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TRIUMVIRATESOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE (FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY
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SOCRATES (470/469 –
399 BC)
Virtuous ManThe Socratic Method
• DIALECTIC: A method of seeking truth through a series of questions and answers.
The Socratic method is a “dialectic” method teaching.
To solve a problem, it is broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek.
Socrates
Ethics
primary concern in philosophy was, “How should we live?”
3 Questions
What is good?
What is right?
What is just (justice)?
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SocratesEthics:
Socrates' ethics assumes that Education is the key to living an ethical life.
No one desires evil.
No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.
Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
Virtue = positive moral behaviorPrepared by RPC2014
Plato Socrates' Student
Founded the Academy – First institution for higher education
First Western philosopher whose writings have survived
Most of what we know about Socrates comes from Plato's writings
Agreed with Pythagoras that Mathematics were essential in understanding the world Prepared by RPC2014
WILL
PlatoEthics
Humans are made of 3 conflicting elements:
Passions
Intellect
Will
Most people live life allowing the PASSIONS, INTELLECT and WILL to be in conflict with one another. Prepared by RPC2014
INTELLECT PASSIONS
Plato
Ideal living is when the INTELLECT controls the PASSIONS through the WILL
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INTELLECT
WILL
PASSIONS
Plato
Metaphysics
Reality can be divided into two realms:
The Visible World
Forms - Ideas
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PlatoMetaphysics
The Visible World
Lower - Imperfect
World experienced by our senses
Physical
Bound by Space and Time
Always changing
Always “becoming”Prepared by RPC2014
PlatoMetaphysicsRealm of Forms-Ideas
Higher - Perfect
ULTIMATE REALITY
Not accessible to our senses
Non-Physical
Not Bound by Space and Time
Never Changing
Always “is”Prepared by RPC2014
HORSE
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF
THE CAVE (SW)BASED ON THE VIDEO CLIP: Answer the ffg:
Answer it in BRIEF, CONCISE and SHORT manner.
1. What is your own perception of the Allegory of the Cave?
2. What symbol represents the said thought of Plato in his Allegory that you can relate to your daily existence?
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PlatoPolitics: The Ideal Republic
Philosophically Aware Rulers (Governing Class)
Police Class (Protective Class)
General Population(Worker Class)
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Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines
such as mathematics, biology, and ethics• He was the first to devise a formal
system for reasoning, whereby the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content
• Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum, the first scientific institute, based in Athens, Greece.
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• Along with his teacher Plato, he was one of the strongest
advocates of a liberal arts education, which stresses the education of the whole person, including one’s moral character, rather than merely learning a set of skills.
• According to Aristotle, this view of education is necessary if we are to produce a society of happy as well as productive individuals.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
RPCorpuxz 2013
• The “real” or “encyclopaedists” or “inspired common sense” or “the prince of those who know”
• Studied under Plato at the Academy
• Son of a Macedonian doctor, returned home to become the teacher of Alexander of Macedon for three years, beginning in 343 BCE
• Later returned to Athens to open school called the Lyceum in 335 BCE
Aristotle’s LOGIC
Logic 3 Areas of Learning
1. Theoretical 2. Practical 3. Productive
Logic is a Tool underlying all learning
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Logic
CategoriesSets the boundary of terms Essential in forming an argument
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Dogs PugsAnimals
The 4 Causes To really “know” something you need to know the causes of it.
Example:
What is a house?
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Material CauseThe “materials” that make up the thing.
Bricks are the material cause of a Brick House
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Material CauseInsufficiency of the Material Cause
The materials that make up a thing are not the same as the thing itself.
A pile of Bricks is not a House Some things can be made of different materials.
Houses can be made of Bricks or Wood or Metal.
Formal CauseThe FORM of the thing. The pattern, shape, characteristics of a thing.Not the same as Plato's idea of Forms, i.e. no realm of forms.The Form does not have an existence apart from the thing as in Plato's concept of Forms
Efficient Cause
The cause that changes the materials into the thing.
The Tools/Instruments used to create the thing.
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Final CauseThe reason, purpose or goal of a thing. Ex. The purpose of a house is to shelter a people.
Final Cause is evidence of an Intelligent Designer who provides things with purposeTeleology – Nature Intelligent Design
ARISTOTLE Ethics: Virtues
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Acquired by Habit
Not innate
Habit develops a disposition to act virtuously
The Golden Mean: Mid-point between 2 extremes
Courage
Cowardice RECKLESNESS
theory of happiness that is still relevant today • happiness is a final end or goal
that encompasses the totality of one’s life.
• It is not something that can be gained or lost in a few hours, like pleasurable sensations.
• It is more like the ultimate value of your life as lived up to this moment, measuring how well you have lived up to your full potential as a human being.
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Ethics: Virtuous Life
Know what is Right
Do what is Right
Practical Wisdom - Make Right Decisions based on Good Reasons
Contemplation of the Best things NOT just Good things – Good is the enemy of the Best
Motivation for Doing Anything is Flourishing (Full - Meaningful)
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THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS AS THE EXERCISE OF VIRTUE
• Aristotle tells us that the most important factor in the effort to achieve happiness:
is to have a good moral character — what he calls “complete virtue.”
But being virtuous is not a passive state: one must act in accordance with virtue. Nor is it enough to have a few virtues; rather one must strive to possess all of them. As Aristotle writes,
He is happy who lives in accordance with complete virtue and is sufficiently equipped with external goods, not for some chance period but throughout a complete life. (Nicomachean Ethics)
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THUS,• Happiness is the ultimate end and purpose of human existence
• Happiness is not pleasure, nor is it virtue. It is the exercise of virtue.
• Happiness cannot be achieved until the end of one’s life. Hence it is a goal and not a temporary state.
• Happiness is the perfection of human nature. Since man is a rational animal, human happiness depends on the exercise of his reason.
• Happiness depends on acquiring a moral character, where one displays the virtues of courage, generosity, justice, friendship, and citizenship in one’s life. These virtues involve striking a balance or “mean” between an excess and a deficiency.
• Happiness requires intellectual contemplation, for this is the ultimate realization of our rational capacities.
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A key theme in Aristotle's thought is
that happiness is the goal
of life.
Eudaimonia or
Happiness
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“We are what we repeatedly
do. Excellence, then, is
not an act, but a habit. ...
At his best, man is the
noblest of all animals;
separated from law and
justice he is the worst.”
(Aristotle, 384 - 322 B.C.)