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Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

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Trends in Flight Operations - Future HCC vs. OCC - Amsterdam –21 st May 2008 m2p Consulting www.m2p.net x Europe (Frankfurt/M) x New York (USA) x Middle East (Dubai) x www.m2p.net
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Page 1: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

Trends in Flight Operations

­ Future HCC vs. OCC ­

Amsterdam –21st May 2008

m2p Consulting

www.m2p.net Europe (Frankfurt/M) New York (USA) Middle East (Dubai) www.m2p.net

Page 2: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 2 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

1

2 Developments, Drivers & Future Challenges

Hub vs. Ops Control –An Introduction

3 Best Practice Concepts –An Outlook

Page 3: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 3 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Both Hub and Ops Control are responsible for the AirlineOperation within the agreed Business Objectives

­ Airline Flight Planning Process and Business Objectives ­

6 months 28 days 3 days

Flight Planning

CommercialPlanning

OperationalPlanning

Operations /Production

TacticalPlanning

ProfitabilityRegularity Punctuality Safety

Airlines Profitability is driven by operations which can produce the plan with a minimum ofchanges

BusinessObjectives

Airline OperationOps & Hub Control

Page 4: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 4 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

In general the passenger journey is handled seperatlyfrom the aircraft rotation

Customerboarded

Customerseated

Customerboarded

Customerseated

CheckIn

Customerboarded

Customerseated

CheckIn

Load

Depart

Flight

Arrive

Unload

The customer journey (typically controlled by Airline Passenger Services)

Aircraft

Load

Depart

Flight

Arrive

Unload

Aircraft

CheckIn

The traffic flow (controlled by Airline Operations Control)

A B C

­ Customer vs. Aircraft Journey  ­

Page 5: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 5 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Independent from the airline network structure OpsControl responsibility is to supervice the network traffic

Point to PointPoint to Point

­ Airline Network Types ­

Hub and SpokeHub and Spoke Multi HubMulti Hub

Hub

F

A

D

G

E

B

G

F

E

DC

B

H

K

I

N

O

C

Hub1

E

A

G

F

D

B

C

Hub2

HIJ

Page 6: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 6 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

The central responsibility of Hub Control is the efficientpassenger and baggage management

­ Hub Control / Main Task & Handling Processes ­

Inbound Outbound

Pax Transfer Management

Bag Transfer Management

A/C / Ramp Management

TouchDown

OnBlock

OffBlock

Air­borne

AirAir

Inbound Outbound

Position

Run­Taxiway

Position

Run­Taxiway

Aircraft Handling

The responsibilities of HCC include tasks in the area of planning, control and support functionsfor other areas

Page 7: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 7 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Operations Controls focus is on irregularity managementbefore departure and during flight

AirAir

Position

Run­Taxiway

Position

Run­Taxiway

Departure

In­Flight

Arrival

OffBlock

OnBlock

Air­borne

TouchDown

Delay

EQT

ACH / VCH

CXX

­ Ops Control / Key Processes ­

Turn AroundDiversion / Rerouting

The responsibilities of OCC include tasks in the area of centralized management of all networkoperations, monitoring & predicting irregularities, execution of recovery plans, etc.

Page 8: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 8 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

The turnaround of an aircraft is the result of a number oflandside and airside processes

CrewTransport

CrewTransport

Gate / BayAssignmentGate / Bay

Assignment

RampServicesRamp

Services

BaggageLoadingBaggageLoadingFuellingFuelling

CateringCatering

CleaningCleaning

AircraftAssignment

AircraftAssignment

FlightDispatch

FlightDispatch

BoardingBoarding

CrewBriefingCrew

Briefing

Check­inCheck­in

CargoLoadingCargo

Loading

EK Outbound

Outbound Flight

Airside ProcessesLandside

­ Overview Turnaround Processes ­

Inbound Flight

Page 9: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 9 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

During an aircraft turnaround Ops Control has to interactwith Hub Control

AirlineNetworkControl

AirlineHub / Station

Services

Ground­HandlerServices

Inbound Flight

Turnaround

Outbound Flight

Processes

AirportMovement

Control

• Ops­Controller• Crew­Controller• Dispatcher• … .

­ Overview Process Owners & Stakeholders ­

• Flight Supervisor• Load Controller• … .

• Gate Assigner• Movement Controller• …

• Ramp Agent• Aircraft Cleaner• … .

