Treaty of Maastricht

8/14/2019 Treaty of Maastricht

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How did the Treaty of Maastricht influence

todays relationship between Germany and the

European Union?


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How did the Treaty of Maastricht influence todays relationship

between Germany and the European Union?


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Executive Summary

The idea of a united Europe is definitely not a new one but just could develop after World

War II.

After the war the relationships between the European countries was broken and the countriesdid not have any trust in each other. Therefore the basis to establish a united Europe was not

given at first.

But in understanding that common economic interests would probably ensure freedom in

Europe Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg established the

European Coal and Steel Community (ESCS) in 1951. Due to a good relation of the

European countries just a few years later the Community established the Treaty of Rome.

Through this the European Economic Community (EEC) was founded in 1957.

The enlargement through foundations like the EEC and the European Atomic Energy

Community (EURATOM) led to the establishment of the European Community (EC) in

1967. When a few years later in 1986 the Single European Act was signed the European

countries agreed on open internal borders within Europe.

But the perhaps most important step towards the European Union was the Treaty of

Maastricht. Therefore this is also called the Treaty on the European Union.

The treaty was signed in 1992 by the EC Member States France, Italy, Germany, Belgium,

the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and the UnitedKingdom whereby the latter two did not sign all aspects of the treaty. These were among

other things the agreements on the monetary union.

The Treaty of Maastricht is based on the four treaties which were signed in the years before.

Furthermore the structure of the treaty is the well-known three pillars.

The first pillar contains the European Community with the aim of establishing a common

economic and monetary union. The second pillar is about common foreign and security

policy (CFSP). It concerns mainly aspects which were mentioned in the Single European Act

of 1986. Provisions of the Single European Act where therefore enlarged through the Treatyof Maastricht.

The third and last pillar contains the co-operation in the field of justice and home affairs

(JHA). This shall make sure that European citizens from that point on are provided with a

high level of protection in their countries in particular in the fields of security, justice and

freedom.

In addition to the treaties which the European Union countries signed the institutions of the

EU are of greater significance to them.


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Not just the European Parliament which represents the EUs citizens and is directly elected

by them and the European Council which represents the individual member states are

important to the network of the EU. The role of the European Commission is often

misunderstood. But is gets obvious that in the todays community of the European countries

an institution such as the Commission is indispensible.

The Commission gained in importance and thus shows as all the other institutions of the

European Union that the merging of the countries is increasing.


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PREFACE

The individual report of How did the Treaty of Maastricht influence todays relationship

between Germany and the EU was established within the course of International Business

and Management Studies

The assignment was to bring theory which was learned within the minor of European Studies

into practice.

This report is the result of extensive research about the relationship of Germany and the EU.

Information about the Treaty of Maastricht and the consequences it brought for Germany and

the EU is presented. Furthermore the author goes into the changes within an European

constitutions such as the European Commission.

Moreover the importance of the EU as a co-operation of the European countries is evaluated.

How did the Treaty of Maastricht influence todays relationship between Germany and the

EU is addressed mainly to the lecturers of the minor European Studies. In particular to Mr.

who will evaluate and look into this report on the competences linked with the Learning

Arrangement.

, May 8th 2008


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Table of content

Cover Page

Summary

Preface

Table of content

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 3

Table of content ........................................................................................................................ 6

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Historical insight of Europe ............................................................................................. 9

3. The Treaty of Maastricht .................................................................................................. 12

3.1 The three pillars ..............................................................................................................12

3.2 Changes in institutions ...................................................................................................13

3.3 Economical and monetary changes ................................................................................13

3.4 Social changes ................................................................................................................14

3.5 After the Treaty of Maastricht ........................................................................................15

4. Involvement in the EU ......................................................................................................16

4.1 Germany and the EU then ..............................................................................................16

4.2 Germany and the EU now ..............................................................................................17

5. The importance of the EU for Germany ..........................................................................20

6. Critical appraisal ................................................................................................................22

7. List of literature ..................................................................................................................23


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1. INTRODUCTION

Since more than 40 years Germany is now a part of the European Union now. This union is

characterized through the equality of it Member States. Nowadays it can be said that through

the establishment of several treaties and communities within this network the Europeancountries managed to develop an own culture. But nevertheless each country has its own

identity within this culture and may contribute actively no a life within this culture.

The foundation of the European Union and all its communities and institutions was an answer

to the conflicts which were in Europe right after World War II.

