Proceedings of the 13 Triennial Congress of
the International Ergonomics Association
June 29 - July 4, 1997
Tampere, Finland
"From Experience to Innovation"
IEA'97
Volume 1
Organizational design and management
Organizers:IEA International Ergonomics Association
NES Nordic Ergonomics SocietyFES Finnish Ergonomics Society
Tampere University of TechnologyTampere University
Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthFinnish Ministry of Labour
Editors:
Pentti SeppalaTuulikki LuopajarviClas-Hakan Nygard
Markku Mattila
Technical editors:
Kristiina Kulha
Ella Hanninen
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Helsinki 1997
UB/TIB Hannover 89
122 341627
CONTENTS-VOLUME 1
PREFACE
KEYNOTES
A systematic definition ofergonomics 3Martin Helander
Ageing and human skill: a tribute to Alan Welford 6
Patrick Rabbitt
Ergonomics, quality and continuous improvement - Some current issues 10
Jorgen Eklund
The Scandinavian approach in participatory ergonomics 13Per Langaa Jensen
1 ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
1.1 MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGES
Simulation game - Anthropocentric production planning 19
Alstrup L, Kofoed LB
Kaizen based suggestion schemes - A tool for participation and improvement of 22
working conditions and qualityAxelsson JRC
Decentralized organizations - White-collar workers as production support 25
Berglund M
Evaluation of "Office of the future". Presentation of a research project financed by the 28
Swedish Council for Work Life Research
Berns T, Klusell L, Rosenblad T
Power and leadership 31
Buhanist P, Immonen S
Ergonomic contribution to organisational changes: a bottom-up approach case study 34
in a process industryCarballeda G, Daniellou F
A case study on how to train and coach company instructors, and on how to make 37
them sensitive to accident prevention in the field of goods handlingClaessens L
i
Multi-level change - the case of Sweden Post l 40
Edstrom A, Abrahamson C '
Checklist as a tool for evaluating physical environment at hospital wards 43Engkvist l-L, Hagberg M, Wigaeus Hjelm E, Menckel E, Ekenvail L, PROSA Study Group
Participative reintegration of maintenance tasks into production areas 46Flachsenberg U, Wimmer R
Simulation games - the state of the art and the future 49Forssen-Nyberg M
The conceptual and practical transformation of facts into requirements 52
Gallaway GR
Towards new ways of action - a case study 55Haavisto T
Making sense of organisational innovations. A cultural interpretation of improvement 58practices in two Swedish companiesHolmberg R
Organisational change philosophies: isolated models or complementary strategies? 61Hagerfors A, Styhre A
Leadership and communication in managing change 64Immonen S, Buhanist P
Effects on quality of working life and economic factors using learning strategies for 67changeIngelgirdA, Norrgren F
Helping managers to find a better compromise between coherence and relevance: an 70intervention in an industrial projectJackson M, Thibault JF, Daniellou F
Ergonomic information deployment for manufacturing systems design 73JasiakAE
Organizational culture and organizational development: a case study in process industry 76Jarvenpaa £, Eloranta E
Change processes and their influence on the working environment 79Karltun J
Leadership and vision in a change process 82Kosonen K
Development of modular procedures for a Total-Quality-Management-System for 85enterprise-specific vocational trainingsKrings K, Seiwert G, Flachsenberg U
Reengineering the company - a framework for avoiding major problems 88Laming H
Creating a shared vision in a company group by benchmarking 91Pahkala S
How to develop team-based measurement systems in offices and administration 94Pankakoski M, Koivula A
Effective reengineering procedures to implement self-directed work teams 97Ruhnau J
Developing administrative work process in a service organization with the 100simulation gameRuohomaki V
The evaluation of change projects 103Salminen A
A comparison between changes in industry in the U.S. and South Africa 106Scoff PA, Kleiner BM
Workplace safety measures -what can we say about what works? 109Shannon HS, Guastello S
Evaluating macro-ergonomic intervention through perception survey 112Simard M
Tailored simulation games for business process development; comparison of two 115cases
Smeds R
Capturing organisational requirements in the development of military systems 118Strain JD
