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E NVIRONME NT AL BAMBOO F OUNDAT ION
P r e s e r v a t i o n
f o r
i f f us ion
er t i ca loak
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E n v i r o n m e n t a l
B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
1
Initial research on modified Boucherie Teatment was done by Prof. Dr. W. Liese,Universität Hamburg, Germany, and later adapted by the Environmental BambooFoundation with Don Longuevan under a grant from IESC International ExecutivesService Corp. Laboratory testing was performed by Koppers-Hickson in NewZealand.
We thank Ben Brown of Mangrove Action Project for providing valuable help and
insight during the testing period and providing translation services for the Indonesianedition.
We appreciate the advise/comments made by Prof.Liese along the developmentof the VSD treatment.
Many thanks to Emerald Starr of Sacred Mountain Sanctuary in Sideman, Bali, whoused a high percentage of experimental VSD treated bamboo timbers when buildinghis resort. Seven years later, the bamboo he used is still in excellent condition.
2
Acknowledgements
This publication is not copyrighted. EBF encourages the translation, adaptationand copying of materials for non-commercial use, providing an acknowledgement
to EBF.
Every effort has been made to ensure that all the information in this booklet isaccurate. However, due to differing conditions, kind and age of the bamboos, tools,and individual skills, the publisher cannot be responsible for any injuries, losses,and other damages that may result from the use of the information of this booklet.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Managing Tropical Bamboo
Harvesting Tropical Bamboo
Planning a Treatment Center
Appendices
Mixing the Solution
A) Bamboo & Conservation
C) Job Sheet Sample
Table of Contents
List of Tools and Materials
B) Information about BORAX
1
2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
Treatment Procedure
11-12
13-14
15-20
Preface and Introduction
21-22
23
24
E) Local Names 26
D) Financial Analysis 25
F) Bamboo Uses 27-28
First Edition published 2-1-2003 by: LINDA GARLANDEnvironmental Bamboo Foundation, Bali, Indonesia,ebf@bamboocentral. info, www.bamboocentral.org
Engineering Consultant: Ben Brown
The Environmental Bamboo Foundation (EBF) is an Indonesian non-profitorganization started in 1993 by designer and environmentalist, LINDA GARLAND.
The EBF strives to protect tropical forests by promoting and demonstrating themany conservation and development opportunities that bamboo offers. Themission of the Environmental Bamboo Foundation is to encourage, throughresearch and education, the sustainable planting and utilization of bamboo inan effort to promote its many environmental benefits and protect the world’sremaining tropical forests and mangroves.Based in Bali, Indonesia, the EBF has affiliate non-profit organizations in theUnited States and in Holland.
Graphics & Layout: Studio LaBel, Hedi LaBelResearch & Development: Environmental Bamboo Foundation (EBF)
Petra SchneiderEditorial AssistantKetut SadiaProject Manager
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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* see local names in Appendix
Introduction
Bamboo culms are a natural material susceptible to insect andfungal attack. Without treatment products made from bamboo canbe expected to last for only up to 3 years.
There are many different techniques for curing and treating bambooculms in order to prevent splitting,insect infection and fungal growth.In this booklet we present the Vertical Soak Diffusion (VSD) methodwhich uses minimally toxic borates as preservatives. The methodhas been tested in Indonesia using three species of bamboo:Dendrocalamus asper*
Gigantochloa apus*
Gigantochloa atter*
If you are intending to use other species of bamboo, follow themethodology in this booklet to treat a small section (1-2 internodes)and observe the rate of penetration of the red dye discussed in
step 14, page 18.
Whereas bamboo treated by the modified boucherie system (apressure system introduced by Prof. Dr. Liese, Hamburg, Germany)is appropriate for large scale plantations growing bamboo forconstruction timber, furniture, and some crafts the VSD systemworks well with small-plantation situations , and communitydevelopment work in rural villages
3 4
The use of bamboo products requires often its protection againstbiodegradation by chemical treatment. Its application is hinderedby the structure of the culm, the need for larger technical installationsand the danger of environmental side-effects. The VSD methoddeveloped by EBF is obviously an efficient method to obtain welltreated culms, safe to be handled. Its wider application, also toother species, will strengthen its base.