With the establishment of the European Union and the further development of it chances are

set up to take up the challenge of globalization and its possibilities which play a crucial role

today.

Economically the common internal market which came into force on the 1st January, 1993 is

an answer to the world-economic interdependence becoming greater and greater.

The economic union and monetary union is the logical consequence from the creation of the

common market again.

The stronger common action in the area of the economic policy and currency policy had

consequences on other areas of the policy including the foreign affairs.

All that will strengthen the weight of Europe. Europe will become with it increasingly an

important stability factor and an inalienable partner in the new world order.

The knowledge about the origin of the EC, the knowledge of the motives for the development

and about its still long not concluded extension is inalienable for the judgment the citizens

about the next steps in the European development.

The knowledge of own national development and also the national institutions, its decision as

well as its legislation is not for a long time any more enough.

Therefore, such a big meaning comes up to the communication of a comprehensive picture of

the European institutions, its tasks, its work and its decisions.

This report is structured into six chapters. After the introduction into the subject chapter two

gives a short insight into the history of Europe between the years 1945 until the establishment

of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992. In the third chapter the objectives and the structure of the

Treaty of Maastricht are described in detail.


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Furthermore chapter four contains the involvement of Germany within the European Union

now and then.

In addition to that the next chapter of the report clarifies the importance of the European

Union nowadays. The author goes into the position of Germany in the EU and the EUs

position in Germany. The critical appraisal forms the last chapter of the report.


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2. OVERVIEWOF EUROPEFROM 1945 1992

This chapter is a short insight into the history of Europe from the end of World War II upuntil the invention of the Treaty of Maastricht.

2.1 HISTORICALINSIGHTOF EUROPE

After World War II there was no awareness of a European Union at all. The war had

destroyed almost every trust of the countries in Europe towards each other especially against

Germany. Therefore a beginning of a European community was not that simple.

Furthermore Europe was separated into Western and Eastern Europe and therefore a

collaboration of the European countries almost impossible. Nevertheless European countries

were aware of the fact that common economic interests would probably ensure freedom in

Europe.

An important promoter of a united Europe was Robert Schuman the former Minister of

foreign affairs of France. The so called Schuman-plan was developed by him and Jean

Monnet and concerned a closer co-operation of the European countries. (www.europa.eu)

4 years after World War II a first step into the direction of a union was made on the basis of

the Schuman-plan through the establishment of the Council of Europe.

Ten countries of Western Europe formed this. These countries were Belgium, Denmark,France, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United

Kingdom.

The member states which wanted to go further and form a united Europe were Belgium,

Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries therefore are

recognized as the foundation states. (www.europa.eu)

In 1951 the Treaty of Paris indicated a community for economical reasons. This treaty mainly

dealt with the union of European countries due to creation of advantages concerning the coaland steel industry therefore it establishes the European Coal and Steel Community. Further

affords of strengthening the European community were made through the Treaty of Rome

which was signed in 1957. With this treaty the European Economic Community (EEC) a

common European market should be implemented to simplify trade and tariffs within Europe.

(www.europa.eu)

Shortly after the implementation of the treaty a visible separation of whole Europe was made

through the building of the Berlin Wall in Germany. Nevertheless negotiations about a united

Europe proceeded. In 1967 the European Community was established which was anotherimportant step in the history of the European Union.


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More and more several policies like those about agriculture from 1962 or about the

annulment of the internal tariffs from 1968 bond the European countries. Within the 60s a

cultural revolution starts in the European countries. These revolutions sometimes resulted in

conflicts of generations which end in the famous revolt of students in Paris. Still today May

of 1968 is popular for these revolts which changed the society.

Up until then only six Member states agitated for a united Europe but in 1973 Denmark,

Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the community of Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,

Luxembourg and the Netherlands. (www.europe.eu)


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Although everything did process more or less frictionless there were of course setbacks that

the Community had to denote. The short Arabic-Israeli war in the year 1973 brought an

energy crisis and some economic problems with it.

In the end of the so called Yom Kippur War oil deliveries into Europe were limited andresulted in higher prices in the European countries.

With the overthrow of the regime of Salazar in Portugal one year later and the death of

General Franco in Spain the last two dictatorships were eliminated from the European world.

Through subsidies the EC supports the more impecunious countries within Europe and

strengthen their regional policy.

