Illinois Institute of Technology 1
Trends in the Wireless Industry
Dennis A. Roberson
WiNCom - Wireless Network & Communications Research Center
Illinois Institute of Technology
Illinois Institute of Technology 2
Fundamental Challenge
Spectrum Scarcity!
Illinois Institute of Technology 3
Illinois Institute of Technology 4
Conundrum!Most of the Spectrum…
Illinois Institute of Technology 5
Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…
In most of the Places…
Illinois Institute of Technology 6
Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…
Illinois Institute of Technology 7
Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…
is completely unused!
Illinois Institute of Technology 8
Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…is completely unused!
For your purposes, So far, so good!
Illinois Institute of Technology 9
New York City(August 2004 - during Republican Convention)
Illinois Institute of Technology 10
High Utilization (Public Safety Band)
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin) 50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small
Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz)
17% Duty Cycle
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)
17% Duty Cycle
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)
17% Duty Cycle
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
Illinois Institute of Technology 11
Measured Spectrum Occupancy At Seven Locations
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%
Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA
Tysons Corner, VA
NSF Roof, Arlington, VA
New York City
NRAO, Greenbank, WV
SSC Roof, Vienna, VA
Chicago, IL
Average
Spectrum Occupancy
17.4%
13.1%
<10.0%
NSF
Illinois Institute of Technology 12
As the Wireless Industry would see it, the Fundamental Challenge is:
RegulatedSpectrum Scarcity!
Illinois Institute of Technology 13
Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space /
Time- Couple with -
• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Use
Illinois Institute of Technology 14
Fundamental Challenge • The Quadruple Whammy
– Number of Applications– Penetration – Duty Cycle– Performance Demands
• “Application per band”no longer works!
Illinois Institute of Technology 15
Most Successful Wireless Application (to date):
• Easily the Cell phone!
Illinois Institute of Technology 16
Cell Phone Statistics*• Global Cell Phone Users > 2 Billion• New Cell Phone Sales > 1 Billion (2006)• #1 Cell Phone Country – China > 400M• European Union > 450M• U.S. > 200M• Recorded usage in 221 Countries• SMS Messages - 235M (36/user/month)*2006 (or earlier) statistics all numbers are larger today
Illinois Institute of Technology 17
Radios per Cell Phone Increasing!
• Six Cellular Bands (.8, .9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 GHz)
• GPS Receiver• Bluetooth• Wi-Fi• Family Radio• Wi-Max?
Illinois Institute of Technology 18
Other Wireless Technologies • Wi-Fi Sales ~200M (2006) => > 250+M (2007)• Wi-Fi Hotspots > 150K (U.S.) => FREE• Bluetooth ~ 600M (2006)• Microwave Ovens ~ 90M (U.S.)• Garage Door Openers ~ 3M / year• Zigbie – 1M (2005) -> Ubiquity (e.g. Fire
Extinguishers)• WiMAX – Just Starting - $550M -> $5.5 (2010)
Illinois Institute of Technology 19
Still Other Consumer Wireless Technologies / Devices
• AM / FM / Satellite Radio
• Television• Cordless Phones • Baby Monitors • Television “Clickers”• Citizen Band Radio • Family Radio
• Car Door Openers / Starters
• Automotive Radar • Wireless Pay Fobs • RFID • Game Controllers• Wireless Last Mile• Ultrawideband
Interconnections
Illinois Institute of Technology 20
Illinois Institute of Technology 21
Number of Applications Growing / Dramatic Pace of Enhancements
• IEEE 802 – LAN / MAN Standards Committee formed February 1980
• Active 802 Wireless Working Groups include: .11, .15, .16, .20, .21, .22
• Current 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN standards include: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, T, u, v, w, y (plus 802.11.2007)
Illinois Institute of Technology 22
Government & Emergency Services Wireless Drivers
• Same “Quadruple Whammy” Trend• Enhancing Efficiency & Safety of
Personnel is a Mantra • Public Safety “911 Drive”• Advanced Warfighter Initiatives• From interference perspective lower impact
only based on numbers of participants and geographic specificity of engagements
Illinois Institute of Technology 23
Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time
- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!” - Rapid
Applications Growth, Deployments, Duty Cycle, Performance
⇒ Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage ⇒ Application / Band no longer viable
Illinois Institute of Technology 24
Three Regulatory Solutions
1. Creation of Unlicensed Bands (esp. ISM / UNII – 0.9, 2.4, 5 GHz)
2. Underlays (e.g. Ultrawideband –UWB – min. 500 MHz bandwidth)
3. Overlays (e.g. Cognitive Radio –Frequency Agile / Smart Radios / Software Defined Radio)
Illinois Institute of Technology 25
Unlicensed Band
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
16% Duty Cycle
Illinois Institute of Technology 26Courtesy of Wilbur Vincent,Naval Post Graduate School
Interference
Illinois Institute of Technology 27
The “New” No. 1 Problem!