Preface
Walter LieseUniversität Hamburg, Germany
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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10-15cm buffer
cut 20cm above roots
Managing Bamboo
In the dry season, almost allculms that are 3 years or oldercan be removed from a clump
by cutting them just above anode about 20cm above theground. Some younger oneshave to remain for furthernourishment of the rhizome.
Use a marking pen to date youngculms when they first appear,
that way you will know whenthey are at least 3-4 years oldwithout having to guess.
Clumping bamboos are non-invasive. They do not ruinbuildings, they grow very fastwhen young and the culmsare larger than those of therunning bamboo. They requirelittle maintenance, althoughsimple clump managementwill benefit both the growerand the bamboos.
In the shooting season, removeany shoots that are going to createovercrowding (many species areedible, cooked). Leave only theshoots of good diameter which
have potential to produce straightstrong poles for timber use.
Clumping Bamboo
5 6E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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Floorplan
4 m
7.3 m
14.9 m
8 m
27 m
32 m
2.5 m
9 m
2 m
6.4 m
30cm
70cm
Treatment Area
6 m
21.5 m
make sure that allelectrical appliancesare grounded andexposed piping is
protected
Using the heredisplayed principlesin simpler and moreeconomic versions isof course acceptable
Planning a TreatmentCenter
9 10
1100 liters tanksfor Borax/BoricAcid Solution
Concrete Basin forhorizontal soak &
washing bamboo
Main verticalconcrete soak basin
Floor of basinto be slopedtowards sumphole
Elevation
Floorplan(Treatment
Area)
Sump hole
Sump hole withsump pump
Trough 10cm deep
Water Faucet
D r a i n S
l o p e
Concrete Concrete
Filter
Storage House forChemicals and Misc.
Storage shed fordrying the treatedbamboo culms.
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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hex nut
Scale: 1.000 - 1.050for salt solutions
Length depending on the culm to be treated
(can be found in aquarium stores)
List of Tools & Materials
Borax & Boric Acid
Iron Rod with attached(preferably welded) Hex Nut
Eye Protection
Rubber Gloves
Rubber Boots
Water
Red Textile Dye, Aniline,high quality
11 12
Flat, broad Bamboo orWooden Stick for Mixing
Rope (for tying Culms)
Brushes for Cleaning
Plastic Containers for Solution
Plastic Containers forMixing & Measuring
Hydrometers
Bamboo Node Punch
Plastic or Rubber Hose
Pump, plastic and/or stainlesssteel
Hacksaw
Small Sum Pump
Filter
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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3STEP
A 10% Solutionshould give you areading between1.030 and 1.0401.000
1.005
1.0101.015
1.020
1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045
1.150
Buy only high qualitytextile dye.
Mixing the Borax Solution
13 14
2STEP
1STEP 4STEP
Water45liters
BORAX3 kg
BORICACID 2 kg
Calculate the internal volume of the culms .There are 3 differrent ways to do this:
1. Volume in liters = inner radius squared x 3.1416 x height incm of culm divided by 1000
Example: bamboo with radius = 6cm, height = 400cm((6x6) x 3.1416 x 400)) / 1000 = 45 liters2. Fill one punctured culm with water and simply measure how
many liters it takes to fill it up. Multiply by the number of culms.3. Fill one average internode; measure the amount in liters andmultiply by the number internodes and by the number of culms.
Slowly add water stirringc o n s t a n t l y u n t i lBORAX/BORIC ACID anddye are completely dissolvedand no more crystals are atbottom of container.
Add red analyn textile dye. Its h o u l d c o m p l e t e l ypenetrate the tissue of theculms from the inside all
the way to the outside skin.If the particles of the dyeare too large they will onlypartially dissolve and "plug"the openings in the tissuet h u s p r e v e n t i n gpene t r a t i o n o f t h epreservative.