The first year that citizens of the member states are allowed to vote for their EuropeanParliament representatives was 1979 and with this right the influence of the European

Parliament increased. (www.europa.eu)

In the following years the EC grew rapidly. The tenth member state was Greece in 1981 and

five years later Spain and Portugal joined the community as well. Furthermore the so called

Single European Act was signed. It formed the basis for a program to solve Europes

problems concerning free trade within internal borders.

Another important step towards a united Europe was made on 9 th of November in 1989

through the fall of the Berlin Wall. The visible separation of East and West was raised. Since

28 years people are allowed to move freely within Germany. This led to great political

changes within Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall signalizes the fall of communism in

Europe as well. (www.europa.eu)

The most relevant step towards a united Europe was probably the Treaty of Maastricht which

was signed in 1992 by the Member states at this date which were Belgium, France, Germany,

Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Spain andPortugal. This treaty, also called the Treaty of the European Union concerns about three

pillars the European community, common foreign and security policy and police and

judicial co-operation in criminal matters. Not just a common currency but also co-operation

in the last two sectors was important to strengthen the feeling of a united Europe.

(www.europa.eu)


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3. THE TREATYOF MAASTRICHT

Chapter 3 refers on the main structure and objectives of the Treaty of Maastricht. Why andhow the treaty was implemented and what the consequences of the implementation were.

3.1 THETHREEPILLARS

The Treaty of Maastricht was one of the first treaties which concerned not only economic but

also political reasons. The five key goals were among other things strengthening of the

democratic legitimacy of the institutions, the improvement of the effectiveness of these, the

establishment of an economic and monetary union, the development of the Community social

dimension and to establish a common foreign and security policy.

The basis of the treaty is build with the aid of the so called pillars which concerned the

European Community, the Common foreign and security policy and the co-operation in the

field of justice and home affairs.

The first pillar corresponds to the European Community, the European Coal and Steel

Community (ECSC) and the Euratom, the European Atomic Energy Community. This pillar

covers a range of areas including social employment policies, consumer environment,

competition and internal market laws and policies. (www.bmvbs.de)

The second pillar is about common foreign and security policy (CFSP). It concerns the

contents of the Single European Act from 1986 and supplants the provisions about joining

action in the field of foreign policy described in the act. Within the CFSP there is anintergovernmental decision-making process where consentaneousness plays an important

role. Institutions involved in this process are the Commission and the Parliament whereas the

Court of Justice comprised. (www.bmvbs.de)

The third and last pillar contains the co-operation in the field of justice and home affairs

(JHA). Like within the CFSP the decision-making process in this area is also

intergovernmental. The pillar is about the commitment of the European Union to ensure high

level of protection in particular in the fields of security, justice and freedom.

(www.europa.eu)

Four treaties build the basis for the Treaty of Maastricht namely these which were talked

about before, the ECSC, the Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Rome and the Single European Act.

For some treaties like this of the Single European Act the Treaty of Maastricht is an extension

or an improvement of the provisions made. (www.europa.eu)


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3.2 CHANGESININSTITUTIONS

Not just provisions were extended or advanced but also the roles of the different institutions

changed through the Treaty of Maastricht. The functions of the European Parliament were

amplified in areas of co-operation and assent processes.

In collaboration with the Council the European Parliament there was a co-decision process

which was extended to new areas. This collaboration between the two institutions

strengthened the contact amongst those and enabled to reach agreements.

Furthermore the European Parliament was integrated into decision procedures of the

Commission more strongly due to the fact that the European Parliament acted from that point

on as confirmation of the Commission.

Therefore it was recognizable that the co-operation of the European parties in European

integration was consolidated. The awareness of Europe being a united area grew and the

institutions forwarded the expression of the political will of all European citizens. Tounderline a stable and enduring policy the duration of office of the Commission was extended

from four to five years.

All in all one important section of the Treaty on the EU was that the co-operation between the

different institutions grew and the factor of co-decision processes was strengthened.

(www.europa.eu)

3.3 ECONOMICAL

AND

MONETARY

CHANGES

Other important factors of the treaty were the economic and monetary union. The economic

union contains three components which includes the following:

First of all the Member States need to make sure that they coordinate their economic policies

and assure a miscellaneous control within these policies. Moreover the Member States are

liable to certain financial terms which are stated in the Treaty.

The monetary union was to be created through the establishment of one common currency inEurope. In addition to open borders and free trade areas in the whole European region a

single currency was to simplify trade and a common market economy.

