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TRIZ
2CREATIVITY
TRIZ - Theory of Inventive Problem SolvingWhat is TRIZ?A methodology for systematic problem solving
Based on extensive research of numerous inventions and patents
A proven tool for solving engineering problems
Successfully adapted to other industries
Has solved IT problems
Benefits of TRIZ• Reduction in the “trial & error” of innovation• Compromise-free solutions for complex
problems• Prediction of technology evolution• Planning and problem avoidance• Inventions and patents
Elements of TRIZ• Laws of technological system evolution• Contradictions (general problems)• Principles (general solutions)• Contradiction matrix• Algorithm for inventive problem solving (ARIZ)
Degree of Ideality = FunctionalityCosts + Problems
Example: Law of Transition to Higher-level Systems Key Postulates of TRIZTechnological evolution is not random
Certain laws guide the evolution of technology
Best innovations resolve conflicts
Compromise-free solutions are often possible, leading to a higher degree of ideality
Solutions with higher degrees of ideality are more successful in the market
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Value of TRIZ
Inventively solving existing IT problems• Increasing complexity requires radical innovation to ensure high
levels of functionality, quality and performance
• Innovation is risky and expensive (random trial & error)
IT planning and problem avoidance• TRIZ can objectively evaluate the winning potential of solutions being
considered
Predicting the evolution of technology• TRIZ can predict the evolution of technology
More inventions and patents• Out-of-the-box and patentable inventions.
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Levels of Inventiveness
• 5 levels of inventiveness (based on patent analysis)
• Example: Anti-vibration device
5- Breakthrough: Avoid vibration
4- New concept: Anti-vibration
3- Major improvement: Air pillow
2- Minor improvement: Rubber mat
1- Obvious solution: Bolt
55
44
33
22
11
TRIZ helps here
Obvious solution (32%)
Minor improvement (45%)
Major improvement (18%)
New concept (4%)
Breakthrough (1%)
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The Key Postulate of of TRIZ
Evolution of technological systems is not random, but is Evolution of technological systems is not random, but is governed by certain lawsgoverned by certain laws
Selection and analysis of ~25,000 breakthrough inventions
Worldwide patent databases: ~400,000 inventions
Altshuller’s research
• Laws of Technological System Evolution
• Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving
• Standard Solution
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Analogy: Laws of Motion and Laws of Evolution
2
2
1tatvX xx
2
2
1tatvY yy
Predictable Trajectory
Predictable Inventions
Law: Transformation to higher-level systems
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General Technology Evolution Vector
RigidRigid
ModularModular
ProgrammableProgrammable
AutonomousAutonomous
Governed b
y the Laws o
f Tech
nological S
ystem Evolutio
n
Governed b
y the Laws o
f Tech
nological S
ystem Evolutio
n
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Key Concepts
There are universal laws of evolution leading toward the “peak value”• Can be used to predict the next big thing
Best innovations resolve conflicts• Compromise-free
• e.g., Top of a soda can
– Must retain fluid
– Must easily pour fluid
There are universal principles for resolving conflicts.
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Requires TRIZ Expertise
Requires Domain Knowledge
Problem Solving with TRIZ
• Systematic
• More predictable
• Solves specific problems using general techniques
My My ProblemProblem
My My ProblemProblem
My My SolutionSolution
My My SolutionSolution
Standard Standard ProblemProblem
Standard Standard ProblemProblem
Standard Standard SolutionSolution
Standard Standard SolutionSolution
GeneralizeGeneralize SpecializeSpecialize
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ARIZ (condensed)
• Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ)
– A non-computational algorithm (70+ steps)
• A process for analysis of vaguely defined problems
• Brings together most concepts of TRIZ
Why does theWhy does the
system exist?system exist?
Why does theWhy does the
system exist?system exist?1
2
3
4
What are the usefulWhat are the useful
and harmful interactionsand harmful interactions
(system conflicts)?(system conflicts)?
What are the usefulWhat are the useful
and harmful interactionsand harmful interactions
(system conflicts)?(system conflicts)?
What system conflictsWhat system conflicts
should be resolved?should be resolved?
What system conflictsWhat system conflicts
should be resolved?should be resolved?
How can the systemHow can the system
conflicts be resolved?conflicts be resolved?