Interference!
Illinois Institute of Technology 28
Problem Statement• Wireless Interference is radically
increasing - trend accelerating! – Density of radiating devices
(esp. ISM / UNII)– Spectrum sharing (diverse waveforms)
• Wireless Interference threatens– Capacity– Performance – Connectivity
Illinois Institute of Technology 29
The “New” No. 1 Problem!
Interferenceboth the
Good News and the Bad News!
Illinois Institute of Technology 30
Environment• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time
- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage /
Interference Impacts=> Dramatic Opportunities for Dynamic
Spectrum Re-use – i.e. Cognitive Radio
Illinois Institute of Technology 31
The Challenges
• Where to apply cognitive radio technology? (Spectrum / Space / Time)
• What information can be made available to facilitate this usage?
• What technique to use to optimally apply the technology?
Illinois Institute of Technology 32
Information Needs• Transmit Power
– Power Spectral Density– Unique – Directionality / Orientation
• Timing– Duty Cycle– Time of Day / Day of Week
• Transmitter / Receiver – Modulation Scheme(s)– Intelligence – Power Mgmt. / Directionality…– Receiver Selectivity
• Applications Characteristics / Criticality
Illinois Institute of Technology 33
Cognitive Radio –Four Opportunity Classes
1. Unused – i.e. unoccupied spectrum2. Well-used with Holes – i.e. fixed signals,
with defined time and/or space gaps 3. Randomly Used – i.e. utilized bands with
time / space based capacity available4. Use with Care! – i.e. infrequently used
“critical” use spectrum (military / emergency services)
Illinois Institute of Technology 34
Spectrum Observatory Characteristics
• Unobstructed line of sight to area under investigation (e.g. Chicago Loop)
• Adequate power, antennas / mounting space and appropriate lightening protection
• Available “Radio Room” to house spectrum capture / analysis equipment and researchers
• High Speed Internet connection
Illinois Institute of Technology 35
Spectrum Occupancy StudiesChicago – November 2005
and July 2007 – October 2010
Illinois Institute of Technology 36Measurement location - IIT
Downtown Chicago
3 miles
Measurement location - IIT
Downtown Chicago
3 miles
Chicago Measurement Site
Illinois Institute of Technology 37
Illinois Institute of Technology 38
Antenna locationAntenna location
IIT Tower –Top View
Illinois Institute of Technology 39
Discone AntennaDiscone Antenna30 MHz to 1 GHz30 MHz to 1 GHz
Illinois Institute of Technology 40
Discone Antenna Discone Antenna ––Chicago Skyline / Chicago Skyline /
IIT Campus IIT Campus
Illinois Institute of Technology 41
Spectrum ObservatoryControl Room
Illinois Institute of Technology 42
Class 2 (also 1)TV Band (2-6) - 24 hour scan
71%
12 2 2 2
Illinois Institute of Technology 43
Class 3 900 MHz Unlicensed Band
9%
Illinois Institute of Technology 44
Class 3 (Chicago)2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band
31%
Illinois Institute of Technology 45
Class 3 (New York)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
16% Duty Cycle
Illinois Institute of Technology 46
Class 3 (Dublin)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
Illinois Institute of Technology 47
Class 4 (&1? - Chicago)Civilian / Military Government Bands
<1%
Illinois Institute of Technology 48
Classes 1 and 3 (Chicago)Sirius and XM Satellite Radio
