Tropentag_2012.pdf

7/25/2019 Tropentag_2012.pdf

1/527

Tropentag 2012International Research on Food Security, Natural

Resource Management and Rural Development

Resilience of agricultural systemsagainst crises

Book of abstracts

Editor:Eric Tielkes

Reviewers/scientific committee: Renate Brger-Arndt, Andreas Brkert,Claus Peter Czerny, Alexandra zum Felde, Jska Gerends, Oliver Hensel,

Dirk Hlscher, Christian Hlsebusch, Brigitte Kaufmann, Christoph Kleinn,Ronald Khne, Christian Lambertz, Bjrn Niere, Zbynek Polesny,Eva Schlecht, Anthony Whitbread, Meike Wollni

Editorial assistance:Mareike Aufderheide, Clemens Voigts


2/527

Impressum

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der DeutschenNationalbibliografie; detailierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet berhttp://dnb.ddb.deabrufbar.

Die Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloguing in Publication-Data (CIP)

Tropentag 2011, Book of AbstractsBiophysical and Socio-economic Frame Conditions for the Sustainable Managementof Natural Resources: International research on food security, natural resourcemanagement and rural development, Hamburg.Hrsg.: Eric Tielkes

ISBN: 978-3-9801686-7-0

Online-Version:

http://www.tropentag.deSatz:LATEX 2

Verlag: DITSL GmbH, Witzenhausen, Germany /http://www.ditsl.orgGerman Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics

Druck:

Print & Mail (PRIMA), Allendeplatz 1, 20146 Hamburg

Oktober 2011- 1. Auflage

Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Ohne ausdrckliche Genehmigung der Hrsg. ist es nichtgestattet, das Buch oder Teile daraus auf fotomechanischem Weg (Fotokopie,Mikrokopie) zu vervielfltigen.

The authors of the articles are solely responsible for the content of their contribution.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permissionof the copyright owners.
http://dnb.ddb.de/http://www.tropentag.de/http://www.ditsl.org/http://www.ditsl.org/http://www.tropentag.de/http://dnb.ddb.de/


3/527

Preface

The annual TROPENTAG, the largest European conference of scientists working inTropical and Subtropical Agricultural and Natural Resource Management, rotatesbetween the universities of Bonn, Gttingen, Hohenheim, Kassel-Witzenhausen,Hamburg, ETH Zurich and the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague.

On-going organisational support for the event is provided by the German Institute forTropical and Subtropical Agriculture (DITSL) in Witzenhausen and the Council forTropical and Subtropical Research (ATSAF e.V.) in co-operation with the GIZ Ad-visory Service on Agricultural Research for Development (BEAF). Mr. Dirk Niebel,Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is the patron ofTROPENTAG 2012.

TROPENTAG provides a unique platform for scientific and personal exchange for awide spectrum of the science and development community from students to junior

and senior scientists and to development experts and funding organisations. Thisdevelopment-oriented community values TROPENTAG as an interdisciplinary scien-tific event with attendees from 80+ countries contributing to the stimulating debate.

TROPENTAG 2012 takes place on the central campus of the Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen on 19-21 September. It has been jointly organised by the Fac-ulty of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen and the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Uni-versity of Kassel (Witzenhausen).

The theme of the 2012 conference is Resilience of Agricultural Systems AgainstCrises. This is a particularly relevant theme in todays world with most of the 2 bil-lion poorest people who face on-going food insecurity being smallholder farmers liv-ing in tropical environments. Sustainably producing food and fibre in the face ofclimate change, population growth, urbanisation and social change requires innova-tive and systems based research to help people living in rural and urban areas buildresilient and food secure livelihoods. With the current focus of many development

initiatives on intensification strategies for favourable environments, research and de-velopment efforts are lacking to support the highly vulnerable communities locatedin fragile, remote and usually semi-arid to arid regions. It is in these environments

3


4/527

that the effects of inadequate system resilience are most acute. This conference willprovide the platform for discussing and planning new research and development ini-tiatives.