Evaluating intervention outcomes through experimental analysis of behavior 121Sulzer-Azaroff B
Project control with forward planning 124Teltumbde A
Learning to work in networks in subcontracting companies 127
Toiviainen H
A Swedish industrial research program "Co-operative for optimization of industrial 130
production systems regarding productivity and ergonomics" (COPE). Presentation ofthe program and the first case studyWinkel J, Engstrom T, Forsman M, Hansson G-A, Johansson Hanse J, Kadelors R, taring J,Mathiassen SE, Medbo L, Ohlsson K, Petersson NF, Skerfving S, Sundin A
Contents and change demands of managers' work 133
YlitaloJ
Simulation aided planning game for the redesign of assembly structures 136
Zulch G, Jonsson U, Rinn A
1.2 DESIGN AND ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Cooperative work: attempt to develop an analysis method in ergonomics 141
Barthe B, Qu6innec Y
Design and display of control information to control automated assembly production 144
Bishu RR
Virtual assembly planning 147
BullingerHJ, RichterM, HegerR
The use of quality management methods in developing network of enterprises 150
Carayon P, CoujardJ-L, TarbesJ
Concurrent engineering in practice: towards a typology of cross-functional integration 153
Couchman PK, Badham R, Zanko M
in
Quality, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder 156DayMC
A model balancing the flexibility in computer integrated manufacturing with low cost 159Dizdar EN, Keskinkilic I, Erol Y, KurtM
An ergonomic approach for use of robots in flexible manufacturing systems 162DizdarEN, KurtM, Sisman A
The organizational ergonomics model of concurrent engineering: a revised model for 165the electronics industryDuffy VG, Salvendy G
The use of level of automation as a means of alleviating out-of-the-loop performance 168problems: a taxonomy and empirical analysisEndsleyMR, KaberDB
Empirical analysis and assessment of automotive assembly work: an analysis 171procedure for work efficiency and ergonomic aspectsEngstrom T, Medbo L
Meeting future requirements for planning and production 174Eversheim W, Haufe A, Kolscheid W, Walz M
Natural GOMS language for assembly: a manual assembly time prediction model 177Fish LA, HelanderMG, Drury CG
Ergonomics oriented to processes becomes a tool for continuous improvement 180Getty RL, Cohen JA
Productivity enhancements using ergonomics methodology: a case study of train 183drivers
Goonetilleke RS, Shih HM, So RHY
Inspection training: selection of the appropriate training delivery system 186Gramopadhye AK, Harper M
Retrospective approach in organizational design and management 189Hajnal CA, Taveira AD
Human centered development of information systems and decision aids in advanced 192air traffic management and flight management systemsHansmanRJ, Vakil SS
Human factors in the HIPS assembly system concept 196HeilalaJ, VohoP
Observations, diaries and communication networks revealing the true nature of 199managers' jobsImmonen S, Jarvenpaa E
Level of automation and adaptive automation effects on performance in a dynamic 202control task
KaberDB, EndsleyMR
Level of automation for minimizing human out-of-the-loop performance effects on 205qualityKaber DB, Endsley MR, Cassady OR
Interactive task support in Finnish assembly industry 208KasviJ, Nieminen M, PulkkisA, Vartiainen M
Sociotechnical systems theory as an organizing framework for both ergonomics and 211
TQM
Kleiner BM
Defensive reasoning and routines as obstacles for collaboration and communication. 214A case study of a small manufacturing companyKuittinen M
Utilization of working-in-groups for restructuring production processes: experiences 217from three countries
Lantz A, Friedrich P
Human integrated production system 220Merilainen 0
Effectiveness of hybrid inspection in manufacturing: a laboratory study 223
MitalA, Govindaraju M, SubramaniB
Memory load and decision aids in inspection of silicon wafers 226
Moclair F, Gallwey TJ
Production ergonomics in car manufacturing. Evaluation of a model to achieve a good 229
ergonomics result in existing production and in alteration work
Munck-UlfsfaltU
Professional dyadic relationships in organisations: a method for modeling and analysis 232
Nousiainen M, Jawenpaa E
Intelligent strategies for quality in the human actions of industrial organizations 235
PaladiniEP
Quality and productivity with management of work environments 238
PaladiniEP
The relationship between the man and the computer: interaction, substitution or 241
maintenance?
