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Tree Diseases in Southern California

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Tree Diseases in Southern California Jim Downer University of California Cooperative Extension [email protected]
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Page 1: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Tree Diseases in Southern  California

Jim Downer University of California Cooperative 

[email protected]

Page 2: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Work at South Coast Research and Extension center  showed fertilizer effects in the expression of Fusarium in Hebe

• Keim

and Humphrey  (1984) found that 

Calcium nitrate  fertilized plants  developed less disease 

than Ammonium sulfate  fertilized plants.

Keim, R.  And W. A. Humphrey.  1984.  Fertilizer helps control Fusarium wilt of Hebe.  

California Agriculture: 38:12‐13.

Page 3: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Some History

• Foxy only found in  Phoenix canariensis, 

(Feather 1979).• Later, Phoenix 

dactylifera

was shown  to be susceptible (Ohr

and others 1980)

Feather T.V., H.D. Ohr, and D. Munneke.  1979.  Wilt and Dieback of Canary Island Palm in 

California.  California Agriculture 33:19‐20Feather, T.V.; Ohr, H.D.; Munnecke, D.E.; Carpenter, J.B.  1989.  The occurrence of 

Fusarium oxysporum

on Phoenix canariensis, a potential danger to date production in 

California. Plant Disease 73: 78‐80.

Page 4: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Treatments two factor factorial experiment in random blocks

Species• Phoenix roebelini• Phoenix reclinata• Phoenix canariensis• Washingtonia

filifera

• Phoenix dactylifera

Fertilizer• Calcium Nitrate• Ammonium Sulfate• CAN 27 (Calcium 

ammonium sulfate)• Apex Palm Plus• Untreated

Page 5: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Palm Growth as affected by fertilizer  sources

a a a a

c

b

b

Page 6: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Plant volumes (m3)

Page 7: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Percent palms surviving, 2011

Page 8: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Survival percentages by species and  fertilizer (Aug 2011)

Page 9: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Fusarium  Recovery

• Fusarium oxysporum was recovered from  Phoenix canariensis, P. 

reclinata

and  Washintonia

filifera

• Foxy was not recovered  from P. dactylifera

or P. 

Robelini.

Page 10: Tree Diseases in Southern California

PCR and sequencing

• Confirm a match to the  567 base pair primers 

of Plyler

et al.

Page 11: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Things to note

• F.oxy

can not isolated from dacs

or roebelini but from all others

• Nitrate treatment no P. canariensis

survivors  argues against finding of Keim.

• CAN 27 seemed to push the most growth

Page 12: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Symptoms in Stems

The variable response of Canary Island Date Palm to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis and Nalanthamnala vermoeseni.

Page 13: Tree Diseases in Southern California

A new disease on Queen Palm Fusarium

spp. Isolated from the dying tree.

Page 14: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Dothiorella

• Symptoms are easily  confused with Fusarium 

wilt.• Disease is not systemic• Disease thrives on 

drought stressed  tissues/trees.

Page 15: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Fusarium

Dothiorella

Vascular browning is quite distinct in the  Dothiorella

disease

Page 16: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Dothiorella

will fruit in the dead tissues on the petiole

Page 17: Tree Diseases in Southern California

New Palm Diseases A new Serenomyces

causing petiole blight on Phoenix

Images from Soil and Plant Lab Inc.

Page 18: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Rachis Blight on Phoenix canariensis

casued

by Cocoicola

spp.

Images from Soil 

and Plant Lab 

Inc.

Page 19: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Petiole Blight Washingtonia

filifera Cocoicola

californica

Images from Soil 

and Plant Lab 

Inc.

Page 20: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Root Collar inspections are necessary  for trees (always)

Page 21: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Trunk flat sides

• Indicate that the  cambium has stopped 

growing on that side of  the tree

• Cambial death is often  associated with 

incipient root rot or loss  of large and important 

roots.