The overall bases for this policy are the national banks of the Member States and the Central

European Bank which together build the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).

Nevertheless there are still some countries in the EU which have not signed this part of the

treaty yet namely the United Kingdom and Denmark. Although these two countries are

members of the EU they did not want to accept a common currency and therefore maintained

their old means of payment. (www.europa.eu)


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3.4 SOCIALCHANGES

Next to institutional, economic and monetary changes the Treaty of Maastricht also describes

social changes such as citizenship in the EU.

Social changes which are mentioned in the treaty are mainly referring to an improvement ofliving and working conditions and standards in the EU. Furthermore social protection was to

be advanced which is also linked to the conditions mentioned before.

Each Member of the EU was to take charge of the development of human resources to assure

that the countries within the EU offer a certain high and stable level of employment. Another

important factor of social changes in the treaty was the promotion of employment and

additional create a stable labor market and in this way involve unemployed people.

(www.europa.eu)

The probably most important point of the treaty is the European citizenship which was

established. The European citizenship means that every citizen of an EU Member State is at

once the owner of European citizenship.


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This of course brings several advantages with it which are:

the right to circulate and reside freely in the Community; the right to vote and to stand as a candidate for European and municipal elections in

the State in which he or she resides;

the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of a Member State

other than the citizen's Member State of origin on the territory of a third country in

which the state of origin is not represented

The right to petition the European Parliament and to submit a complaint to the

Ombudsman.

Furthermore the principle of subsidiarity is an important factor which was alreadymentioned in the Single European Act but only concerned environmental policy. This

time within the Treaty of Maastricht it was established a general principle. The principle

says that the European Community only may act if goals which shall be achieved will

probably not or just be partly reached on national level. This handling assures that the EU

acts as imminent as possible with its citizens. (www.europa.eu)

3.5 AFTERTHE TREATYOF MAASTRICHT

In the history of the European Union the Treaty of Maastricht definitely means a milestone.

The foundation of the European Union, the establishment of a common economic and

monetary union and through enlargement of the European integration the union of European

countries achieves a political scope. For the first time in European history the reasons for a

consolidation is not only economical.

In consideration of further expected integration on European level, prospective diversification

and essential changes within the institutions of the EU the Member States included a revision

clause in the treaty. (www.europa.eu)


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4. INVOLVEMENTINTHE EU

This chapter describes how the relationship between Germany and the EU changed duringthe years and what the reasons for these changes were.

4.1 GERMANYANDTHE EU THEN

Right after World War II there loomed a crisis in whole Germany due to the fact that the

country was occupied through different occupying powers. This resulted soon in a separation

of Germany because the Eastern part turned towards to the socialist oriented Council for

Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). Whilst the other part of Germany is more

oriented the other way around and is open to the rest of the Western Europe. The separation

of Germany brought problems not only for the country itself but also for whole Europe. As a

result of the isolation of Germany Europe was divided into two parts as well. This brought

along problems in co-operation of the countries in Europe.

Due to the fact that West-Germany is more European oriented it early can take advantage of

the connection to Europe. This is shown through the entry of West-Germany into the

European Community which supports the co-operation in the fields of coal and steel industry.

(Ploetz, 1999)

Still in 1989 right after the fall of the Berlin Wall the former chancellor Helmut Kohl was

talking about problems occurring due to the separation. Therefore he invented the so called

Zehn-Punkte-Plan for getting over the division of Europe and Germany through a

separation, though not visible anymore, of the country itself.

Nevertheless with the reunion of Germany the European Community was widened and

Eastern Germany took high economic advantage of this. With the fall of the Berlin Wall

another milestone in the history of Europe was set due to the fact that an economic exchange

between East and West took on greater significance. Moreover the economy in whole Europe

increases. (Ploetz, 1999)

At first the European Community just was committed to traffic, goods and employed persons.