PaladiniEP
The preconditions forteamwork among industrial workers of different ages 244Pitkanen M, Nyg&rd C-H, Arola H, Manka M-L, Huhtala H, Palokangas H
Work conference - a transgression tool for grouplike organization 247
PulkkisA, Vartiainen M, Laitinen M
Quality control principles and their relationships to ergonomics 250
Riley MW, Bishu RR
Horizontal and vertical information flow in a functional organization in process industry 253
Seppanen L, Jarvenpaa E, VirtaharjuJ
Supply chain issues in the fast-moving consumer goods industry 256
Siemieniuch CE, SinclairMA, WaddellFN
Supply chains, information, and job design - some ergonomics implications for quality 259
Sinclair MA, Siemieniuch CE
Ergonomics and quality - a behavioral cybernetic analysis 262
Smith TJ
A method for job design in concurrent engineering 265
Stahl J, Luczak H
TEAM - An approach for optimization of hybrid automation 268Stahre J, Johansson A, Axelsson S
Supervisors' views of their crews and the level of team work in paper industry 271TeperiA-M
Dynamic relationships - another side of team performance 274Tuominen E
Complementary interaction of humans and machines in highly automated production 277systems - KOMPASS and TEAM
Waefler J, Johansson A, Grote G, Stahre J
Driver response to automated vehicle control 280Ward NJ
Collective action regulation, common task orientation, and common objectifications 283in advanced manufacturing systemsWeber WG
The effects of change on communication networks in an expert organization 286Virtaharju J, Jarvenpaa E, Seppanen L
1.3 PARTICIPATION AND TRAINING
General introduction to the symposium: Aims, context, concepts, methods, practices 291and problems
Abrahao J, Berthelette D, Desnoyers L, Ferreira L, Jobert G, Lacomblez M, Launis K, Leppanen A,MaggiB, MontreuilS, Patesson R, Paumes D, TeigerC, VogelL, Wendelen E
The flexographic printing: a contribution of the work ergonomic analysis in the 294development and transmission of skillsBarros C
Training and development strategies for ergonomics in the company: towards specific 297intervention conditions?
Beguin P
Implementation evaluation of an occupational health and safety program 300Berthelette D, Desnoyers L, Gourde D, Authier M
Hypermedia and problem-driven learning at work 303Binder T
Formative evaluation of the implementation of a participatory ergonomics programme 306carried out by local occupational health teamBouchard P, Gilbert L, Montreuil S, Galipeau S, Patry L
Critical analysis of safety training for drivers of goods vehicles 309Bourachot E, Germain C
Why is it difficult to embed employee participation in the factory practice? 312BuhlH
The contribution of a group of workers to occupational learning 315Chatigny C, Montreuil S, Teiger C
Technology management and the participation in organizational change 318Clausen C
Studies of the connections between ergonomic work analysis and the analysis of 321incident situations forthe training of staff representativesCoffura R, Gaudart C, Guyot S, PwnierS, Pueyo V, Liehrmann E
Elaboration of a detailed course programme in safety during tyre mounting: 324contribution of ergonomic analysis of work
Cunha FB
Is the trade union moving from a role as negotiator towards a role as an advisor in 327matters of work environment?
Daugaard G, Wissing P
Conscienceness raising, information and training in manual lifting at the hospital 330Dohogne T, Schrijvers P, JoossensJ, Lahaye D
Ergonomic work analysis and knowledge of CAD operators in the garment industry 334Duarte F, Moreth B
Which involvement of trade-unionist actors in the ergonomic i ntervention? 337Etienne P, Negroni P, Herve JB
Workers representatives ergonomics, participative actions and changes in the 340
managementEtienne P, Negroni P
The maintenance activity in the tyre industry: an ergonomic approach of the decision 343strategies towards a training proposalFernandes Torres Ml
An experience of ergonomics training for union works 346Ferreira LL, IgutiAM, Donatelli S, Vezza F, Schlithler C, Abrahao J
Learner centered training. Design of training tools in virtual reality 349
Frejus M
Strategies and infrastructures for integration of occupational health and safety 352
Management - A comparative study of Australia and Sweden
FrickK
CHSCT expert reports: an opportunity for the CHSCT and staff to appropriate another 355
view of workGuillon F
Management concepts and working conditions - in a Danish context 358
Hagedorn-Rasmussen P
Towards a framework for participatory ergonomics 361
Haines H, Wilson JR
A critical evaluation of bottom up strategies in participatory ergonomics 364
HasleP, LimborgHJ, HvenegaardH, Bruvik-Hansen A