Mix 3 kg of BORAX with 2 kg of BORIC ACID and add 45 liters water. Thisgives a 9 to 1 or 10% solution Test the solution with a
hydrometer under normaltemperatures of your
region.Fill a small test containerwith the Borax/Boric Acidsolution slowly, so as tonot form air bubbles.
Lower the Hydrometer intothe container and give ita quick twirl like spinningthe top. This will get ridof air bubbles that mighthave accumulated on thehydrometer.Then read the number
where the solution crossest he s c a l e o n t h ehydrometer, like readinga thermometer: 1.035 (orwhatever a close numberis) will be your benchmarkfor re-testing the solutionlater.
5 lit ers 5 lit ers 5 lit ers 5 lit ers 5 li ters 5 li te rs 5 li te rs 5 lit ers 5 lit ers
5STEP
2
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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7STEP STEP9
Treatment
STEP8
Weld hex nut to one endof iron rod. With this rodyou can punch holes
through the diaphragms.The hex nut will createlarge diameter holes thuspreventing air bubbles fromforming in the culms duringthe fi l l ing procedure.
Place the bamboo against a
wall. Insert the iron rod andpunch holes through thenodes.Make sure the last node isnot punctured.
Thoroughly clean theoutside of the bambooculms with water andbrushes (or coconut husksand sand, or scotch brite)
Move the bamboo to theconcrete basin.Stand up vertically.
Tie culms securely togetherso that they cannot movewhen they are being filledwith the BORAX/BORICACID SOLUTION. Culmsbecome very heavy whenfilled.
6STEP
End of Iron Rod
15 16
Hex Nut
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 10 11 12 137
15 1614
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Jan Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun
Jul Aug
Sep Oct
Nov Dec
Calendar
17
IN
OUT
STEP13
IN
11STEP
The time required forcomplete penetration
depends upon the culmwall thickness and its
moisture
NOTE:
STEP12
Treatment
Connect a hose to thecontainer which holds themixture. Pump the solutioninto the culms.
Fill the entire bamboo withthe solution. Every morningrefill the culms which haveabsorbed approximately1% of the liquid overnight.Every day absorbtion rateis less.
10STEP
On Day 14, test check theculm by sawing off theupper internode. The fabricdye has now penetratedthe culm walls sidewaysand colored them pinkish.Carefully carry the filledculm close to the sump holeand break the last nodeusing a metal punch. Makesure you wear face
protection.The diaphragms of largeculms should be puncturedby using the iron rod.The solution will now flowon the sloped basin floorinto the sump hole.
On Day 13 don't add moresolution. Allow the level togo down to avoid overflowwhen the last node isbroken.
17 18
continued
Slope
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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Make sure to liftculms off the floor
for better aircirculation
Leave the bamboo for a minimumof one hour in the basin for the
solution to fully drain out of culmsinto the sump hole.Pump leftover solution back intocontainer through a filter for re-use. The filter should be regularlychanged. Test again with thehydrometer and add moreBORAX/BORIC ACID if necessary(see appendix page 23). Wipe downthe whole culm to remove excessborate.
Store the bamboohor izonta l ly orvertically in theshade (hot sunsplits it) to slowlydry. Make sure thatit is not exposed to
rain which couldwash ou t thepreservative.
19
14STEP
Treatment
20
continued
15STEP
Notes
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
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Co
21 22
BAMBOO CONSERVATION - THE EN IBLE W AY$ $
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
O CO1 2 O CO1 2 O CO1 2
WOOD BAMBOO
O CO1 2 O CO1 2 O CO1 2 O CO1 2 O CO1 2
GLOBAL WARMIN G
EROSION
HARVEST ON CE EVERY TEN YEARS ANNU AL CROP
IRREGULAR EM PLOYMEN T LABOR IN TENSIVE
IRREGULAR INCOM E
YEARS
REGULAR INCOM E
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B) Information about Borates
23 24
BORAX/BORIC ACID is more environmentally friendly than otherwood preservatives currently used.
