093.45Bosnia and Herzegovina 41903.78 754.47
953.19 923.66Moldova421023.60 654.61973.161333.04rooms, car rental
facilities, and ATMs. Furthermore, itsThe United Kingdom moves up
by two moreair transport infrastructure is highly developed and
ranks positions since the last edition of the Report, to reachamong
the top 10 worldwide. Spain has improved in a5th place this year.
The countrys T&T competitivenessfew areas since the last
edition. In particular, startingis based on its excellent cultural
resources (rankeda business has become less costly and onerous,
3rd), with many World Heritage cultural sites, a largeaccording to
the World Bank, and hotel prices have number of international
fairs, and strong creativecome down a bit. The government has also
kept tourismindustries (all ranked within the top 10). The
countryhigh in its development agenda, making Spain a top has
probably benefitted from two important events in10 economy for
prioritization of the industry. Spain has 2012: the Olympic Games
and the Diamond Jubilee ofnotably maintained its efforts on
marketing activity and Queen Elizabeth II. Although the outcome is
not yet fullyspending on the industrys development amid
difficultreflected in the data, the United Kingdom has
leveragedeconomic circumstances.the preparation of these events in
terms of tourism campaigns, generating interest in visiting the
countryxviii | The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013
2013 World Economic Forum