How can the systemHow can the system
conflicts be resolved?conflicts be resolved?
Identification ofIdentification of
the Primary Functionthe Primary Function
Identification ofIdentification of
the Primary Functionthe Primary Function
Problem formulationProblem formulation
and analysisand analysis
Problem formulationProblem formulation
and analysisand analysis
Rules for selecting theRules for selecting the
promising system conflictpromising system conflict
Rules for selecting theRules for selecting the
promising system conflictpromising system conflict
Rules for resolvingRules for resolving
system conflictssystem conflicts
Rules for resolvingRules for resolving
system conflictssystem conflicts
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ExampleGoal: Make a faster boat
Problem• Boats must float on water to support their weight
• Water’s viscosity increases with speed, requiring more energy, which slows down the boat
Contradictions (standard problem)
• Weight of moving object
• Speed
• Use of energy by moving
Principle (standard solution)
• Anti-Weight
– To compensate for the weight of an object, merge it with other objects that provide lift
Solution• Raise the boat above water by using lifting surfaces under the boat (hydrofoil boat)
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Basic Concepts of TRIZ
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Systems
All artificial creations are systems
A system is made up of interacting parts and each of these parts, in turn, may consist of smaller parts
Any system is designed to perform functions• Pencil
• Vehicle
• Software
• Service.
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Systems Conflicts
A system can belong to other systems that may impose conflicting requirements on this system
System
System B
System A
System F
System E
System D
System C
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Example of Conflict: Watch Dilemma
• A watch is used for time keeping
• A watch may be used as a status symbol (e.g., gold)
• A watch may be in contact with skin
• Some people experience eczema when gold touches their skin
• This may present a challenge for designers of high-end watches. Time Keeping
PhysiologyStatus
Conflict
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Components of a TRIZ Model
Object (O)• Component to be controlled
Tool (T)• Component that directly controls objects’ parameters
Action (A)• The effect of a tool on an object
Function (F)• Intended action of the tool on the object.
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Basic TRIZ Model
Function
Tool ObjectAction
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Examples of Function
CHAIR BODYSUPPORTS
BARMAN DRINKSMIXES
TEACHER SKILLSIMPARTS
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Types of Functions
Primary Function (PF)
Justifies existence of the system
Example:
Roof of the car protects occupants from the elements
Corporate HR trains employees
Auxiliary Function (AF)
Supports the primary function
Example:
Paint on the car roof protects the roof from the elements
Corporate HR runs and updates enterprise training software
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Auxiliary Functions
Enabling: support the PF• Handle of the hammer
• Procurement (in a manufacturing company)
Enhancing: boost the performance of the PF• Arms of a lounger
• Free technical support
Measuring: gauge the system’s parameters • Control strip on a battery
• Marketing research
Correcting: alleviate/eliminate undesirable effects • Thermal insulation in a beverage container
• Warranty repair.
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Ideal System
Ideal system does not exist as a physical entity, but its function is fully performed
System Object
System Object
Action
Action
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Types of Actions
Inadequate useful action
Absent useful action
Adequate useful action
Harmful actionX
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System Conflict
A system conflict occurs when useful changes in one part of a system make another part inadequate
B
A
Impr
ovem
ent
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Typical System Conflicts
T O
X
T O
X
T O
X
AT
MT
O
X
T
O
EX
e.g., hammer bends the nail
e.g., cutting tool is worn by the workpiece
e.g., engine overheats
e.g., chemical pesticides harm the environment
e.g., coolant corrodes the cutting tool
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TRIZ Value-enhancing Heuristics (examples)
Goal: Resolve system conflicts without compromise
• Eliminate auxiliary tools (AT)
• Introduce auxiliary tool (AT) to eliminate harmful action
• Create new auxiliary functions (PF)
• Eliminate either conflicting component
• Eliminate harmful actions by changing conflicting components
• Identify better main tools (MT) that avoids harmful action.
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Example: Ideality Tactics
T O
X
E
Ideality tactic 3
T O
XIdeality tactic 1
T O
X
Ideality tactic 2T O
XSystem Conflict
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Example: Auxiliary Tool Elimination
T OAction 1
Action 3
T OAction 1
Action 3
T OAction 1
Action 3E
T O
Action 1
Action 3AT
X Action 2
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Contradictions
• 39 Contradictions
• Conditions that lead to system conflicts
• When the same object must be in mutually exclusive states
• A system conflict is caused by a pair of contradictions.