The BORAX/BORIC ACID SOLUTION can be used more than oncefor treating bamboo, as long as the hydrometer reading of thesolution is still at the initial level, of approximately 1.035. Keepin mind that, as the bamboo sap gets partially drained out of theculm, the starch/sugar from the sap will move into the treatmentsolution. This can lead to inaccurate hydrometer readings. Afterthe 3rd or 4th use gradually increase the BORAX/BORIC ACIDconcentration to 1.040 and 1.050. At the point when the drainedsolution foams significantly and/or mold is forming on the surfaceof the solution and on the bamboo culm it is time for the solutionto be disposed of.
BORAX/BORIC ACID is non toxic to the environment, but is highlysaline. When a moderate amount of it is absorbed into the ground,the ground filters out the salt to the point where it does not pollutethe ground water. However, it is advisable to dispose of it safelyand out of reach of children.When diluted with more water the discarded solution could be usedas a herbicide on terraces and walkways.
PT CHIMIFIN JAYA UTAMA, JAKARTATel 021-424-0202, 424-7141, 425-5563
Fax 420-5588
UD. Saba Kimia, Denpasar,Tel/Fax 0361-410662
Reuse Guidelines
Disposal Guidelines
Where to buy BORATES in Indonesia
Appendices continued
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
B) Job SheetCustomer Name
Customer Tel. No.
Bamboo Species
Date Arrived
Date TreatmentStarted
Date TreatmentFinished
Quantity of Culms
Length of Culms
Average InsideDiameter
Average OutsideDiameter
1 2 3
Day 1
Total Liters Added
New Liters Added Liters of Used Solution in Tank
Liters of Solution Left in Tank
Total Liters Used
Drying Period
Total BORAX Used
Total BORIC ACID Used
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Day 8
Day 9
Day 10
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Day 15
Day 16
Drying Period
Drying Period
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Foundation Work 368Cement & Plaster 680
1 Ladder200
Roof & Platform 270Water Pump 512 Storage Tanks 1100 ltr 150Plumbing & Electrical 63Carpenters’ & Constr. Labor 650Tools, Hydrometers 2303 Metal Pipes, 8m long 15
Total Startup Costs
23Structural Wood
Start-up Costs
US$ 2,700
Borax & Boric Acid 520
Tools
500
Labor, 3 workers for 24 weeks 865Labor during Off Season 335Admin. Wages 290Repairs & Maintenance 300
Utilities 230Loan paid back (5Yrs, 3.5% Int.) 600Misc. 120
Total Running Costs per Year 3,860
100Transportation
Yearly Runn ing Costs (for 2000 culms, 6m, 6.75cm dia)
US$
(actual costs from Coastal Community Resource Center,Manado, Indonesia)
If 2000 treated culms were to be sold for US$ 0.60 a piece this wouldgenerate a net profit of 45% of gross sales.
US$
US$
Appendices continued
25 26
C) Cost Analysis
E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
Gigantochloaapus
Gigantochloaatter
Dendrocalamusasper
bulu pagarbulu cinabulu jawa
bulu jawa
Manado
Eastern Indon.
Malayu
TagalogBikol
BatakSudanese
Javanese
MadureseBalinese
Indonesian
Indonesia
Countries Languages
Malaysia
Philipines
Singapore
L a o s
Thailand
Vietnam
E . T i m o r
bambu tali
awi talipring apus
pring tali
bambu ater
pring legiawi tenen
péréng keles
bukawe
bambu betung
awi bitung
bulu batung
buloh betingbuloh betongbuloh panching
botongVisaya butong
rebong china
hok
phai-tong
manh tong
pring betung
bambu tali
patung au oraTetun
D) Local Bamboo Names
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27 28E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l B a m b o o F o u n d a t i o n
village is happy
FoodWater Shed
Erosion controlToxic CleanupCharcoalMedicinal
Arts & CraftsMedicinalCO2
HousesFurniture
ConstructionCharcoalFurniture
BAMBOOUSES
Upper Culm
(Leaves &Branches):
Mid-Culm:
Base:
Root System:
bamboo forestsare planted
houses arebuilt
productsare made
& consumed
productsare sold
Loans aregiven
Financing
bank getsloan back
plus interest