Page 10: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 10 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

The Hub Control Center’s structure consists of 12 keyfunctions and consist of defined scope

GateAllocation

Cargo

Fueling/Cleaning

Maintenance

Catering

AirportServices

YieldManagement

CommercialPlanning

TransferManagement

­ Hub Control Control Center ­

HubControlCenter

GroundHandler

Check­In /Gate Agent

De­IcingHandle all on­ground aircraftssecurely and in time, as well astransport the passengers and theirluggage as requested. This includescontrolling­ and scheduling functionsas well as support functions, whichserves as a basis for other areas.

Make allowances for the traffic growthand to compensate for limitations inthe infrastructure

Manage all TARMAC / APRON trafficand optimisation of all groundprocesses

Prompt and active controlling of A/Cturn­around processes throughcustomer oriented, efficient and timelycommunication

Page 11: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 11 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Operations Control Center (OCC) consist of multiplestakeholders with a well­defined scope

CrewControl

FlightDispatch

OperationsControl

MaintenanceControl

CargoControl

AirportServices

YieldManagement

CommercialPlanning

JourneyManagement

­ Integrated Operations Control Center ­

OperationsControl

Centrally manage all operations ofaircraft, cargo, crews and across theentire network

Close collaboration with Maintenance &Hub Control to ensure A/C availability toproduce the Flight Schedule

Predict, and monitor potential flight &ground irregularities

Implement crew, fleet and passengerrecovery plans when needed

Return the airline’s flight schedule to anon­time state as quickly and efficientlyas possible following major disruptionswhich occur

Page 12: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 12 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

With respect to the number of delays / cancellationdifferent modes of operation are defined

Incident /Accident

3

Major Thread

4

Disruption

2

ScheduledOperation

1

Operations Control Processes

P1 P2 Px

­ Mode of Operation & Responsibilities ­

• Operation is within normal bandwidth or disruptedbecause of major irregularities

• Scope of decisions are within Operations Control• Line organisation is responsible for decisions

• Any incident / accident or major thread for the company(Staff, Customer, etc.)

• Scope of decisions are mainly outside Ops Control• Dedicated management team (Crisis Team) is responsible

for decisions

Line Management Crisis Management

Page 13: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 13 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

1

2 Developments, Drivers & Future Challenges

Hub vs. Ops Control –An Introduction

3 Best Practice Concepts –An Outlook

Page 14: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 14 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Over recent years, the European aviation market has witnessed rapidgrowth in the # of ‘Available Seat Kilometers’

• Within 10 years the total number of‘available seat kilometers’allocatedin Europe has tripled

• Through this sharp increase inASK’s, the number of flights to bemanaged within Europe’s airportshas increased significantly

­ Airline Indicator “Traffic Growth”­

Comments / ConstraintsTraffic Growth within Europe

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

'81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03

Year

Kilo

met

ers

RPKASK

Page 15: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 15 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

European airlines have witnessed a significant increase in PassengerRevenue related to this increase in ASK’s as well

• During the last 14 years Europeanairlines have witnessed a significantincrease in Passenger Revenue

• Cargo revenue, however, has seenneither any major increases nordecreases in revenue

• As Passenger demand is driving themajority of increased flight demand,greater focus and investment shouldbe placed into the management ofPassengers

­ Performance Indicator “Revenue Growth”­

Comments / ConstraintsRevenue Development in Europe

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Year

Revn

ue U

S$ 

(in 1

.000

's)

Pax US$cargoTotal US$

Page 16: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 16 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Airlines, however, are facing continuously diminishingyields

• For some time both Passenger andFreight yields have beencontinuously decreasing

• Since 1991, total yields havedecreased by approximately 35%

­ Performance Indicator “Yield Growth”­

Comments / ConstraintsYield Development in Europe

0

50

100

150

200

250

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

US 

cent

Total YieldsPax YieldsFreight/Cargo

Page 17: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 17 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

The % of flights delayed across Europe’s major hubs hasbeen steadily increasing

­ Performance Indicator “On­Time Performance” ­

Comments / ConstraintsDevelopment of % of Flights Delayed within Europe

• Between 2005 and 2007 virtually allmajor hubs saw significant increasesin the number of delays

• Virtually all major European airportshave seen significant fluctuations inthe percentage of flights incurringdelays

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 18: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 18 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

The effect weather has played on the frequency of delayshas been significantly controlled as of late

• Weather serves as an unavoidableobstacle but advances in recoveryplan preparation and immediateexecution have begun to dampen theharsh influence once seen fromweather on delays

