Narjis Shahid

1302551

Analytical Chemistry

Trends of Crime in Pakistan and Investigation by

Forensic and Analytical approach

Crime = f (Urbanization, Unemployment, Inflation, inequality,

education)

Forensics Analytical Chemistry

CRIME

a wrongdoing classified

by the state or Congress as

a felony or misdemeanor

Criminal Investigation in Pakistan• In Punjab and Sindh 1905 , 1911 criminal investigation

department came in to being

• Punjab Forensic Science Agency

Crime

abduction/kidnapping

armed robbery

arson

assault

attempted murder

Bomb blasting

child abuse

domestic violence

drug trafficking

drunk driving

Fraud

murder/homicide

smuggling

• A relevant, modern definition of forensic (FORENSICS) is :

relating to, used in, or suitable to a court of law

The forensic sciences are used around the world

To resolve civil disputes

To justly enforce criminal laws and government regulations

To protect public health

Virtually all fields of science touch upon

this discipline.

SUBDIVISIONS OF

FORENSIC SCIENCE

• FINGER PRINTS

• QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

• BRAIN MAPPING

• CRIMINALISTICS

• DIGITAL FORENSICS

• FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

• FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS

• FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY

• LIE DETECTION

FINGER PRINT ANALYSIS

• IDENTIFYING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

• TOOL MARKS AT THE POINT OF ENTRY

• BLOOD ON GLASS FRAGMENTS

• CLOTHING FIBRES ON BROKEN WINDOW FRAME.

• DUSTY FINGRPRINTS ON AIR CONDITIONER.

• FINGERPRINTS ON DRINKING GLASS IN KITCHEN.

• CIGARETTE BUTTS IF ANY.

• LIPSTICK MARKS

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• 2-3 Spoons

Plaster Of Paris/Charcoal Activated Powder

Ninhydrin Reagent(1%)

(2,2-dihydroxy-1H-indine-1,3(2H)-dione)

• One 3.5 Liters Zip-lock Bag.

• A Large Spoon Or Paint Stirring Stick.

• A 6-9 Ounces Of Water Per Pound On Gypsum/Plaster Of

Paris.

• A Form ( A Structure Of Cast)

FINGER PRINT TEST

• Place a form around the impression.

• Pour it in form with large spoon or stirring stick

• Allow the impression to dry for 30 minutes.

• Vital information like date, time, location etc. can be written if it is dry.

• Carefully remove the cast.

• Place the knife gently to cut unwanted portion.

• Package the cast in plastic bag. Ensure it should not break.

• Sent it to investigating agency.

METHOD• Prepare four copies of specimen.

First copy Second

Third Four

WHY NINHYDRIN IS USED IN

CRIME INVESTIGATION TESTS ?

• Good Quality Of Finger Print Is Obtained As Compared To Powder

• Even In Different Climatic Conditions Ninhydrin Gives Good Result As Compared To Water Or Some Other Solvent

• Intensity And Clarity Decreases With Respect To Time With Other Material As Compared To Ninhydrin

• Powder Method Doesn’t Give Result After Lapse Of Six Months Or More Whereas Ninhydrin Test Does

• Even Long Time Prints Can Also Be Obtained With Ninhydrin

RESULT

• +++_ VERY CLEAR AND INTENSE.

• ++__ LESS CLEAR AND LOW INTENSE.

• + ___ NOT CLEAR BUT INTERPRETABLE.

• -- ____ NEGATIVE.

• BANK ROBBERY,DACOITY

• HOUSE BREAKING

• THEFT

• TERRORIST ACTIVITES

• BOMB DISPOSABLE SQUADS

• SMUGGLING

• FORGING DOCUMENTS

• TRACING DNA- PROVE RELATION

FINGERPRINT TECHNIQUE MOSTLY USED IN

Pakistan Automated Fingerprints Identification System (PAFIS)

has been inoperative for the last one year or so, aggravating

problems of hundreds of complainants and blocking detection of

crime against property cases

Fingerprints matching helped Lahore police in at least 37 cases

of crime against property as suspects were arrested with the help

of prints data comparison.

ET reserves verdict on NA-122 thumb verification plea

NADRA could not tell whether the votes were fake or not but it

could only partially verify voters’ thumb impressions

Fiber Evidence

• FIBER

The smallest unit of textile material that has a length many

times greater than its diameter

Can be spun with fibers to form a yarn (rope) that can be

woven or knitted to form a fabric

• CAN BE NATURAL

Mineral , plant and animal

Man made

Fiber Evidence:.

• Fiber Evidence Fibers are gathered at a crime scene

with tweezers, tape, or a vacuum.

• They generally come from clothing, drapery, wigs,

carpeting, furniture, and blankets.

• For analysis, they are first determined to be natural,

manufactured, or a mix of both

Forensics of Fiber Analysis:• Cross transfers or direct transfer of fiber often

occur in cases in which there is person-to-person

contact

Significance based upon clear relationships between objects

associated with crime

Relative value of evidence can be based upon several factors

•Type of fiber

•Number of fibers

•Color or variation of color Location of fibers

Steps of Fiber Analysis:

UV-VISIBLE

SPECTROPHOTOMETR• The first step in fiber analysis is to compare color and

diameter.

• Dyes can also be further analyzed with

Spectrophotometer which uses solvents to separate

the dye's chemical constituents.

Evidence A : What type of Fiber ?