From the many abstracts received, a panel of reviewers selected contributions thatpresent new information on:

How agricultural systems can be made more resilient to cope with crises suchas high climate variability, volatile markets, biotic and abiotic stresses.

What do resilient farming systems look like? Scientific approaches that are practical, innovative, scalable and integrative. Model approaches that provide insights to system resilience.

These aspects will be addressed in TROPENTAG 2012 by several internationallyrenowned keynote speakers, via 19 oral sessions presenting almost 100 talks and 24guided poster sessions presenting 360 posters. A special session to commemoratethe International Center for Tropical Agricultures (CIAT) 45th anniversary is alsoplanned.

Our special thanks goes to the Universities of Gttingen and Kassel for providingsubstantial financial and logistical support, and TROPENTAGs regular donors whosefinancial contributions ensure conference costs are kept low.

We welcome you to the university town of Gttingen and wish you an enjoyable andrewarding stay

The organising committee of the TROPENTAG 2012

Prof. Dr. Anthony Whitbread (Gttingen)Prof. Dr. Andreas Buerkert (Kassel-Witzenhausen)

Dr. Esther Fichtler (Gttingen)Dr. Christian Hlsebusch (DITSL - Witzenhausen)Prof. Dr. Christoph Kleinn (Gttingen)Prof. Dr. Eva Schlecht (Kassel-Witzenhausen/Gttingen)Dr. Eric Tielkes (DITSL - Witzenhausen)Dr. Christian Lambertz (Gttingen)Prof. Dr. Dr. Claus-Peter Czerny (Gttingen)

Gttingen, September 2012

4


5/527

Message

Almost one billion people worldwide suffer from hunger. Another billion are mal-nourished. This is an unacceptable situation. By 2050, we will probably have tofeed nine billion people while taking care not to overstretch our planets ecologicalcapacity.

Hunger and malnutrition have many causes. One central cause is undoubtedly thefact that agricultural productivity in most developing countries is too low to give themajority of the rural poor adequate income opportunities or to ensure food securityfor them. This is the very factor that we need to address. So when I assumed officein 2009, I made rural development and food security a political priority of the FederalMinistry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) again, considerably in-creasing the Ministrys financial commitments in the sector. The volume of relevantcommitments is now more than 700 million euros a year. This is more than 10 percent of my Ministrys total budget.

The Tropentagis a renowned international forum for development and agriculturalresearch experts to share information and experience as well as knowledge. Numer-ous organisations and experts from a variety of fields from more than 80 countriesare represented. The event provides a good networking opportunity, especially foryounger experts. It is intellectual input of this kind that makes a huge difference inwhether development policy and development cooperation are successful or not. Soit was my pleasure to accept the role of patron for thisTropentag.

The three departments that are jointly organising this years Tropentag(the Facultyof Agricultural Sciences and the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology ofGttingen University and the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of Kassel Uni-versity) all look back on a long tradition of research and teaching. Time and again,they have accepted new challenges. And they are leaders when it comes to interdisci-plinary research.

This years topic, Resilience of Agricultural Systems against Crises, is a highly top-

ical issue. Small farmers in particular are vulnerable to risks such as drought, floods,erosion, plant disease and pests. But if small farmers capacity is enhanced in linewith needs, there are many ways in which they can deal effectively with such risks.

5


6/527

Development-oriented agricultural research can contribute decisively to enhanced re-silience, for example through the breeding of drought-tolerant plant varieties.

For many years now, the BMZ has been supporting development-oriented agriculturalresearch at international agricultural research centers with an approximate 20 millioneuros per year. In all these projects, partners from German research institutions arepart of the effort. We will further increase our efforts to transform the valuable, en-couraging outcomes of international agricultural research in such a way that they caninform agricultural practice in our partner countries. This is especially true for the out-comes of agricultural research with regard to adaptation to climate change. I clearlyhighlighted this need in the Ten-point Programme for Rural Development and FoodSecurity which I presented in the beginning of this year. We have now launched a

Technical Cooperation project to address this issue.