1. Weight of moving object
2. Weight of stationary object
3. Length of moving object
4. Length of stationary object
5. Area of moving object
6. Area of stationary object
7. Volume of moving object
8. Volume of stationary object
9. Speed
10. Force
11. Stress or pressure
12. Shape
13. Stability of the object's composition
14. Strength
1. Weight of moving object
2. Weight of stationary object
3. Length of moving object
4. Length of stationary object
5. Area of moving object
6. Area of stationary object
7. Volume of moving object
8. Volume of stationary object
9. Speed
10. Force
11. Stress or pressure
12. Shape
13. Stability of the object's composition
14. Strength
14. Duration of action by a moving object
15. Duration of action by a stationary object
16. Temperature
17. Illumination intensity
18. Use of energy by moving object
19. Use of energy by stationary object
20. Power
21. Loss of Energy
22. Loss of substance
23. Loss of Information
24. Loss of Time
25. Quantity of substance/the matter
14. Duration of action by a moving object
15. Duration of action by a stationary object
16. Temperature
17. Illumination intensity
18. Use of energy by moving object
19. Use of energy by stationary object
20. Power
21. Loss of Energy
22. Loss of substance
23. Loss of Information
24. Loss of Time
25. Quantity of substance/the matter
27. Reliability
28. Measurement accuracy
29. Manufacturing precision
30. External harm affects the object
31. Object-generated harmful factors
32. Ease of manufacture
33. Ease of operation
34. Ease of repair
35. Adaptability or versatility
36. Device complexity
37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring
38. Extent of automation
39. Productivity
27. Reliability
28. Measurement accuracy
29. Manufacturing precision
30. External harm affects the object
31. Object-generated harmful factors
32. Ease of manufacture
33. Ease of operation
34. Ease of repair
35. Adaptability or versatility
36. Device complexity
37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring
38. Extent of automation
39. Productivity
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Principles
• 40 Principles
• Used to eliminate or resolve conflicts
• General inventive concepts that guide the user toward the solution.
1. Segmentation
2. Taking out
3. Local quality
4. Asymmetry
5. Merging
6. Universality
7. Nested doll
8. Anti-weight
9. Preliminary anti-action
10.Preliminary action
11.Beforehand cushioning
12.Equipotentiality
13.The other way round
1. Segmentation
2. Taking out
3. Local quality
4. Asymmetry
5. Merging
6. Universality
7. Nested doll
8. Anti-weight
9. Preliminary anti-action
10.Preliminary action
11.Beforehand cushioning
12.Equipotentiality
13.The other way round
14. Spheroidality - Curvature
15. Dynamics
16. Partial or excessive actions
17. Another dimension
18. Mechanical vibration
19. Periodic action
20. Continuity of useful action
21. Skipping
22. Blessing in disguise
23. Feedback
24. Intermediary
25. Self-service
26. Copying
14. Spheroidality - Curvature
15. Dynamics
16. Partial or excessive actions
17. Another dimension
18. Mechanical vibration
19. Periodic action
20. Continuity of useful action
21. Skipping
22. Blessing in disguise
23. Feedback
24. Intermediary
25. Self-service
26. Copying
27. Cheap short-living objects
28. Mechanics substitution
29. Pneumatics and hydraulics
30. Flexible shells and thin films
31. Porous materials
32. Color changes
33. Homogeneity
34. Discarding and recovering
35. Parameter changes
36. Phase transitions
37. Thermal expansion
38. Strong oxidants
39. Inert atmosphere
40. Composite materials
27. Cheap short-living objects
28. Mechanics substitution
29. Pneumatics and hydraulics
30. Flexible shells and thin films
31. Porous materials
32. Color changes
33. Homogeneity
34. Discarding and recovering
35. Parameter changes
36. Phase transitions
37. Thermal expansion
38. Strong oxidants
39. Inert atmosphere
40. Composite materials
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Contradiction Matrix
• A system conflict is caused by a pair of contradictions
• The contradiction matrix “points” pairs of contradictions to the applicable principles
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Physical Contradiction & Separation Principle
Same object must be in mutually exclusive physical states
Depending on the state of object C, part A improves, while part B deteriorates, and vice versa
C
B
A
Imp
rove
me
nt
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Separation Principle
Separation in Time
Separation in Space
Separation between the whole and it’s parts
33
TRIZ Examples
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Example: Physical Contradiction