Page 22: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Buried Trunks often show Symptoms  or signs under or in Bark

Signs of mycelium

Symptom of oxidation of tissues

Page 23: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Alder Decline Phytophthora siskiyouensis

• Alders have been dying in record number in  Southern California

• Michael Coffey and Deborah Matthews have  found that this new Phytophthora

is 

associated with the disease• The disease, like many Phytophthora

diseases 

causses

extensive basal cankers that girdle the  tree.

Page 24: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Alder Problems

Page 25: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Dieback in canopy of white alders,Alnus rhombifolia, in Irvine, CA.

Problem identified by Don Hodel (UCCE L.A. Co.) and Kelly Parkins

Page 26: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Multiple dime to quarter sized moist spots on trunks

Page 27: Tree Diseases in Southern California

What we isolate most is?

Botryosphaeria

spp.

Page 28: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Basal Cankers caused by Phytophthora spp.  

• These are rapidly  advancing tree 

destroying pathogens• Aside from Oak Root 

Fungus, Phytophthora spp. are the most 

prevalent tree killers in  Southern California 

landscapes

Page 29: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Canker on root of dead tree

Page 30: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Basal Canker on oak

• Many insects may  associate with these 

cankers but it is not  known if any of them 

vector disease.• Sycamore  borer

– A clear winged moth.

Page 31: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Botryosphaeria

canker of Ficus microcarpa

• Mayorquin, J.S., A. Eskalen, A.J. Downer, D.R. Hodel

and A. Liu. 2012.  First report of multiple species of the 

botryosphaeriaceae

causing bot

canker disease of Indian laurel leaf fig in California.  Plant Disease 96: (3) 459‐459

Page 32: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Botryosphaeria

spp. 

taking out a whole street in Santa Monica

Page 33: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Symptoms in Stems On thin barked or green‐barked trees 

sometimes the stem must be washed  to see the symptoms of a canker

The effects of washing on symptom display on Ficus microcarpa ‘nitida’

Page 34: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Fruiting bodies are very difficult to see  because they are covered in dirt

• There are both pycnidia and perithecia

of this 

fungus present on  cankered branches

• DNA sequencing is  underway at UCR as 

well as pathogenicity testing.

Page 35: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Symptoms in stems

A new canker disease in Ficus microcarpa ‘nitida’ note branch collar is slowing progress of the infection.

Page 36: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Ficus

Canker

Anamorph

Teleomorph

Page 37: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Corymbia

citriodora

canker

• uncertain  etiology.  

• Branch and  trunk canker 

• Basal trunk  canker

Page 38: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Old Trees Rot!

Old trees have more  decay.

It is impossible to limit the  progress of decay in 

trees once they have  been infected!!

Decay is best limited by  proper management  over the course of a 

tree’s lifetime. From forest pathology.orgJim Worrall

Page 39: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Heart Rot of Trees

• Ganoderma• Laetiporus• Often associated with a 

decline in vigor.• Associated with wounds 

to roots or the main stem• Wood decay fungi feed 

on stored sugars in wood  and on the wood itself.Multiseriate

rays stained with 

Potassium iodide to show starch 

storage in wood (Kevin Smith Seminar, 

San Marino, CA)

Page 40: Tree Diseases in Southern California
Page 41: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Wounds and the potential for their  infection in the deeper layers of the  tree’s xylem.

Page 42: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Heart Rot: a monocyclic disease

Page 43: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Conks

• White Rots– Armillaria– Oxyporus– Ganoderma

• Brown Rots– Laetiporus

Page 44: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Heart Rot

Page 45: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Ganoderma lucidum

Page 46: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Oxyporus

Page 47: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Oxyporus

latemarginatus

Page 48: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Wood Decay Fungi

• Laetiporus

sulfureusa brown rot fungus

Oxyporus

latemarginatusa white rot fungus

Page 49: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Queen Palm Rot

Page 50: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Palm Tree Anatomy and Physiology: Trunk  Cross Section

Internal Vascular Bundles Starch Filled Parenchyma

Page 51: Tree Diseases in Southern California

Trunk Rot on Queen Palm Syagrus

rommanzoffiana

Systotrema spp.


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