I wish theTropentagevery success. I am convinced that its participants dedication toresearch, their capacity for innovation and their creativity will contribute a great dealto the improvement of global food security.

Dirk NiebelFederal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development

6


7/527

Contents

Plenary speeches 9

I Animals 131) Pastoralism and rangelands 15

2) Animal breeding and health 35

3) Monogastric production systems 53

4) Ruminant husbandry systems 71

II Plants and Soils 851) Cropping systems and environment 87

2) Crop biotic stresses (DPG session) 117

3) Cropping systems to maintain soil quality and available soil moisture 143

4) Mineral fertilisation and resilience of cropping systems 169

5) Innovations in cropping systems 185

a) Cropping systems and environment II 225

e) Innovations in cropping systems II 227

III Forestry 2291) Forestry 231

2) Agroforestry 261

a) Forestry II 281

IV Socioeconomics 2831) High-value markets 285

2) Innovation adoption and agricultural productivity 3073) Rural development 333

4) Knowledge, learning and extension 357

5) Food security and adaptation 379

V Engineering 3991) Innovations in agricultural engineering 401

2) Water and energy 409

3) Post-harvest technology 4174) Food, health and nutrition 431

7


8/527

VI Modelling 4391) Systems modelling 441

a) Systems modelling II 481

VII Development Cooperation 4831) Soils and resilience (CIAT session) 485

2) Central issues on resilience of agricultural systems against crises(GIZ session) 495

3) Poetry route 499

Index of Authors 501

Index of Keywords 513

8


9/527

Plenary speeches

ACHIMDOBERMANN:Looking Ahead: Mega Trends in the Rice Sector 10DEBORAHBOSSIO:Soils and Resilience, Much More Than a Slow Variable 11RODOMIROORTIZ:Agrobiodiversity Management for Food Security 12

9


10/527

Looking Ahead: Mega Trends in the Rice Sector

ACHIMDOBERMANNInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines

Contrary to earlier predictions, global consumption of rice has hovered around 65 kgper capita since the early 1990s. So far, the global rice equation has not changed muchyet: for every additional 1 billion people on Earth, we need to produce another 100million tons of rice (paddy). Future demand, but also how rice and other food will begrown, will depend on structural transformation processes such as a declining shareof agriculture in gross domestic product and employment, rural to urban migration,the rise of an industrial and service economy, and demographic transitions from highrates of birth and death to low rates.Some mega trends are already emerging in the rice sector. Land is scare and inputscosts have risen, requiring further increases in productivity as well as greater effi-ciency of labour, water, fertiliser and energy. This also provides an incentive for moreskilful, more precise agriculture through one can also better adapt to the environment,or even control parts of it. Rural to urban migration has made labour in the agricul-tural sector scarce and expensive, driving mechanisation as well as the developmentof new service sectors. Traditional smallholder farm management is being replacedwith outsourcing of farming operations or the formation of small enterprises. Ricevalue chains are becoming more tightly integrated because processors and consumers

demand more information and control over how food is being produced. Farmers in-creasingly turn to the private sector as a source of information, but also as a directbuyer of rice and other products, requiring to produce agricultural raw materials withnew, higher standards. Access to interactive, tailored information is greatly increas-ing, creating wider communication networks.Rice science needs to be re-oriented towards these mega trends. We need to anticipatewhat is needed 10 or 20 years from now, and we need to take full advantage of thesenew opportunities, particularly in developing countries.

Keywords:Agriculture, mega trends, rice, transformation

Contact Address: Achim Dobermann, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777,Metro Manila, Philippines, e-mail:[email protected]

10
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]


