Vegetable Production in TurkeyII. Management of Production

Prof. Dr. Yüksel TüzelAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman

Ege UniversityFaculty of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureBornova – Izmir / Turkey

yuksel.tuzel@ege.edu.tr

Outlook

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman• Genetic material• Vegetable production• Seed & breeding industry

Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel• Greenhouse production overview• Management of soil fertility concerning the

vegetable growing• Pest risk management of vegetable crops• Conclusion

• Protected cultivation

• Open field production

Vegetable Production

Total protected cultivation has reached to 54 215.8 ha in 2008. Area under low plastic tunnel is 33.4% (18 126.5 ha) of the total while the rest (36 089.3 ha) is occupied by greenhouses.

Protected cultivation

Protected cultivationCultivated crops

Management of Soil FertilityProduction is in soil;244.5 ha soilless culture in greenhouses;Fertigation (particularly in greenhouses);Fertilizer production is 2.9 million tonnes;Fertilizer consumption is 5.3 million tonnes;Mean fertilizer use is below world average (due to small farm size, decrease of product prices…)

Imported

Independency,Difficulties in raw material supply,

High cost….

Management of Soil Fertility

• Lack of soil and/or leaf analysis for fertilization – resulting in increase of EC & NO 3 pollution;

• In Demre-Antalya 168 soil & 84 irrigation water samples were taken from 28 greenhouses at 3 growing periods and from 2 depths. EC was found high at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths and also irrigation water was in C2 (medium salinity) and C3 (high salinity) categories (Sönmez ve Kaplan,

2004). • NO3 pollution of well water has reached to a significant

level in Kumluca-Antalya. NO3 level was over 45 mg/l in more than 50% of the wells (Kaplan ve ark., 1999).

• .

Management of Soil FertilityConstraints

Country Active ingradient consumption (kg/ha)

Factor

Turkey 0.47 1Greece 4.41 9 xItaly 5.25 11Spain 3.09 6Portugal 8.36 17France 4.24 8Germany 2.42 5United Kingdom 3.57 7The Netherlands 10.23 21Austria 2.06 4Denmark 1.18 2Hungary 1.75 3

Regions Rate of regionsAegean 15Mediterranean 20Aegean + Mediterranean 35East Anatolia 6South-east Anatolia 23East Anatolia + South-east Anatolia 29

Management of Plant Protection

Average is not high!

But consumption is very high in west and south coast of Turkey!

Management of Plant Protection

Production (t) Import (t) Total (t/year)2003 28 663,8 7 300,1 35 963,92004 26 481,1 8 962,9 35 443,82005 33 957,8 10 378,3 44 336,12006 36 154,6 17 705,9 53 859,52007 28 545,1 20 421,9 48 966,9

Yearly mean consumption increase is

9.64%!

Consumption of environmentally friendly pesticides

2002 2008

Total (kg or liter) 543 649 1 287 382Ratio in total (%) 4.45 17

Over dose use;Residue problems….

Management of Plant Protection

Over dose use;Spraying number;Mixing of different pesticides (also with fertilizers);Measurement of dose;Residue…..

But there are improvements :

Recent developmets• Production technology• Plant propogation material

– Cultivar Studies started in 1963. The use of hybrid seeds started with greenhouse cultivation. Appearance, resistance to transport were more important, however taste & aroma, antioxidant content became

important. Local varieties are preferred.Commercialized cultivar number in 2008: tomato (555), cucumber (282), pepper (203), melon (107), watermelon

(101), courgette (97), eggplant (50) (ttsm.gov.tr, 2009).

– Seed7 governmental organization belongs to Ministry works on vegetable seeds in 2009.Among the 144 private companies, 71 of them is dealing with vegetable seeds. 38 of them has

research & development facilities. (tugem.gov.tr, 2009)

– Seedling– Number & area of companies increased sharply.– It was 12 in 2000 and increased to 30 in 2004. Today the number has reached to 79 and the

area to 110 ha.

Recent improvements

Seedling production

In 2008 :36 million grafted watermelon,35 million grafted tomato ;

1 million grafted cucumberseedling.

Seedling production

• IPP approach was introduced in 1990s due to mainly the demand of exporters.

• Good agricultural practises (GAP), a certificated production system, have come to agenda in 2000’s with a demand coming from Europe. The problems faced in Turkish fresh fruit and vegetables export to EU has forced both producers and exporters to use EUREPGAP certification.

• The interest of government, local administrators and exporters to the GAP has encouraged the producers to shift GAP system in the production in particular to sustain export markets

Good Agricultural Practices’ Implementation

• Also, private consultants have started to play an important role in Turkish protected cultivation since 2002 parallel to the developments in the demand to the safe products. The Society of Agricultural Consultants was established in 2006 in Antalya. In the same year, a regulation related to agricultural extension and consulting services was issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

Region ProvincesArea

(ha) %

Aegeanİzmir, Denizli, Manisa, Aydın,

Muğla, Afyon 1006.2 19

Mediterranean Adana, Antalya, Mersin, Isparta 3597.2 68

Middle Anatolia Konya, Karaman 181.0 3

Blacksea Samsun, Giresun 325.7 6

East Anatolia

Southeast Anatolia

TOTAL 17 provinces 5324.7

GAP certificated area

www.alaratarim.com.trwww.alaratarim.com.tr

Certificated Production

Certificated Production

Certificated Production

Company Natura Sebze Meyve Gıda Tic. Ltd. Şti.

