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Trends in Land Degradation in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Dr. Fernando SantibañezCenter on Agriculture and Environment (AGRIMED)
University of Chile
Arusha, Tanzania, 11-15 Dec. 2006
One of the biggest reserves for new cultivable area
The greatest reserve of fresh water in the world
The richest reserve of plant and animal species
One thirth of the forests of the world
Some of the less disturbed biomes in the world
Due to its interaction with Antactic waters, has the highest marine biodiversity
Some facts aboutLatin America and the Caribberan
Emisiones industriales
Debido al cambio de uso de la tierra
Global changes
ErosionOvergrazing
Soil denudation
Mining
Charcoal
Slope cultivation
Human drivers Climate drivers
How climate change is affecting this continent?
Climatic drivers for land degradation
Changes in Minimum temperaturesChanges in Minimum temperaturesin the Western side of Los Andesin the Western side of Los Andes
CHILE
ARGENTINA
Pacific Ocean
ice field
SANTIAGO CITY
Present climatePresent climate (anual (anual ΣΣT-10ºT-10º))
+ 1.8 ºC+ 1.8 ºC
2*CO22*CO2
T Max-Min in Copiapó (Chile)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3519
48
1953
1955
1957
1960
1963
1966
1968
1970
1972
1975
1977
1982
1983
1985
1987
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Year (month)
Tem
per
atu
re º
C
Winter Chilling hours (Copiapo)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
14001948
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1959
1960
1961
1963
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1975
1976
1977
1978
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tyear
Ho
urs
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio
Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre
Concepción 1930-2002
1100,0
1180,0
1260,0
1340,0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Año
Pre
cipi
taci
ón A
nual
(m
m)
(med
ia m
óvil-3
0 añ
os)
year
Annual rainfal
Indice Modificado de Fournier La Serena
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Año
IMF
Indice Modificado de Fournier Vicuña
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Año
IFM
Fournier index
year
year
2*CO22*CO2
Warm Amazonian
Temperate
Cold Patagonian steppes
PolarAndean
The most remarcable expected modifications
PrecipitationIncrease
Precipitationdecrease
Higherclimatic variability
How human activity is affecting this continent?
The human drivers
Land use / Human activities
Marginal lands good lands
Poverty intensive agriculture
Unsound practices unsound practices due todue to lack of the lack of environmentaltechnology considerations.
Plan cover removal soil compactionand forest fires salination chemical deterioration flooding slope cultivation overgrazing
soil erosiondecay of soil productivity
AGRI DESERTIafforestationurbanizationminingnatural restoration
The LAC degradation cycle
LS LS M ES
LS M M ES
ES ES ES ES
Warm
Cold
Dry Humid
NE Catinga Chaco
Temperate forest
RainForest
sub antarcticTundra
Dry Pampas
Andeanaltiplano
Atacamadesert
Sclerophylusforest
Patagoniansteppes
H H H H
H H
H HH H
H L
L HH L
H LL L
H LPopulationpressure
Climate changepressure
Present situation of the main LAC Biomes
Guayaquil 1985
Guayaquil 2000
Iguazú 1973
Iguazú 2000
Rondonia 1975
Rondonia 2000
Santa Cruz 1975
Santa Cruz 2000
MONITOR STRUCTURE
EDITOR
DATA BASEMAPPING
TOOLSSTATISTICAL
MODULE
FILTERS
DESERTIFICATIONINDICATORS
DESERTIFICATIONINDICATORS
MAPSSTATISTICALANALYSIS
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITYLATIN AMERICAN UNITUNITED NATIONALENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM
TIME MODELS
TIME TRENDS
SIMULATOR MODELS USERS DEFINEDALGORITHMS
THEMATIC LAYERSCHANGE SCENARIOS
POVERTY = INCOME + HEALTH +
EDUCATION
Monitor development
Pilot areas
Mining Slope cultivation
Soil fertility deteriorationUnsound agricultural practices
Inefficient irrigation
Soil exposure to precipitation
Solid deposition
Irrigation with saline water
Contamination
Erosion
SalinationContamination
CompactionLoss of OM
Physicaldestruction
Degree of erosion Degree of salination Level of Pollution Degree of compaction OM contentLoss of agricultural lands
iSoil
UNEP/GEF
Database
Filters
Indicators
Tendencies Standards
Scenarios Projects
Maps
Maps
Histograms Matrices
Maps
x2
EditorMONITORStructure
Biodiversity
Mapas no a escala
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
Clearly, the war against desertification is won or lost at the local level
Fos this, we need to connect actors having diverse capacities.
Research
ActionPolicy
Participation
Major symptoms of desertification in LAC
1. Loss of native vegetation 2. High topsoil erosion rate
3. Declining groundwater tables 4. Salinization of topsoil and water
5. Reduction of surface water
All of these symptoms show negative trends
Slope cultivation
Overgrazing
Habitat fragmentation
Soil erosion
Deforestation
LAC has originally 6.93 millions Km2 of forests, it has been reduced at present to 3.66.
The continent loss near 15.000 Km2 of forest every year
306 millions hectares are moderate or intense degradation
Irrigated lands are about 15 millions hectares, the most part of them show simptoms of soil degradation
20% of physical surface is already degraded …are we waiting for more?
Soils
The region contains 40 per cent of the plant and animal species of the planet.
The biota of all LAC countries are threatened.
Brazil has the second largest number of threatened bird species (103 species) in the world, and Peru and Colombia occupy the fifth place with 64 species each
A third of Chilean vertebrates are threatened
Brazil also has 71 threatened mammal species (the fourth highest in the world).
More than 50 per cent of Argentinean mammals and birds are also threatened.
Areas with large numbers of threatened birds tend also to have large numbers of threatened mammals.
Biodiversity
Will our economies continue to grow based on environmental subsidies?
Will we halt this tendency before a real catastrophe?
Will the agriculture be able to take a relevant role to prevent
future (ecological, energy, water) crisis?
Who will pay for…the crisis….the equilibrium?
Will we have enough capacity to adapt to new planetary situations? (this imply restrictions, opportunities and decision)