• Burns on contact

• Burns rapidly

• Glows or continues to burn

• Paper/wood burning

• Burns fully; gray ash

Answer: Cotton

Evidence B: What type of fiber?

• Black and brittle Curls

• Singes Burns rapidly

• Goes out quickly

• Smells like Hair burning

Answer: Silk

Forensic document examination

- the science today

• Forensic document examination takes place in a properly

equipped forensic document laboratory

• Any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other marks whose

source or authenticity is in dispute or is doubtful

The three main areas of forensic document examination

• The identification of individuals through their handwriting.

• Determining whether signatures are genuine or simulations.

• Determining the origin and history of documents.

Handwriting and signatures

• Handwriting is identifiable

• Handwriting consists of a

particular combination of

character and figure

• There is a degree of natural

variability in everyone’s

handwritings and signatures,

both from day to day and over

the years

• Signatures are very highly

specialized pieces of

handwriting and their

examination remains very

challenging

Continue……

• Unlike the situation where an entire page of text is available with

hundreds of points of comparison, a small signature provides very

much less

• It is for this reason in particular that the examination of original

signatures rather than copies is so important

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

• Macroscopic and Microscopic studies

• Various spectral techniques

• Certain chemicals

• Instrumental test

Dyes within inks react differently under different lighting

regimes

An ink line is made on a piece of paper, certain volatile

components of the ink disperse into the atmosphere

Phenoxyethanol

present in ballpoint pen ink decreases very rapidly immediately

after writing and then more slowly over a longer period.

Thin Layer Chromatography• To assist the forensic document

examiner in the discrimination

of inks, using entirely non-

destructive processes

• Samples can be removed up to

10 plugs, approximately 1

millimeter each, of the paper

containing the printing from

• The dissolved ink is spotted onto

a silica gel chromatogram sheet

SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES

Ultraviolet Light Infrared Radiation

There are other components in inks besides dyes and the largely

non destructive technique of Raman spectroscopy has been

developed to look at the dyes and these other components

Destructive analysis can involve Gas Chromatography-Mass

Spectroscopy but this equipment is only generally available in

highly specialised analytical laboratories

Laser spectroscopy Special photographic processes

Brain Fingerprinting –

Where No Terrorist Can Escape

• CSSPakistan is proud to be associated

with Government Works, Inc. to

bring The Brain Fingerprinting

Technology.

• Brain fingerprinting was invented by Dr.

Lawrence A. Farwell

• It has a record of 100% Accuracy.

It incorporates the following procedure:

• On seeing a previously known information presented on a

computer screen, a specific measurable brain response is

elicited by the subject of the brain typically within 300-

800msec after the stimulus known as P300. The P300 an

electrically positive component maximal at the parietal scalp

site.

• The MERMER(Memory and Encoding Related Multi-faceted

Electronic Response), includes the P300 and another longer

latency, electrically negative subcomponent at the frontal scalp

site with a latency of up to 1400msec post-stimulus which can

be readily detected using EEG amplifier

A sequence of words, phrases, or pictures is presented on a

video monitor to the subject, wearing a special headband

with EEG sensors designed for detecting the brain wave

responses.

P300 /MERMER:

Farwell measures brain-wave responses of a person lookingat words or pictures displayed on a computer screen using aheadband with built-in electrodes

“Information Present” Brain response(The subject knows the crime-relevant information contained in

the probe stimuli)

The determination of information present in one’s brain consists of

comparing the probe responses to the target responses, which contain

a P300/MERMER, as both are noteworthy to the subject.

Red : Information the subject is expected to know.Green : Information not known to suspect.Blue : Information of the crime that only suspect knows.

Blue and Red lines closely co-relate, suspect has critical knowledge of the crime – information present.

Comparison with other technologies: Fingerprints and DNA are available in only 1% of crimes. But the brain

and the evidence recorded in it are always there.

No questions are asked and no answers are given during Farwell’s Brain

Fingerprinting.

Brain Fingerprinting technology depends only on brain information

processing it does not depend on the “emotional response of the subject”.

Other applications:

• There are several other areas in which Brain fingerprinting

can be used to make life easier and can aid mankind in many

ways. Key fields where brain fingerprinting can be used are:

Criminal Justice

Counter terrorism

Medical diagnosis

National Security

Advertising

EPILOGUE

• As one of America's top forensic scientists,

Mohammad Tahir applying his skills in Pakistan,

a poor nation of 180 million people beset by

crime and militancy.

FIRST INT’L CONFERENCE ON FORENSIC SCIENCE

AT GCU 23-10-2014

on a crucial topic of “Forensic Science and Justice”

About 11 eminent forensic scientists from the US,UK, Canada,

Egypt and Australia are practicing in the conference

REFRENCES• B.R.Sharma “Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and

Trails” 4th edition. Universal Law publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

Delhi 562-737. (2007)

• Wong, Y.C.R “An Economic Analysis of the Crime Rate in

England and Wales” 1st edition, by Economica ,235-46,(2012)

• Lochner, Lance, “ Individual Perceptions of the Criminal

Justice System” 2nd edition, American Economic Review, 444-

460,(2007)

• Joe Nickell, John F. Fischer, “Crime Science: Methods of

Forensic Detection” 4th edition, The University Press of

Kentuchy, 176-188,(1999)

• Hafiz Hanzla Jalil and Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Urbanization

and Crime: A Case Study of Pakistan,Pakistan vision, vol.

42(5), pp. 631-638, (2013)