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STM JOURNALS
Scientific Technical Medical
Trends in Transport Engineering
and Applications
(TTEA)
Jan - April 2014
www.stmjournals.com
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Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications
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Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET)
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DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India
Puneet Pandeya
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Aditya Sanyal
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Himani Pandey
Publication Management Team
Internal Members
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Dr. Bimlesh Lochab
Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance
Engineering Centre (ITMMEC)
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
Prof. S. Ramaprabhu
Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory,
Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Dr. Rajiv Prakash
School of Materials Science and Technology,
Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India.
Dr. Rakesh Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of
Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra,
Patna, India.
Associate Editors
Gargi Asha Jha
Nupur Anand
Priyanka Aswal
Sona Chahal
STM Journal (s) Advisory Board
Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group,
Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.
Dr. Baldev RajDistinguished Scientist & Director,
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
(ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.
Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department
of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.
Prof. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Head, Department of
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela, India.
Prof.D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry,
AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
Prof. Jugal KishoreProfessor, Department of Community
Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
Dr. Pankaj PoddarScientist, Physical & Materials ChemistryDivision, National Chemical Laboratory,
Pune, India.
Dr. Hardev Singh VirkProfessor Emeritus, Eternal
University, Baru Sahib, India.
Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAssociate Professor,
National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.
Dr. Shankargouda PatilAsst. Prof., Department of Oral
Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.
Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor, Metallurgical & Materials
Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.
Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head Department, Govt.College of Engineering Station Road,
Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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Nurture Earth R&D Pvt LtdMIT Campus, Beed bypass road,
Aurangabad, India.
Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor,
Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.
Dr. Priyavrat TharejaHead, Materials and Metallurgical
Engineering department, PEC University of Technology,
Chandigarh, India.
STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board
Dr. Pradeep Kumar AgarwalProfessor, Department of Civil
Engineering, National Institute of Technology Bhopal, M.P, India.
Dr. Rajat RastogiAssociate Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
Dr. Saravanan SubbarayanAssistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India.
Dr. Seyedehsan SeyedabrishamiAssistant Professor in Transportation
Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran.
Dr. Shoeb MalikAssociate Professor,Department
of Civil Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, India.
Dr. Sudeshna MitraAssistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B, India.
Editorial Board
Dr. Akhilesh Kumar MauryaAssistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.
Mr. Gobinath RavindranAssistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India.
Dr. K.V.R. Ravi ShankarAssistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Krishna Prapoorna BiligiriAssistant Professor, Civil Engineering IIT
Kharagpur, W.B, India.
Dr. Hansa JeswaniAssociate Professor, Civil Engg Dept, Sardar Patel College of Engg., Munshi
Nagar, Mumbai, India.
Dr. Avijit MajiAssistant Professor Department of
Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
Dr. M.S.RanadiveAssociate Professor, Civil Engineering, College of Engineering , Pune, India.
Dr. Mahabir PandaProfessor, Department of Civil Engg.
NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India.
Dr. Mizanur RahmanProfessor, Department of Civil
Engineering Bangladesh, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dr. Moazzem HossainProfessor,Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Dr. Norhidayah Binti Abdul HassanFaculty of Civil Engineering and Construction Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Dr. Partha Pratim DeyAssistant Professor, IIT Bhubaneswar,
India.
I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Trends in Transport
Engineering and Applications. The intension of TTEA is to create an atmosphere that stimulates
creativeness, research and growth in the area of Transport Engineering and Applications.
The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by
eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. TTEA provides an outlet for Research findings and
reviews in areas of Transport Engineering and Applications found to be relevant for National and
International recent developments & research initiative.
The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for
the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and
research in the domain of Transport Engineering and Applications.
Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the
form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write
ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With
regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality
Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.
I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal..
Dr. Archana Mehrotra
Director
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS
1. Sensitivity of Rigid Pavement Responses to Pavement Layer Thickness Due to Wheel Load: A Nonlinear Finite Element Study Md. Mizanur Rahman, Md. Newaz Murshed 1
2. A Review of Traffic Noise Standards and Noise Models Syed Aqeel Ahmad, P. K. Sarkar 10
3. Need for an Integrated Modelling Approach for Mixed Traffic Flow PhenomenaK.V.R. Ravi Shankar 20
4. Review of Simulation Techniques for Microscopic Mobility of Pedestrian MovementPritikana Das, M. Parida, V. K. Katiyar 27
ContentsTrends in Transport Engineering and Applications
TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Sensitivity of Rigid Pavement Responses to Pavement
Layer Thickness Due to Wheel Load: A Nonlinear Finite
Element Study
Md. Mizanur Rahman*, Md. Newaz Murshed Civil Engineering Department, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Dhaka, Bangladesh
AbstractThe behavior of a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) has been investigated under single wheel load for interior loading using finite element technique to predict the critical
pavement responses for both linear and nonlinear geometrical characterization. The
idealized pavement system is analyzed using 3D finite element analysis with the general
purpose finite element software ABAQUS. The developed 3D model was analyzed for
four combinations of material characterizations- (1) linear base and subgrade material, (2) nonlinear base and linear subgrade, (3) linear base and nonlinear subgrade, and (4)
nonlinear base and nonlinear subgrade. Effects of different pavement layer thicknesses
i.e. slab thickness and base course material thicknesses on the critical pavement responses were studied. The study shows that for a jointed plain concrete pavement, the
maximum values of pavement deflection of slab top, tensile stress at the bottom of
concrete slab and vertical pressure on top of subgrade are reduced significantly up to a concrete slab thickness of 225 mm (9 inch), above which the influence of slab thickness
on pavement responses reduces significantly. The effects of base course material thickness on the maximum values of pavement deflection, tensile stress and subgrade
pressure are less significant compared to effects of slab thickness.