Required
Trade-Offs
Required
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Applying the Separation Principle
Property P at time T1, anti-property -P at time T2
Separation in Time
One part has property P, another part has anti-property -P
Separation in Space
Object has property P, Its components have property -P
Separation between the Whole and its Parts
NoNoNoNo No
NoNoNo
NoNo
No
No
NoNoNoNoNoNoNo No No
No No
No No NoNoNoNo
NoNo
No No No
No No
No No
No
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Example: Efficient Support Spiles
• Foundation supporting spiles
• Contradiction:
– Easy to Drive vs. Good Support
Sharp Spile: Easy to Drive in
Blunt Spile: Good for Support
Compromise
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Problem Formulation
System conflict diagram
GROUND
SHARP SPILE
BUILDING
MOVES EASILY INTO
X SUPPORTS POORLY
GROUND
BLUNT SPILE
BUILDING
X DOESN’T MOVE INTO
SUPPORTS WELL
Principle: Separation in Time
Solution: Separate sharp and blunt effects, in time, to avoid harmful effects
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Compromise-Free TRIZ Solution
Explosive
Sharp when driven in Blunt when supports
Concrete Filled
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Example: Executive Travel Challenge
• Executives traveling by jets
– Private jets
– Commercial airlines
• Contradiction:
– Ease of Travel vs. Economies of Travel
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System Conflict Diagram
INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER
EXECUTIVEJET
CFO
SAVES
X DEPLETES
TIME
COMMER-CIAL
AIRLINE
BUDGET
X WASTES
SAVES
Principle: Separation in Time
Solution: Separate time and budget effects, in time, to avoid harmful effects
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Solution – Joint Ownership
Company A
Company B
Company C
Company D
Company F
Company E
1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6
1/6 1/6
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Merger Dilemma
• In a European country a major bank merged with a major insurance company
• The new company slashed costs by laying off a big chunk of its employees
• This caused former insurance agents tobecome brokers and vice versa
• In that country, people address their investment needs with brokers and their insurance issues with insurance agents
• A broker-insurer was perceived neither as an expert broker nor as a professional underwriter
• This resulted in the diminished loyalty of the individual customers
• The problem persisted for 1½ years, before TRIZ was applied to it.
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System Conflict
Advantage Disadvantage
Reduced operational
costs
Individual clients are alienatedAssociates combine duties
of insurers and brokers
Associates separate duties of insurers and brokers
Loyal individual clients
Increased operational
costs
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System Conflict Diagram
INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER
NARROW SPECIALIST
CFO
PLEASES
X DISPLEASES
INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER
GENERALIST
CFO
X DISPLEASES
PLEASES
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Physical Contradiction
An associate must be a full-time underwriter
An associate must be a full-time broker
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Overcoming the Physical Contradiction
Separation of the conflicting demands in time:• Impractical
– These demands must be maintained all the time
Separation of the conflicting demands in space:• Impractical
– Applied literally, would mean splitting an associate in two
Separation in function:• Practical
– The roles can be separated
Function
A BAction
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Solution
Two groups of associates were formed:
• The first group:
– Larger group
– Entry-level generalists•Proficient in fundamentals of both investment and underwriting
– It’s possible to delegate much of this group’s expertise to a computerized knowledge-base (expert system)
• The second group:
– Smaller group
– Seasoned experts•Assist clients with specific, atypical, and complex inquires
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Example: Alloys Testing Problem
• The corrosive effects of acids on metal alloys are studied in a chamber
• The chamber is filled with an acid, closed and various combinations of temperature and pressure are created inside
• To protect the chamber walls from destruction, they are lined with a corrosion-resistant glass
• When an intense vibration was applied to the chamber, the glass cracked, thus exposing the chamber walls.
