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TRENDS IN POWER TRENDS IN POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVESELECTRONICS AND DRIVES
Dr.V.KamarajProfessor
Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSSN College of Engineering
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IntroductionIntroduction
“Nearly 65% of the total electric energy produced in the USA is consumed by electric motors.”
- R. Krishnan, “Electric Motor Drives Modeling, Analysis, and Control” Prentice Hall,Inc.,2001
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Some Applications of Electric Some Applications of Electric DrivesDrives
Hard Disk Drive, Treadmill, Air conditionerPumps, fans, compressorsSpindles and servosAppliances and power toolsCement kilnsPaper and pulp mills; textile millsAutomotive applicationsConveyors, elevators, escalators, lifts
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Drive SystemDrive System
Four distinct elements of a drive system are :1. The load2. The motor3. The Power Electronic Converter4. The Control Electronics Drive system development challenges:1. Power Density2. Performance3. Energy Efficiency4. Cost5. Time to Market
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DRIVE SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIESDRIVE SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
I CONTROL ELECTRONICS
II SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES TECHNOLOGY
III MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY
IV CAD TECHNOLOGY
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II CONTROL ELECTRONICSCONTROL ELECTRONICS
Functions to be implemented by Control Electronics
Monitoring and Diagnostics
Communication Interfaces
Real time PWM Control
Sensing
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Analog ControllersAnalog Controllers
Advantages:1.Low cost if the controller is simple2.Easy InterpretationDisadvantages1.Reconfigurability of the control is not possible
without changing the hardware2.Number of passive components used are more3.More sensitive to variation in temperature4.Reliability is low
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Digital controllers using DSP and Digital controllers using DSP and MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers
Advantages:1.Reconfigurability of the control without changing the
hardware2.Less passive components are used3.Less sensitive to temperature variationsDisadvantages:1.The hardware resources are fixed and it cannot be changed
once the particular DSP/Microcontroller is selected2.Design depends more on the hardware architecture of the
processor
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FPGA Based Digital ControllersFPGA Based Digital Controllers
Advantages:1.Reconfiguarabilty of the hardware2.The user is independent of the architecture of the
device
These two advantages makes Digital Controllers with FPGA a better choice
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CONTROLLERS USING POWER CONTROLLERS USING POWER INTEGRATED CIRCUITS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
PWM CURRENT REGULATING FECILITY
DECODING COMMUTATION LOGIC
HALL SENSOR
PROTECTIVE FEATURES
LM621,MC33034
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IIII SEMICONDUCTOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES DEVICES TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
SEMICODUCTOR DEVICES ENHANCES
• PERFORMANCE
• RELIABILITY
• COST EFFECTIVENESS
OF
DRIVE SYSTEM
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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGESTECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS
MATERIAL PARAMETERS AND
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
DC I-V
AC STEADY STATE i,v
TRANSIENT i,v
GEOMETRY
ENERGYGAP
DOPING
MOBILITY
LIFETIME
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
TEMPARATURE
ILLUMINATION
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ATLASATLAS
ATLAS enables device technology engineers to simulate the electrical, optical, and thermal behavior of semiconductor devices. ATLAS provides a physics-based, easy to use, modular, and extensible platform to analyze DC, AC, and time domain responses for all semiconductor based technologies in 2 and 3 dimensions.
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TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
ENERGY/MATERIAL/INFORMATION
PRODUCT
PROCESSING CONDITIONS
PRECISE CONTROL
• HIGH PERFORMANCE
• HIGH RELIABILITY
• LOW COST
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PWM SWITCHING FREQUENCIES ABOVE THE AUDIBLE FREQUENCIES
CONVERTER EFFICIENCY AND RELIABILITY
IGBT
DEMISE OF GTO’S AND SCR’S
SILICON CARBIDE TECHNOLOGIES
POWER SEMICCONDUCTOR DEVICES
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III NEW MAGNETIC MATERIALSIII NEW MAGNETIC MATERIALSSMC (Somaloy500) Material PropertiesSMC (Somaloy500) Material Properties
1.1E-3Damping Factor (1/Q)
1 JImpact Energy
0.18Poisson’s Ratio
117 GpaYoung’s modulus
23 MpaFatigue Strength
340 MpaCompressive Strength
Mechanical
70 uΩ*m Resistivity
11E-6 m/m*KThermal expansion
450 J/kg*KSpecific heat
7.37 g/cm3Density
Physical
270 A/mHc
1.51 TB@10000A/m
1.26 TB@4000A/m
Magnetic
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Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC)Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC)
Soft Magnetic Composites (SMC) are composed of surface-insulated iron powder particles.
SMC can be compressed to form uniform isotropic components with complex shapes in a single step.
SMC makes it possible to define a magnetic field in three dimensions, thereby permitting the designer to build an electric motor beyond the restrictions set by the traditionallamination technology.
Electrically Insulated Fe-powder Particles
Typical SMC micro-structure
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Technology improvement narrows the gap between steel and SMC.
Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) Magnetic PropertySoft Magnetic Composite (SMC) Magnetic Property
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AdvantagesAdvantages
Reduced eddy current lossIncreased efficiencyReduction in materialsPotential for reduced air gap length as a result of the tight tolerances maintained in manufacturing SMC materialPotential elimination of the ground wall insulation since the SMC stator itself acts as an insulatorReduced conducted EMI when machine is used with inverter supplies since the stator SMC body acts as an insulator and does not conduct current to ground,Reduced bearing currents in the presence of PWM waveforms again because of the use of SMC which acts as insulation against this type of current flow,Modular construction allows the possibility of easy removal of an individual modular unit for quick repair or replacement,Stator is easily recyclable since the stator can again be compressed back into powered form with pressure and the copper windings readily removed.