­ Performance Indicator “On­Time Performance”­

Comments / Constraints% of Flights facing Weather Delays

­2,0

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 19: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 19 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Delays resulting from the inefficient handling of aircraftand passenger / cargo loads are increasing

• Madrid has had the highest variationin the percentage of delays occurringdue to items within the control ofFlight Operations

­ Performance Indicator “On­time Performance”­

Comments / Constraints% of Flights facing Delays from Inefficiencies in Flight Operations

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

10,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 20: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 20 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Delays are increasingly being attributed to late arrivingaircraft requiring improvements in delay management

• Approximately 1/3rd of all flightdelays are resulting from precedingdelays as of the past few years

­ Performance Indicator “On­time Performance”­

Comments / Constraints% of Flights facing Delays due to Late Arriving Aircraft

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 21: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 21 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Delays resulting from the failures in the maintenance ofequipment are again increasing

• During the years, Maintenance’sability to avoid causing delays hasbeen quite variable

• As of the last year, Maintenanceefficiency was down accounting for a1­2% increase in delays responsiblefor

­ Performance Indicator “On­time Performance”­

Comments / Constraints% of Flights facing Delays due to Equipment Maintenance Failures

­1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 22: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 22 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Delays resulting from Air Traffic Control’s (ATC) management ofairport operations have been significant and rising rapidly

• During the years the operationalburden that ATC has placed onairlines in Europe’s major hubs hasfluctuated greatly

• Within the last year ATC has beenone of the largest causes foroperational delays

• With such high exponential growth inATC delays at all of Europe’s majorhubs, better management of Hubs isrequired

­ Performance Indicator “On­time Performance”­

Comments / Constraints% of Flights facing Delays due to ATC

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MadridRomeMunichParis CDGFrankfurtZurichAmsterdamLondon HeathrowAverage

Page 23: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 23 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Change in Rank of Airport in Terms of IFR Departures

•Rankings are based on IFRdepartures –standing in terms ofpassengers would look significantlydifferent

•Two dynamics influence theshuffling of airport rankings:airport capacity and stronger growthin Eastern Europe

•Strong traffic growth as well assolid national economic growthcontribute to Prague, Dublin,Budapest and Warsaw advancingsharply in the rankings

­ Airport Ranking / Gradual Shift Eastwards ­

CommentsBusiness as Usual2025

Business as Usual2025Actual 2005Actual 2005 Globalisation/Rapid Growth

2025Globalisation/Rapid Growth

2025

FrankfurtParis CDG

MadridAmsterdam

MunichLondon Heathrow

BarcelonaRome

PragueVienna

CopenhagenDublin

ManchesterWarsaw

BudapestZurich

StockholmLondon StanstedMilan MalpensaAthinai E. Veniz

BrusselsPalma de Mallorca

HelsinkiAntalya

Oslo

1­1201­300

172­2123

1822­5­33­45­81­119­6

Paris CDGFrankfurtMadrid

AmsterdamLondon Heathrow

MunichBarcelona

RomeCopenhagen

PragueVienna

BudapestMilan Malpensa

ZurichStockholm

DublinLondon Stansted

BrusselsManchester

WarsawHelsinki

Athinai E. VenizPalma de Mallorca

OsloParis Orly

0020­20000161252­3­184­5­312130­5­8

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425

Paris CDGFrankfurt

London HeathrowAmsterdam

MadridMunich

BarcelonaRome

CopenhagenLondon Gatwick

ZurichVienna

BrusselsStockholm

Milan MalpensaManchesterParis OrlyIstanbul

OsloDusseldorf

London StanstedHelsinki

Palma de  MallorcaDublin

Athinai E. Veniz*Datasource: EUROCONTROL Long­Term Forecast

IFR Flight Movements 2006­2025

Page 24: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 24 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

In the future some major challenges for airlines will include enhancingpunctuality, passenger connections and smooth & efficient operations

Enhance punctuality, improve passenger connection at airline hubs and ensure smooth /efficient operations

Integrate the Hub and Operations Control of the airline to manage disruptions / delaysand provide efficient passenger re­accommodation and aircraft / crew recovery

Ensure complete system coverage over an airline’s entire route network of international,domestic, LCC and Cargo flights

Employ systems / processes that ensure continuous liaison between the IT systems /personnel managing reservations, revenue management, scheduling, sales & marketingengineering and operations so to allocate appropriately range aircraft to routes consistentwith fluctuating demand