Protective coating
Specimens
Chamber
Acid
49CREATIVITY
System Conflict Diagram
ACIDSPECI-MEN
VIBRAT.TABLE
WALLGLASS
VIBRATES
HOLDS
X BREAKS
ETCHES
CONTAINS
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
CONTAINS
Acid
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System Analysis
ACIDSPECI-MEN
VIBRAT.TABLE
WALLGLASS
VIBRATES
HOLDS
X BREAKS
ETCHES
CONTAINS
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
CONTAINS
Auxiliary Tools
Primary Function
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Eliminating Auxiliary Tools
ACIDSPECI-MEN
VIBRAT.TABLE
WALLGLASS
VIBRATES
HOLDS
X BREAKS
ETCHES
CONTAINS
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
CONTAINS
X X
52CREATIVITY
Closing the Loose Ends
ACIDSPECI-MEN
VIBRAT.TABLE
VIBRATES
ETCHES
CONTAINS
VIBRATES
VIBRATES
CONTAINS
Loose Ends!
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Ideal System Diagram
ACIDSPECI-MEN
VIBRAT.TABLEETCHES VIBRATES
VIBRATES
CONTAINS
What can this solution look like?
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Ideal System
Specimen
Acid
Specimen-chamber
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Example: Slowing Traffic Down
Police cars slow highway traffic, but police officers have more critical things to do
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System Conflict Diagram
CAR DRIVER
POLICE CAR
SLOWS
SEES
POLICE OFFICER
CONTROLS
MORE CHALLENGING
TASK
X DOESN’TPERFORM
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Eliminating the Auxiliary Tool
CAR DRIVER
POLICE CAR
X DOESN’T SLOW
X DOESN’T SEE
POLICE OFFICER
DOESN’T CONTROL
MORE CHALLENGING
TASK
PERFORMS
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Focusing on the Primary Action
The driver primarily sees the car surface
CAR DRIVER
POLICE CAR
SLOWS
SEES
CARDRIVER’S
EYES
POLICE CARSURFACE
SLOWS
HITS
INCIDENTLIGHT
REFLECTS
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Solution: A Cut-out
60
TRIZ: IT Adaptation
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Adaptation of TRIZ to IT
Methodology + Knowledge-baseMethodology + Knowledge-base
General
Purpose
General
PurposeEngineering
CentricEngineering
Centric
• IT Terminology
• IT Concepts
• IT Best Practices
• IT Terminology
• IT Concepts
• IT Best Practices
Innovative problem solving tool for ITInnovative problem solving tool for IT
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IT Adaptation
Develop IT equivalents for• Laws of System Evolution
• Principles
• Contradictions
• Contradiction Matrix
ExampleExample
TRIZ Concept IT Analogy
Speed Bandwidth
Temperature Number of users
Power Speed of CPUs
Segmentation Modular design
Inert atmosphere Open Source
Consolidation Parallel processing
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IT Adaptation Guidelines
High level of abstraction• Avoid specific constraints or solutions• Generalized concepts only
Repeatability• Concepts should be repeatable across all similar implementations
Longevity• Avoid the current hypes• Concepts should be long lasting
Multiple domains (but not too many!)• Application development• Business management• Infrastructure• Security
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IT Trend Laws
Law 1• IT advances in a direction to provide as much access to
information, in as many modes, forms, and granularity, as possible
Law 2• IT advances in a direction to automate as many tasks as possible
Corollary• IT invariably creates unmanageable complexity
Law 3• IT advances in a direction to simply itself.
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IT Adaptation Examples
ContradictionsContradictions• Accuracy
• Adaptability / Versatility
• Amount of Data
• Ease of Use
• Loss of Data
• Production Risk
• Reliability / Robustness
• Stability
• System Complexity
• System Generated Harmful Effects
PrinciplesPrinciples• Segment
– Normalization
– Software agents
– Divide an organization
– Use temporary staff
• Self Service
– Re-hire retired workers
– Quality circles
• Prior Action
– Use off-peak time to pre-compute answers
– Define data integrity
LawsLaws• IT systems evolve in a direction to increase information visibility
• IT systems evolve in a direction to automate tasks
• IT systems evolve in a direction to simplify operationsUnlike laws of physics (traditional TRIZ), IT laws can be dynamic
General
Conflicts
General
Solutions