11/527

Invited Paper

Soils and Resilience, Much More Than a Slow Variable

DEBORAHBOSSIOInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Kenya

In resilience science soil properties are classified as a slow variable or a factor thatchanges slowly in response to long-term processes. These slow variablesin part deter-mine the resilience of an ecosystem. The slow variable concept in resilience is muchtoo limited a lens to understand the role of soil in resilience of agricultural systemsand livelihoods. Panarchy theory enriches this simple concept by using the metaphorof the adaptive cycle, that better explains why apparently stable systems may becomeunstable quite rapidly and how drivers from other domains (social, economic, insti-tutional) may critically affect ecological processes. In this paper we explore the roleof soils in resilience by taking a view through the holistic lens of ecosystem services.A whole range of services depends on soil function - water cycles - carbon cycles- nutrient cycles. These ecosystem services, in cases where human and ecologicalsystems are closely coupled, such as small scale farming communities in developingcountries, directly impact the resilience of the population. It is possible to understandresilience and the role of soil function and soil health better by breaking down the el-ements that can be considered contributing to resilience - response diversity, adaptivecapacity and ecological buffering capacity.

Keywords:Resilience science, soil science

Contact Address:Deborah Bossio, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), P.O. Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya, e-mail: [email protected]

11


12/527

Agrobiodiversity Management for Food Security

RODOMIROORTIZSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Plant Breeding and Biotechnology,

Sweden

World population increases by approximately 78 million people annually. About 1billion humans suffer from hunger and 3 billion malnourished people live with


13/527

Animals

1) Pastoralism and rangelands 152) Animal breeding and health 353) Monogastric production systems 534) Ruminant husbandry systems 71

13


14/527

Animals

14


15/527

Pastoralism and rangelands

Invited Paper 17MARIO YOUNAN, DAVID M. MWANGI, E. NJUGUNA, WILLIDHNEN:Strengthening Resilience of Pastoralists through Improved Eco-nomic Integration 17

Oral Presentations 18STEFANIECHRISTMANN, ADE NAW-HASSAN:Increased Climate Change Resilience of Semi-Arid RegionsBased on Collective Environmental Governance with Land-scape Approach 18HAMIDREZAANSARI-RENANI, BARBARARISCHKOWSKY, JOAQUINMUELLER, SEYEDMOJTABASEYEDMOUMEN, SEPEHRMORADI:Nomadic Pastoralism in Southern Iran 19MENGISTUALEMAYEHU, TILAHUNAMEDE, MICHAELBHME,

KURT

-JOHANNES

PETERS

:Collective Management on Communal Grazing Lands: ItsImpact on Herbage Production and Land Degradation in theUpper Blue Nile Basin, Northwestern Ethiopia 20CRISTIANANBALMORENOGARCA, JRGENSCHELLBERG,FRANK EWERT, ANJA LINSTDTER, JAN RUPPERT, SUSANAB. PERELMAN:Responses of Communities Plant Functional Traits Along Graz-ing Gradients on South African Rangelands 21

Posters 22OME R ABDELHADI, SALIH BABIKER, IBRAHIM BUSHARA,AHMEDIDRIS, BERNARDFAYE, CLAUDIAK IJORA:Strategies of El-Kababish Camel Herders to Cope with Ad-verse Climate Conditions in Sudan 22THANAMMALRAVICHANDRAN, NIL STEUFEL, MICHAELBL M-ME L, ANDRMARKEMANN, ANN EVALLEZRATE:Can an Improved Dual Purpose Groundnut Cultivar IncreaseMilk Production in Crop-Livestock Systems in India? 23

LENARATHJEN, JAN PFISTER, FOLKARDASCH:Effects of Management Practices on Carbon Allocation in theSemi-Arid Savannahs of the Borana Region, Ethiopia 24

15


16/527

Animals

SABINEBAUMGARTNER, ANNAC. TREYDTE, RINAGRANT:Mammalian Herbivores as Designers of African SavannahEcosystems 25

NOUHOUNZAMPALIGR, EVASCHLECHT:Comparative Analysis of Ruminant Grazing Itineraries andForaging Behaviour Across Three Agro-ecological Zones ofBurkina Faso 26

ESTANISLAO DA Z FAL, MIGUEL NGEL BRIZUELA, DIT-MARBERNARDOKURTZ, MARCUSGIESE, FOLKARDASCH:Cattle and Sheep Foraging Behaviour in a Heterogeneous Sub-tropical Grassland 27