Optimize aircraft and related resource utilization with appropriate interfaces between theresource allocation systems and commercial and financial functions

­ Future Challenges of an Airline ­

Page 25: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 25 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

1

2 Development, Drivers & Future Challenges

Hub vs. Ops Control –An Introduction

3 Best Practice Concepts –An Outlook

Page 26: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 26 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

As decision making shifts from OCC’s to HCC’s, the question is howairlines can best align their organization and various responsibilities

Organisation

• Hub Control Centerprocesses & responsibilities

• Operations Control processes& responsibilities

• Collaboration with otherdepartments from theorganization

• Process Blueprints

• Example Structure of HubControl Center

• Example Structure ofOperational Control Center

• IT Architecture• IT Framework• HCC / OCC IT System

Vendors• Physical layout of Command

Control Center• Performance Benchmarking• …

• Hub Control Manager• Operations Control

Manager• …

BusinessProcesses

HCC / OCCStrategy

People

IT /Infrastructure

­ HCC / OCC Business Model ­

Page 27: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 27 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

With a shift in control responsibility, OCC can focus on the outstations’timely A/C turnaround and HCC on the Hub’s transfer management

­ Transition of Control from OCC to HCC & OCC­

20051970

OCC OCC OCCHCC

Outstations OutstationsHub Outstations OutstationsHub

Page 28: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 28 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

General Structure of a Command and Control Centreincluding OCC and HCC

Airspace DisplayParking Allocation MOCON Airflow Display Airflow Display CCTV Display

Holding Area Display

OCC

CleaningCleaning

EngineeringEngineering

Flight DispatchFlight Dispatch

Line MaintenanceLine Maintenance

Aircrew ControlAircrew Control Aircraft PlanningAircraft PlanningCargoCargoCateringCatering

Yield controlYield control

Maintenance ControlMaintenance ControlPassenger ServicePassenger ServiceSecuritySecurity

Passenger TransportationPassenger Transportation

This is an example of how an IOC Command Centre looks

Cargo PrepCargo Prep

Passenger CheckinPassenger Checkin

­ Integrated OCC and HCC Model ­

ConnectivityConnectivity

Supporting functions like Commercial, Sales, etc.

HCC

Page 29: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 29 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

As the visibility, outsourcing and option limitation of outstations continueto increase, utmost importance will concentrate around the Hub

­ Shift of Majority Control from OCC to HCC ­

Future

OCCHCC

A

OCCHCCOCCHCCOCCHCC

DC

G

E

B

H

F

Airline‘s Entire Network

I

LK

O

M

J

P

N

Q

TS

W

U

R

X

V

Page 30: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 30 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Possible Structure of a Future Command and ControlCentre including HCC and OCC

Airspace DisplayParking Allocation MOCON Airflow Display Airflow Display CCTV Display

Holding Area Display

OCC

CleaningCleaning

EngineeringEngineering

Flight DispatchFlight Dispatch

Line MaintenanceLine Maintenance

Aircrew ControlAircrew Control

Aircraft PlanningAircraft Planning

CargoCargoCateringCatering

Yield controlYield control

Maintenance ControlMaintenance ControlPassenger Service& Check­in

Passenger Service& Check­inSecuritySecurity

PassengerTransportation

PassengerTransportation

This is an example of how a Future Command Centre could look

Cargo PrepCargo Prep

­ Integrated Model of a Majority Control Focused HCC with Support from OCC ­

ConnectivityConnectivity

Supporting functions like Commercial, Sales, etc.

HCC

Network ControlNetwork Control

Page 31: Trends in Flight Operations. Future HCC vs. OCC (1)

­ 31 ­AGIFORS Airline Operations 2008 –AmsterdamTrends in Flight Operations –Future HCC vs. OCC May 08

Main challenges for Airlines decision making process inHCC/OCC for the future years to come

Airlines not Justified for Adopting this ConceptWhile the concept of a more influential HCC is justified for airlines operating out of multiplehubs, single hub airlines would not notice valuable benefitsEffect on Delays & Performance TrendsThrough its ability to more proactively partake and influence the decision making of anairline on the operational level, improvements within Turnaround, Transfer & OTPmanagement could be achieved by an airlineContinued Influence of Airport InfrastructureIf an airline chooses to shift control from its OCC to even the most efficient and state­of­the­art HCC, airlines operating out of hubs which have poor airport infrastructure will notsee all if any of the many possible improvements


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