A training in weight handling based on an ergonomic work analysis 367
Hertsens P
Better working environment through learning and participation in technological 369
changesJensen LP, Kofoed LB, Rosenorn TU
Cooperative work design in Austrian sheltered workshops - an action research project 372
Jungwirth Ch
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Integrated management of health & safety and environment - perspectives for 375participationKampA
A design framework for cooperative telelearning 378KhalidHM.HelanderMG
Beyond participation - Social influence on information technology and work 381environment
KochC
Prevention of risks from exposure to blood 384Lapeyriere S, Decelle D
Work units and coping with changes: modes of action 387Launis K, Niemela A-L, Kantola T
Production technology, organizational characteristics, conceptual mastery of work, 390and job satisfaction in paper productionLeppanenA, TeperiA-M, TuominenE
Contribution to the analysis of quality control in cork industry 393Monarca A
Evaluation of an ergonomics training programme for VDT users 396Montreuil S, Brisson C, PunnettL
An activity theoretical approach to psychosocial work environment in work stress 399research
Makitalo J, Launis K, Palonen J, Korhonen M
Challenge to comfortable factory: concept of ergofactory and participation 402Nagamachi M
New ways for working environment issues through participation and integration? 405Nygaard E, Pieman A, MellerN
Conception as educational practice 408Pelegnn B, Martin A, Falta D
The role playing games as an educational tool: a cognitive approach 411Quintella S, Fialho FAP
Integrated management of OHS and environment - Consequences of the national 414authorities' regulatory strategiesRasmussen BH
Tech nical and pedagogical factors in participative change processes in material flow 417chains. A frame for ergonomic improvements in work conditions
RislundC, OrtengrenR
Results of an investigation about the use of ergonomics by occupational risk 420prevention officers
RocherM, ChesnaisM
Training and education for prevention in workplaces. A case study in the services 423sector
RulliG, MaggiB
Work analysis in a paper storehouse: the changing of skills and skills towards change 426Santos M
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The effects of training on immediate and long-term skill retention in a process control 429task: applications to extended spaceflightSauerJ, Hockey GR J, WastellD
Participative management through employee perception survey: case study 432Simard M
New technologies & needs for cognitive training 435
SimoesA, CaivalhaisJ
Worker's contribution to health surveillance in the workplace: Sindnova's "risk profile" 438
Stanzani C, Magnavita N, Carbone A
Who knows best? Participation at work and sociotechnical theory 441
Strain JP
Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in the firm by training people in Ergonomic 444
Work Analysis (EWA)TeigerC, FrontiniJ-M
The subjacent theories in training programs evaluation 447
Valverde CJL
A participatory ergonomic approach to the redesign of scaffolders' work 450
van der Molen HF, Vink P, Urlings IJM
The process of improving productivity by worker participation 453
VinkP
1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE
Concept and motivation instrumental means of operators of production information 459
technologiesAsherovA, YakimchukP
Humans in the information society - from batch processing to network computers 462
Bradley G
Work organization interventions for improving quality of working life 465
Carayon P, Haims MC, Suh H
Operational requirements of community ergonomics in turbulent American inner city 468
environments
Cohen WJ, Smith JH, Derjani Bayeh A, Smith MJ
Technology and the diffusion of community 471
Dray SM, Siegel DA
A macro-logical study on the middle and senior management aspects 474
Ebukuro R
Job satisfaction and life satisfaction of paced and unpaced job workers 477
Gregov Lj, Manenica I, Prorokovic A
Working in the good information society 480
HoimP, LjungbergJ
Forum theatre as a method for increasing awareness of social settings and as a basis 483
for improvementsHagerfors A
What work conditions do to efficiency 486Ivergird T, Hoijer C
Measurement of organizational culture in different cultural contexts 489Jarvenpaa E, Martinsuo M
The technological construction of reality: communication and information 492
technologists as new UtopiansKeenan JJ
Cross-cultural program and project management 495Kleiner BM, Bourgeois JP, Kurstedt PS, Jones JM
Empirical studies of macroergonomics and sociotechnical systems theory 498Kleiner BM
Models of healthy work organizations 501LimSY, Murphy LR