By reason of the Treaty of Maastricht free movement in the whole European Union was

feasible which of course hold some problems within. Higher criminality due to simple

movement was the result. Therefore the so called Schengen Treaty which was implemented

in 1985 and meant a abolishment of the internal borders was revised. This was in form of

strengthening the outer borders of Europe. Moreover many German Federal States

accomplished controls so called random police checks. Those controls allow the police to

check people at borders without having a definite suspicion. (Ploetz, 1999)

Already in 1989 Helmut Kohl and Franois Mitterand established the so called Jacques-Delors-committee for a stronger economic and political co-operation. Moreover one year


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later the two governments animate an economic and monetary union in a political

environment. Although Germany and Europe were merging more and more in these times

and efforts were there that a future union would be established, problems aroused soon. The

gulf war brought a massive economic crisis and agitated the European Community. Germany

was criticized by other European countries by reason of the internal economic-imperialistic

policy that the German Central Bank was oriented to. The policy that was practiced by thatbank resulted in high recessions, unemployment and social disturbances in other European

countries.

Despite these problems between Europe and Germany the countries could strengthen their

international relationships and campaigns and finally establish the Treaty of Maastricht for a

European Union. (Brunn, 2002)

4.2 GERMANYANDTHE EU NOW

The EU is part of the political system in Germany. Being a member in the European Union is

an important factor for German interests in Europe. More and more German and European

objectives are merging and cannot be separated. Times in that Germany only was responsible

for its own wealth, its own security, are over. The country is not to save just its own political

and social stability and care for climate and environment.

The membership in the European Union nowadays is an integrative part of the political

system of Germany. Next to communes, Federal States and the States itself, the EU builds the

fourth level of politics. It is obvious that a country which faces many challenges mainly those

which were mentioned before is not able to face these alone any longer. (www.eu-info.de)

Today every political level and with this each decision on these levels is concerned by

European choices. Therefore it is feasible that the orientation is not only partial but that the

euro political provisions need to yield on the federal system of Germany as well. This keeps

the interaction between the EU and Germany balanced.

The most important step in the creation of the right to contribute of the different political

levels in Germany was the admittance of the so called European Article into the Basic Law.

This article says that it is an objective of whole Germany of being a part of the EU and in thatactively contributing to a united Europe. (www.eu-info.de)

Moreover this right is laid for the Federal Diet and Federal Council. The EU and its Member

States are linked closely which is obvious mainly in European decision-making processes.

Without the involvement of the Member States themselves there would not be any decision

made in Brussels. Even before the first advisory of the Council of Ministers the European

Commission is in charge of passing on each proposal to all Member States.


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For Germany this means that the concerned Ministry is able to vote with other concerned

Ministries and in that way is in the position of determining Germanys point of view.

(www.eu-info.de)

Each Ministry in Germany has a special department which is concerned with European

decision-making procedures and within these departments there are European representatives

which lead the European departments. The leaders of these departments meet regularly to

clarify the opinions of the different Ministries.

The board which finally decides about European policies in Germany is the committee of

state secretaries for European representatives. (www.eu-info.de)

Moreover there is a special EU-group of the Federal Foreign Office which is in charge of

regularly observing the processes which occur in the European institutions concerning any

decisions which they are about to make. Through these special observers it is feasible forGermany to recognize early where there might be a conflict within European and German

objectives. Due to the fact that possible conflicts might be detected early enough Germany is

in the position of stating if there is any need for action. This means that the German European

representative can decide about which initiatives the European Commission might take and in

how far Germany is capable to introduce its own view.

Furthermore with the aid of the several German embassies which exist in the different

European countries it is feasible for Germany to vote precocious with each other Member

State about future decisions that the European Commission wants to implement.

In that way Germany can make its own position about these eventual decisions clear.

(www.eu-info.de)

In addition to the European representative the German Federal Diet and Federal Council are

concerned with interests of the country in European perspective as well.

It is important that the Diets position is made clear to the German government and in this

way define Germanys position in Brussels. If it is the case that the countrys interests are

concerned by decisions that the EU Commission is going to implement it is necessary that theGerman government considers the position of the Federal Diet, too. Furthermore it might be

that members of the Federal Council are represented within the EU Council but this is only

the case if core areas of the countrys competences are concerned. (www.eu-info.de)

Not just the Federal Council can influence European decisions but also the German Federal

Diet has the feasibilities to take part in European choices.

In Germany exist four committees and one of these is the board of matters within the

European Union. These four committees are even mentioned within the Basic Law ofGermany and are necessary to be constituted.


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The German government is in charge of informing the boards extensively and furthermore

cares about decisions that it is going to make. The choices made by the Diet are to be taken

into consideration by the government. The only exception in which case the German

government might deviate from the decision made by the Federal Diet are foreign political or

integrative political reasons. (www.eu-info.de)

It is important that there is communication between Brussels and Germany which is

guaranteed through a representation of the German Republic in the European Union.

