BRIEFING

PA

PER

Middle East and North Africa region

AUTHOR:

DATE:November 2015

TRENDS IN HUMANITARIAN FINANCING

Sophia Swithern and Sarah Dalrymple

This briefing provides an overview of humanitarian financing trends in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in supplement to the global trends outlined in our 2015 Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) Report. Development Initiatives’ GHA programme provides objective, independent, rigorous data and analysis.

To find out more about the full range of our work, visit our website at www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org. Please also contact our free helpdesk service at gha@devinit.org if you have any questions about humanitarian financing.

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Number of displaced persons by region, 2005-2014

DIS

PLA

CED

PER

SON

S, M

ILLI

ON

S

East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and CaribbeanNorth America South Asia

Sub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North Africa

figure 2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Funding outside the appeals

US$

BIL

LIO

NS

Revised appeal requirements Funding inside appeals

0.3 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.5

0.8 1.2 1.4

5.2

8.1 7.9

There are now more people displaced in the MENA region than in any other region

Appeal requirements for the region grew more than five-fold from 2012 to 2015 but the funding gap has also grown

Source: Development Initiatives based on the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) data Notes: Data is organised according to UNHCR’s definitions of country/territory of asylum. Countries are organised according to the World Bank (WB) classification of regions.

A third of the world’s refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) (15.9 million people) were living in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2014. The dramatic conflict-driven rise meant that there were more displaced people in MENA than in sub-Saharan Africa and more in middle-income countries (MICs) than lower income countries (LICs).

Source: Development Initiatives based on UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Financial Tracking Service (FTS) data and UN-coordinated appeals. Notes: Data is in current prices. Requirements for 2014 and 2015 and funding for 2015 based on UN OCHA FTS and UN-coordinated appeals data downloaded in November 2015. Data for 2015 is partial and preliminary.

Trends in humanitarian financing in the Middle East and North Africa region

The combined Syria crisis appeals – which reached US$7.4 billion in 2015 – drove the rise in UN-coordinated appeal requirements in MENA. However, the total funding shortfall in the MENA region has also grown and currently stands at 45%. Considerable funding has also been channelled to responses not included in the appeals, but even combined this total is still less than what was requested inside the appeals alone.

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figure 3

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2010 2011 2012 2013

US$

BIL

LIO

NS

Total non-country allocableoPt Jordan Lebanon Yemen

Iraq SyriaAll other recipients

An increasing proportion of international humanitarian assistance was directed to crises in the MENA region

Source: Development Initiatives based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and UN OCHA FTS data. Note: oPt, occupied Palestinian territories. Data is in constant 2013 prices and represents international humanitarian assistance from government rather than private donors.

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

figure 4

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

% MENA donors out of total

US$

MIL

LIO

NS

Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia Oman Bahrain UAE

Donors from the MENA region, particularly Gulf States, are rising in significance

Source: Development Initiatives based on UN OCHA FTS data. Note: UAE, United Arab Emirates. Data is in constant 2013 prices.

The amount of country-allocable international humanitarian assistance to the six largest recipients in the MENA region was three times higher in 2013 (the latest date for which recipient disaggregated data is available) than in 2010. In 2013, these six countries received 37% of total country-allocable international humanitarian assistance – Syria, Lebanon and Jordan together received over a quarter (26%). This is even before the escalations in the crises in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, which will be reflected in increases when the 2014 data is available.

Total reported funding from donors in the MENA region grew to a record US$1.7 billion in 2014 – representing a rise from 5% (in 2013) to 9% (in 2014) of total international humanitarian assistance from government donors. Funding from Gulf states doubled from 2013 to 2014 and Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) provided the bulk of this. Saudi Arabia’s contributions more than trebled and UAE’s more than quadrupled.

4

figure 5

23%

2% 0%

30% 9%

36%

4% 4% 1%

35%

5%

51%

3% 3%

0%

89%

0%

5%

7%

2% 2%

34%

5%

50%

Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth Asia Middle East and North Africa

East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central AsiaLatin America and Caribbean

MENA East Asia

and Pacific

Europe and Central Asia

North America

Region donors and their recipients

by region, 2014

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100%

Syria Iraq Jordan Lebanon oPt Yemen

ODA gross (less HA) OOFs gross Humanitarian assistanceRemittances FDI Short-term debtLong-term debt (official) Long-term debt (commercial)Portfolio equity Peacekeeping

Crisis-affected countries in the MENA region received a varied mix of international resource flows in 2013

Nearly 90% of funding from MENA donors was allocated to crises in the region in 2014

Source: Development Initiatives based on UN OCHA FTS data. Note: Funding excludes ‘region’ and ‘none’ allocations. Data is in constant 2013 prices.

Humanitarian assistance comprised the largest proportion of total international resource flows to Syria in 2013 (31%, US$1.9 billion). However, elsewhere, other international resources not focussed on humanitarian response such as remittances or Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) were greater in volume. Understanding this mix is critical to informing effective decision making regarding how resources should come together to systematically address crisis, risk and poverty in the region.

Source: Development Initiatives based on OECD DAC, UN OCHA FTS, UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook (WEO) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) data. Note: Data for some resource flows is not available for all countries. HA, humanitarian assistance; ODA, official development assistance; OOFs, other official flows.

Whilst MENA donors primarily focussed their international humanitarian assistance in their own region, donors from other regions divided their funding across a number of regions and tended to give their largest combined shares to sub-Saharan Africa.

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0–250 251–500 501–750 751–1,000 1,000–4,000 4,000+

0–250 251–500 501–750 751–1,000 1,000+

JordanUS$862m

LebanonUS$1,062m

oPtUS$880m

SyriaUS$2,180m

IraqUS$1,400m

IranUS$9.9m

YemenUS$399m

EgyptUS$104m

LibyaUS$25m

MoroccoUS$7.5m

TunisiaUS$3m

AlgeriaUS$29m

UAEUS$334m

GermanyUS$338m

United StatesUS$2,073m

CanadaUS$238tm

SwedenUS$150m

United KingdomUS$486m

MENA region recipients in detail

Saudi ArabiaUS$623m

Donors providing over US$3 million international humanitarian assistance to the MENA region in 2014

Recipients of international humanitarian assistance to the MENA region in 2014

DijboutiUS$25m

NorwayUS$114m

SwitzerlandUS$109m

NetherlandsUS$67m

AustraliaUS$59m

DenmarkUS$56m

FranceUS$51m

ItalyUS$49m

SpainUS$22m

BelgiumUS$22m

89%

QatarUS$116m

71%

JapanUS$171m

83%

36%

30%

28%

OmanUS$23m

88%

39%

21%51%

28%

19%

17%

14%

15%

16%

25%

21%

16%

KuwaitUS$213m

62%

International humanitarian assistance: MENA country recipients and largest government donors to the MENA region, 2014

Source: Development Initiatives based on UN OCHA FTS data Note: Data is in constant 2013 prices. Map shows donors that have contributed more than US$3 million to the MENA region in 2014. Percentages indicate proportion of total international humanitarian assistance from donor allocated to MENA region.

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Middle East and North Africa region

TRENDS IN HUMANITARIAN FINANCING

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