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Relatively high hysterisis loss (low frequency loss),Slight penalty a result of smaller saturation flux density,Relatively brittle material,Lower relative permeability (700 vs roughly 3000)
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IVIV CAD TECHNOLOGYCAD TECHNOLOGY
Computer Aided Design is the technology concerned with the use of computer systems in the
» CREATION» MODIFICATION» ANALYSIS » OPTIMIZATION
OBJECTIVES» Improve the performance» Improve the power density» Improve the reliability
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CADCAD ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES1. CAD methods doesn't require assumed flux paths or
Empirical factor
2. Complex geometries can be designed
3. Design improvement is possible in the design stage itself.
4. Weight of the material can be greatly minimized.
5. Design validation without resorting to expensive field tests.
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ORGANIZTION OF A CAD PACKAGE
Three identifiable Modules
1. Preprocessor
2 Solver
3. Post Processor
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PREPRE--PROCESSINGPROCESSING
ModelingMesh GenerationMaterial Properties SpecificationBoundary Condition ApplicationExcitationModel Validation
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MagNetMagNet
MagNet gives complete and accurate electromagnetic field simulations. Engineers can design, analyze and optimize motors transformers actuators or any electric or electromechanical components regardless of how complex.
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MAXWELLMAXWELL
Ansoft offers the Maxwell SV to help engineering students visualize electromagnetic fields and broaden their understanding of electromagnetic physics. The Maxwell SV is a subset of Ansoft'scommercially distributed Maxwell 2D. Students can perform AC/DC electromagnetic and electrostatic-field simulation without limitation
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ANSYSANSYS
ANSYS Emag software addresses the analysis needs of the low-frequency electromagnetics industry, including electric motors, relays, solenoids, toroids, induction heating, accelerators,medical instruments and magnet design.
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Effect of Skewing on Acoustic NoiseEffect of Skewing on Acoustic Noise
Max:59.845Min :0.134
0.624Skewed rotor structure
Max:31.477Min :0.233
0.589Standard Structure
Stress Kg/m2Displacement in μmGeometry
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A Method to Reduce Acoustic A Method to Reduce Acoustic NoiseNoise
POWDER MIX
COMPACTION
CURING OR HEAT TREATMENT
NET SHAPE
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Future ScenarioFuture Scenario
Technology advancement, cost and size reduction are promoting extensive application of drive system in residential, Industrial and Transportation SystemsBoost in global industrial automationHigher cost of energy and environmental regulation will promote energy saving by Power ElectronicsWide growth of environmentally clean wind and PV Energy Wide growth of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles as fuel cost increasesPower Electronics will be a key technology like computers
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REFERENCESREFERENCESM. Balaji, S. Ramkumar and V. Kamaraj"Performance evaluation of switched reluctance machine using finite element analysis"Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Cutting Edge Technologies In Power Conversion And Industrial Drives, Sathyamangalam, India, 24 - 25 March, 2006, Paper No. PE72.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Shape optimization of switched reluctance machine for aerospace applications"Proceedings of IECON '05, the 31st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Raleigh, NC, USA, 6 - 10 November, 2005, pp 1748 - 1751.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Optimum pole arcs for switched reluctance machine with reduced ripple"Proceedings of PEDS '05, the 6th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 28 November - 1 December, 2005, Vol. 1, pp 761 - 764.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Minimization of torque ripple in switched reluctance machine for direct drive applications"Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan, 17 - 18 September, 2005, pp 388 - 392. R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Modeling and design of shape optimized SRM with reduced ripple"Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies, Islamabad, Pakistan, 17 - 18 September, 2005, pp 399 - 404.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine"Proceedings of ROVISP '05, International Conference on Robotics, Vision, Information and Signal Processing, Penang, Malaysia, 20 - 22 July, 2005, Paper No. B3-5.
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ReferencesReferencesR.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine using genetic algorithm"Proceedings of EDPE 2005, International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 26 - 28 September, 2005, Paper No. E05-11.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Optimal design of switched reluctance machine using genetic algorithm"Proceedings of AEE '05, the WEAS 4th International Conference on Applications of Electrical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic, , 2005.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"Torque ripple minimization of switched reluctance machine (3 phase) using genetic algorithm"Proceedings of SOSM 2005, the 15th International Conference on Soft Computing, Optimization, Simulation and Manufacturing Systems, Cancun, Mexico, , 2005.R.T. Naayagi and V. Kamaraj"A comparative study of shape optimization of SRM using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing"Proceedings of INDICON 2005, IEEE India Annual Conference, Chennai, India, 11 - 13 December, 2005, pp 596 - 599.M. Balaji, C.A. Vaithilingam and V. Kamaraj"Torque ripple minimization in switched reluctance motor drives"Proceedings of PEMD '04, the 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Edinburgh, UK, 31 March - 2 April, 2004, Vol. 1, pp 104 - 107.K. Sivaprasad, P. Naveenkumar, M. Balaji and V. Kamaraj"Performance prediction of switched reluctance machine using multilevel simulation"Proceedings of EPE-PEMC 2004, the 11th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Riga, Latvia, 2 - 4 September, 2004, CDROM Paper No. A52627.V. Kamaraj and C.A. Vaithilingam"Modeling and simulation of switched reluctance machine (SRM) using MagNet6.0"Proceedings of PEDS '03, the 5th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Singapore, 17 - 20 November, 2003, Vol. 1, pp 480 - 484.