Being represented in the EU in person, means German interests being represented in the

institutions of the EU. Moreover the representation of Germany is a part of decision-making

procedures within in the Council of Ministries of the European Union.

To prepare the work of the EU Council a committee for the steady representatives was

established where meetings take place to discuss about further processes.

They judge several dossiers and try to come along with their different positions and agree on

a common one. If it is the case and there is an agreement already in the committee of the

steady representatives then the acceptance of EU Council is just pro forma. (www.eu-info.de)

The government, the Federal Diet and the Federal Council do have the feasibility to discuss

about the events happening in the European Union and have the time to build their own

opinion and make clear their own point of view. Germany is therefore an active member indecision-making processes within the EU. (www.eu-info.de)


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5. THEIMPORTANCEOFTHE EU FORGERMANY

Within the European Union and former European Community the position of Germany has

changed. Whilst in the beginning of the co-operation many European countries still fearedGermany due to bad experiences concerning World War II soon after the first treaty this fear

decreased. It is obvious that Germany benefited from being a member of the European Union

then and still does nowadays.

Germany is represented in each European institution and therefore has a high say in Europe.

Moreover the European Union offers Germany a great chance in a political and economical

way.

Through the different treaties which were signed since the beginning of the Union paths fornew challenges were opened for Germany. With its partners in the European environment

Germany is able to grow. Not only in a political way through the institutions but also in an

economical sense. This economical aspect mainly concerns the globalization which is a

significant subject in these days.

But the advantage that Germany gains through being involved in inter-European actions also

brings another aspect into discussion.

Germany being a part of the European Union means also the European Union being a part of

Germany. Despite the economical and political interest that Germany can pursue with the aid

of the EU this comes along with duties. These of course have to be fulfilled by each Member

States and so does Germany.

The duties come along with provisions that the European Union rules. These duties concern

financial, economical and political matters. Given the fact that the Union works as a

government it is just normal that violations of duties will bring penalties with it.

Nevertheless these penalties are to Germanys own protection. The rules that Germany set up

itself with the other European countries help Germany to keep a guideline within its policies.

Although the European Union and therefore all other countries being a member of it has a

certain influence on Germany this must not be seen negatively.

Through the Union the countries control each other and in that can react quick on events

happening in the countries. These proceedings might be from negative but also of course

from positive nature.


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During the years the network of European countries grew and with it mutual help, control and

also even the cultures and Europe merged.

Germany being in the middle of this network only can profit from this connection to the

others. This benefit must not only be seen in the sense of policy or economy but also the

belonging to this community means a lot for Germany.

The Treaty of Maastricht meaning a milestone in the history of the EU and therefore in the

history of Germany changed much for Germany. It helped the country to build up a strong

relationship with the EU which probably will be invigorated in future as well.


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6. CRITICALAPPRAISAL

The individual report How the Treaty of Maastricht influenced the relationship between

Germany and the EU was a possibility for the author to broaden her knowledge about reportwriting, analyzing and interpretation. Moreover the knowledge which was gained within the

course of European studies could be extended and tightened.

The information used in this report is either from the internet or from books. Nevertheless it

was not that simple to filter the unimportant information and decide which information really

is crucial to achieve the goal of the report.

In addition the topic which is discussed in this report is more complex.

Although several different sources have been used during the research the complexity of this

subject could not be covered within this report.

Moreover the limitation of time and length of the report are a result of the simplification of

the subject.


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7. List of literature

Books

Gerhard Brunn, Die Europische Einigung von 1945-heute, p.257, 2002

Ploetz, Europa Ereignisse&Entwicklungen, p.177,178,181, 1999

Internet:

EU-Info.Deutschland

http://www.eu-info.de/deutsche-europapolitik/strukturen-deutschen-europapolitik/

Calling: 29.04.2008, 11:13pm

Official Homepage of the European Union

http://europa.eu/scadplus/treaties/maastricht_en.htm#EUROPEANUNION

http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_de.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/index_de.htm

Calling (latest): 06.05.2008, 05:23pm

Official Homepage of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Buildings and Urban Affairs

http://www.bmvbs.de/en/EU-Council-Presidency/Service-,2732/Foundation-and-pillars.htm

Calling: 28.04.2008, 10:35am

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Treaty of Maastricht

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