Illinois Institute of Technology 49
Class 2 (also 1 - Chicago)Broadcast Television
Illinois Institute of Technology 50
Measured Spectrum Occupancy in Chicago and New York City
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%
PLM, Amateur, others: 30-54 MHzTV 2-6, RC: 54-88 MHz
Air traffic Control, Aero Nav: 108-138 MHzFixed Mobile, Amateur, others:138-174 MHz
TV 7-13: 174-216 MHzMaritime Mobile, Amateur, others: 216-225 MHz
Fixed Mobile, Aero, others: 225-406 MHzAmateur, Fixed, Mobile, Radiolocation, 406-470 MHz
TV 14-20: 470-512 MHzTV 21-36: 512-608 MHzTV 37-51: 608-698 MHzTV 52-69: 698-806 MHz
Cell phone and SMR: 806-902 MHzUnlicensed: 902-928 MHz
Paging, SMS, Fixed, BX Aux, and FMS: 928-906 MHzIFF, TACAN, GPS, others: 960-1240 MHz
Amateur: 1240-1300 MHzAero Radar, Military: 1300-1400 MHz
Space/Satellite, Fixed Mobile, Telemetry: 1400-1525 MHzMobile Satellite, GPS, Meteorologicial: 1525-1710 MHz
Fixed, Fixed Mobile: 1710-1850 MHzPCS, Asyn, Iso: 1850-1990 MHz
TV Aux: 1990-2110 MHzCommon Carriers, Private, MDS: 2110-2200 MHz
Space Operation, Fixed: 2200-2300 MHzAmateur, WCS, DARS: 2300-2360 MHz
Telemetry: 2360-2390 MHzU-PCS, ISM (Unlicensed): 2390-2500 MHz
ITFS, MMDS: 2500-2686 MHzSurveillance Radar: 2686-2900 MHz
Spectrum Occupancy
ChicagoNew York City
Aug 2004 / Nov 2005
Class 1/4 Opportunities
NSF
Illinois Institute of Technology 51
Academic Opportunities
• Wireless comm. and networking classes– Introduction to “Real” Spectrum Usage– Numerous Homework Opportunities– In-depth Occupancy Analysis
• Research– Data sets– Directed research
• Basis for Cognitive Radio / adv. studies
Illinois Institute of Technology 52
Government / PolicyBenefits
• Baseline + trends information by band (including noise floor)
• “Open Source / Wiki” enhancements for information capture techniques
• Open / available unbiased information • Provides basis for decision-making• Opportunity for detailed investigations• Variety of “Open” studies to enhance
confidence in information
Illinois Institute of Technology 53
Next Steps
• “Perfect” measurement techniques / system• Characterize urban environments - baseline
and trends (starting in Chicago)– Spectrum / Space / Time - Noise Floor!
• Initiate Sensor Network investigations• Establish efficient means of communicating
captured information (web +)• Understand networking stack relationships
Illinois Institute of Technology 54
Opportunities• Apply knowledge to Cognitive Radio
development, deployment & operation– Spectrum Observatory / Sensor System– Fully Characterize Opportunity Classes – Interference Source Spatial Positioning– Application Signatures– Enhanced Simulation Capability
• Noise Studies for Research Community
Illinois Institute of Technology 55
Questions?
Illinois Institute of Technology 56
The Proposed Solution
A national (global) system of Spectrum Observatories combined with sensor networks and a dedicated broadcast control channel.
Illinois Institute of Technology 57
• Map of US with Spectrum Observatories
Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays
to monitor and predict spectral activityto monitor and predict spectral activity
Illinois Institute of Technology 58
Beginning with the Major Urban Centers
Illinois Institute of Technology 59
Multi-faceted Views• Devices
– Transmitters• Intentional – Homo / Heterogeneous• Unintentional
– Receivers• Protocol layers• Performance implications• Cognitive strategies