Assessing and promoting healthy work organizations 504Lindstrdm K
A study on human-oriented manufacturing system (HOMS): measurement of workers' 507satisfaction by psychological and physiological information
Matsunaga H, Nakazawa H
Development of the model for work humanization 510Molan M, Molan G
Characteristics of healthy work organizations 513Murphy LR, Lim S-Y
Is technology listening? - Creating requisite variety by listening 516Pihlajamaki K
Impact of distributed teams on organizational effectiveness 519Robertson MM, Endsley MR
Total quality management and quality of working life in a public sector organization 522Sainton F, Carayon P, Smith MJ
Methods of cybernetic analysis for engineering and management of American 525communities
Smith JH, Smith MJ
Informatization plus taylorist principles generate loss of quality, productivity and CTD 528epidemiaSznelwarLI, Arbix GT, Zilbovicius M
1.5 SHIFTWORK
Cooperative management of alertness variations during night and day shifts 533Andorre-Gruet V, Barthe B, Queinnec Y
Effects of workload level and eight- versus twelwe-hour workday duration on test 536battery performanceBendak S, Macdonald WA
Night work and alternate shift-work 539de Oliveira CRB, Mow FBP, Gomes G, Bins Ely VHM
Management of home life in shift workers 542
Hiraga M
Health counselling on individual coping strategies to reduce sleepiness in shift work 544
Harma M, Kervinen V, Sallinen M, Lundelin T, Toppila M
The 2-4 hour shift phenomenon: does it exist? 547
Megaw T
Can a short napbreak improve alertness in a night shift? 550
Sallinen M, Harma M, Akerstedt T, Rosa R, Lillqvist 0
1.6 MISCELLANEOUS
Enhancing future work places by bringing experience into design 555
AaseK.WulffIA
Topical problems of ergonomic design of production information systems at 558
enterprises in the Ukraine
AsherovA
Computer based monitoring of the operator reliability in shift rotation during the 561individual work yearBobkoN
Cognitive function analysis: an example of human-centered re-design of a flight 564
management system
BoyG
Feedback control principles applied to long-term information technology use in 567
organizationsCaldwell BS
Ergonomics and work organization in industrial projects: a proposal to the collective 570
feed
da Costa Proenca RP, dos Santos N
Is it possible to take advantage of the product structure to improve shop floor 573
ergonomics? Work characteristics of collective working in long cycle time assemblysystems
Engstrom T, Medbo L
Indicators of life quality at work: aspects and implications at manufacturers with ISO 576
9000 certificate
Franca ACL
Emotional ergonomics 579
Godoi CK, Fialho FAP
Changing mode of production as a challenge for communicative learning 582
Heiskanen T
Problems in expanding the methods of building a networking cell: case of a Finnish 585
engineering workshopKlemola S
Business process reengineering - Can a management strategy improve the working 588
environment?
KochC
XI
Learning to survive 591Koistinen K, Kangasoja J
Analysis of the effective way of teaching ideographic language by using eye 594
movements
Konosu T, Jimbo Y, Shigematsu J, Fukuda T
Measuring the organization's attitudes towards quality improvement with SQT - method 597Korsman U, Laukkanen S
Possibility of practical realization of a current ergonomic renewal of a production 600
systemMateja BE, PacholskiLM
Macroergonomics in a complex perspective 603Milito C, Gontijo L
Alienated worker versus life quality 606
Moiseichyk AE, Marqueze MA, Fialho FAP
Scheduling production with disjunctive constraints 609
Noronha AB, Ribeiro CM, Ferreira Ribeiro JF, de Oliveira MMB
The evaluation of impact forces for ergonomic and quality measurables 612O'Reilly A, KilduffHR, Bart C, VitekM
Work requirements and work organization in an automated process control room from 615a Brazilian oil refineryParaguay AIBB
Responsiveness to visual and auditory stimuli during experienced sleepiness 618Sallinen M, Lyytinen H, Harma M
Institutional diagnosis in support of investigation and behavioral change in Process 621
ManagementSaraiva LM, Juliatto D, Sabino N, Possamai O, Sellg PM
Cognitive & cultural ergonomics: a qualitative model to re-frame cognitive mapping 624and improve the success of cross-cultural collaboration
SecterM
Enhanced communication of knowledge through information technology: the EasyKit 627projectSkmme J
The psychological contract and the shop floor workers in one Finnish textile enterprise 630
TuuliP
Self-design organization: optimising organisational structure through improvement 633
processVarvakis Rados GJ, Caro MHN, Selig PM, Possamai O, Sabino N, Dias PM
AUTHOR INDEX 637
XI1