Keywords: Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement, Pavement Responses, Nonlinear
Geomaterial, Finite Element Analysis, Abaqus
TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
A Review of Traffic Noise Standards and Noise Models
Syed Aqeel Ahmad1*, P. K. Sarkar
2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
2Department of Transport Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India
Abstract Traffic noise is one of the most irritating pollutions which affect human health in various
forms, be it permanent hearing loss, shifting of hearing threshold,
irritation/psychological problem, blood pressure, sleeping disorder, premature child birth, etc. The noise generated in the base year of any project may not be harmful, but it
may be harmful by horizon year. Under this condition, noise mitigation measures need to be inbuilt in the project itself. In order to suggest right noise mitigation measure for
future, noise prediction should be accurate as far as possible. Therefore, an attempt has
been made in this paper to review most of the noise prediction models in the world. The paper also presents some basics of noise and comparison of noise standards in various
countries including India.
Keywords: Noise, noise standard, noise model
TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Need for an Integrated Modelling Approach for Mixed
Traffic Flow Phenomena
K.V.R. Ravi Shankar* Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract Traffic flow modelling can be in general categorised into three broad categories. Macroscopic models are generally based on aggregate level of traffic flow; whereas
microscopic tools are more disaggregated and dynamic in nature. Benefiting from the steadily increasing availability of affordable computing power, these more detailed
models have become the tool of choice for operational studies, commonly in the form of
microscopic simulators. Among other dynamic models, mesoscopic ones are a
compromise between the macro and micro levels. With the introduction of new
technologies, data of unprecedented quantity and ultimately quality, development of next generation simulation models becomes an interesting research direction.This paper
proposes the need for next generation simulation models and presents a lead to
development of integrated models. The driver behaviour is a cause-reaction approach involving several tasks within a short time interval. Hence an integrated system
comprising of driver decision making and the inter-dependence among the decisions and
anticipation capabilities better replicates the realistic diving behaviour. These integrated models are driven by the distinct difference in driving behaviour, vehicle-type
characteristics, level of traffic etc. These kind of models are more apt particularly for Indian mixed traffic conditions where the static and dynamic characteristics of the
vehicle vary widely.
Keywords: Mixed traffic, integrated models, reaction time, vehicle-type, lateral
behaviour
TTEA (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications
Volume 1, Issue 1
www.stmjournals.com
Review of Simulation Techniques for Microscopic
Mobility of Pedestrian Movement
Pritikana Das1*, M. Parida
1, V. K. Katiyar
2
1Centre for Transportation Systems, CTRANS, IIT Roorkee-247667, India
2IIT Roorkee-247667, India
Abstract Simulation techniques are very useful for developing models or systems over time to represent the real-world scenarios. The model represents the key characteristics or
behaviors/functions of the selected physical or abstract system or process. Simulation
techniques are useful when the real system cannot be engaged, because of inaccessibility, or dangerous or is unacceptable to engage or does not exist. Microscopic characteristics
of pedestrian traffic consider speeds, walking directions, distances between pedestrians,
relative positions, passing behavior and group behavior. In microscopic approach individual pedestrians are evaluated in the study which is required for detailed design of
pedestrian infrastructure. In this study various microsimulation models, tools and microscopic data collection techniques have been discussed briefly to encourage
designers, policy planners to implement pedestrian facilities considering the microscopic
approach. Level of service criterion and guidance for capacity manual can be implemented by including microscopic characteristics of pedestrians. Microscopic
simulation models are broadly divided into five categories named cellular-based model,
physical force-based model, behavioral modeling, queuing network model and agent-based model. Various simulation tools are basically based on these four models.
Nowadays a new model combining cellular automata and social-force model has been proposed. This study is required to update designers or planners about various
microscopic approaches and helpful for designing real situation with details of
pedestrian movement to improve pedestrian traffic facilities.
Keywords: Pedestrian flow, microscopic simulation, social force, cellular automata,
magnetic force