Address Toptancı Hal: 695 Antalya / TÜRKİYE

Telephone 0 242 339 34 20

Fax 0 242 339 25 06

Mail info@antalyanatura.com

Web address www.antalyanatura.com

Grower information

Greenhouse code 8697677523387

Name & surname ALİ BARUT

Greenhouse name E

Province ANTALYA

Site GÜZELOBA

Plant Tomato

Greenhouse type PE

Ventilation Side

Heating Frost protection

Planting date 25.08.2006

End of harvest 10.02.2007

Identification number 8697677523387

Name of farmer ALİ BARUT

Greenhouse code E

Place ANTALYA

Area 1550 m²

Town MERKEZ

Season Fall

Cv. MALİKE F1

Start of harvest 03.11.2006

Pest & Disease Management

Date Application date Name of pest or diseaseName of pesticide & active

ingradientLicence date and

number

Duration between

spraying and harvest

Dose Application type

13.09.2006 13.09.2006Leafminer

Liriomyza spp.

EVISECT S( THIOCYCLAM

HYDROGEN OXALATE %50)

1994-11-18/2765 3 Days 50.00g/1600.00 da PULV.

13.09.2006 13.09.2006Leafminer

Liriomyza spp.

EVISECT S( THIOCYCLAM

HYDROGEN OXALATE %50)

1994-11-18/2765 3 Days 50.00g/1600.00 da PULV.

13.09.2006 13.09.2006Powdery mildewLeveillula taurica

TOPAS 100 EC( PENCONAZOLE, 100)

1999-02-03/3577 7 Days 50.00cc/2500.00da PULV.

13.09.2006 13.09.2006Powdery mildewLeveillula taurica

TOPAS 100 EC( PENCONAZOLE, 100)

1999-02-03/3577 7 Days 50.00cc/1600.00da PULV.

06.10.2006 06.10.2006Aphids

Aphis spp.

PLENUM 50 WG( PYMETROZINE % 50

G/L)2001-01-07/3939 5 Days 30.00g/1500.00 da PULV.

06.10.2006 06.10.2006Powdery mildewLeveillula taurica

TOPAS 100 EC( PENCONAZOLE, 100)

1999-02-03/3577 7 Days 50.00cc/2500.00da PULV.

13.10.2006 13.10.2006Mildew

Phytophthora infestansANTRACOL 70 WP( PROPINEB, 70)

1967-05-04/528 7 Days 300.00g/30000.00 da PULV.

19.10.2006 19.10.2006Mildew

Phytophthora infestans

EQUATION-CONTACT( %56.25+62.5

FOMAXODONE+MANCOZEB)

2001-02-28/3914 3 Days 80.00g/8000.00 da PULV.

27.10.2006 27.10.2006Powdery mildewLeveillula taurica

SIGNUM WP( % 26,7+6,7

BOSCALID+PYROCLOSTROBIN)

2005-02-25/5032 3 Days 60.00g/1.00 da PULV.

03.11.2006 03.11.2006Mildew

Phytophthora infestans

BRAVO( CHLOROTHALONIL,

500)1998-09-15/3492 3 Days 250.00ml/25000.00 da PULV.

10.11.2006 10.11.2006Grey mildewBotrytis cinerea

BELLKUTE 40 WP( % 40 IMINOCTADINE TRIALBESILATE)

1999-09-06/3663 1 Days 60.00g/3600.00da PULV.

10.11.2006 10.11.2006Red spidermiteTetranychus spp.

OBERON 240 SC2005-05-30/5119 3 Days 60.00cc/3600.00da PULV.

• Export is still low: The vegetable production and processing sector has to organise itself for

export market. The limitations of export possibilities have been forced the enterprises to work in low capacities.

• Input use needs improvement:At appropriate amount, timing and optimum prices.

• Also needed to provide of continuous high quality product.

• Consumer demands have changed:Certificated production (GAP) should be increased.

• Tracebility of the product• Record keeping of growers• Efforts to increase awareness for environmentally

friendy production systems.

Needs development!

• Development of new products

• Development of Brand names• Subsidy for some inputs (electricity, fuel, etc.),

• Forming technical and economical co-operation and international relations,

• Training,

• Production planning.

Needs development!

STRENGHTS*Introduction of modern production facilities*Availability of cheap labour*Capacity for high product quality*Convenient of environment conditions*Water availability

WEAKNESSES*High cost of energy*Inadequate financing capabilities*Small size farms*Lack of training of farmers*Socio-economic context

OPPORTUNITIES*Enter new markets*Close relationship with EU*Development in the demands of the domestic market*To take into consideration of different consumer demand*Being organized as farm commodity groups

THREATS*Likely entry of new competitors*Crisis of regional and global impact

The Scenario

The most important objectives to be reached

The increasing globalization

The evolution of consumers’ expectations

The attention to environmental impact

•Product innovation

•Production cost reduction

•Yield increase

•Production qualification

•Environmental impact reduction.

Thank you!Thank you!