BRITTAM. BSING, UTADICKHOEFER, JUNHAO, LIJUNLIN ,KATRINMLLER, CHENGJIEWANG, THOMASGLINDEMANN,ANDREASSUSENBETH:Ecological and Economical Aspects of the Intensity of SheepGrazing in the Inner Mongolian Steppe 28

JUNHAO, BRITTAM. BSING, L IJUNLIN , ANDREASSUSEN-BETH, UTADICKHOEFER:Effects of Alternating versus Continuous Grazing on FeedIntake and Performance of Sheep in the Inner MongolianSteppe, China 29

TERRYANSAH, HANNEHELENEHANSEN, EMMANUELL. K.OSAFO, IDAK. HINDERICHSEN:Variety, Harvest Date after Planting, and Fraction of NapierGrass Influencein vitroGas Production 30

MARTHALUCAMOLANO, MARIALUISACORTEZ, PATRICIAAVILA, SIRIWANMARTENS, LUZ STELLAMUOZ:NIRS Prediction of Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD)of Tropical Forages 31

ITISHREEPATTNAIK, JHARNAPATHAK:Issues and Challenges of Current Agricultural Patterns in In-dia: A Step Towards Sustainability 32SHANGZHANHUAN, R.J. LONG, L.M. DING , X.S. GUO :Rangelands Ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau: their CurrentStatus and Sustainable Development Strategies 33

16


17/527

Pastoralism and rangelands Invited Paper

Strengthening Resilience of Pastoralists through ImprovedEconomic Integration

MARIOYOUNAN1 , DAVIDM. MWANGI2, E. NJUGUNA2, WILLIDHNEN1

1Vtrinaires sans Frontires Germany (VsF G), Kenya2Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (KARI), Kenya

Many arid and semiarid environments are rapidly approaching a precarious ecologicalstate. The session on Pastoralism and Rangelands will look at potential solutionsfor a range of problems that affect pastoralist livestock production at present; theseinclude:1. The need for an ecologically balanced Natural Resource Management in the faceof rapidly increasing human and livestock numbers in the drylands, sustainable utili-

sation of tropical rangelands being a major focus for this session2. The need to improve market access and provide a more robust marketing infrastruc-ture (agricultural value chain approach, public-private partnerships in the managementof livestock markets)3. Workable mechanisms to buffer pastoralist livelihoods against external shocks(Early warning systems, Livestock insurances)4. Full utilisation of new opportunities created through the advance of modern com-munication technology, banking services and electronic cash transfer systems in re-mote regions

This paper proposes that increased and more stable incomes are a major contribu-tion to buffer pastoralist households against external shocks and to strengthen theresilience of pastoralist communities. Too little has been done to improve market ac-cess, to lower transaction costs and to improve the profitability of producing and sell-ing animals and livestock commodities in pastoralist regions. Insufficient economicintegration and poor market access perhaps pose the same risk to pastoralist liveli-hoods as the losses related to environmental degradation, recurrent natural disastersand climate change. Based on experiences by VSF-Germany, KARI and other de-velopment actors in the pastoralist regions of Kenya and Somalia we review selected

development interventions in terms of their economic viability and their impact oneconomic integration and incomes of pastoralist households.

Keywords: Agricultural value chain approach, early warning systems, livestock in-surances, natural resource management

Contact Address: Mario Younan, Vtrinaires sans Frontires Germany (VsF G), Nairobi, Kenya,e-mail:[email protected]

17


18/527

Animals

Increased Climate Change Resilience of Semi-Arid Regions Basedon Collective Environmental Governance with Landscape

Approach

STEFANIECHRISTMANN, ADENAW-HASSANInternational Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria

For 20 years seasonal grazing has been discontinued in semi-desert areas of Uzbek-istan. As a result the region faces significant loss of important perennial shrubs andforage plants. Rangeland degradation puts livelihoods at risk. Additionally climatechange 40 % above global average indicates rapid governance changes. Current pro-duction systems are already and will be even more threatened by water scarcity, in-creasing number of days with very high temperature causing partial crop failure, hails

and strong rains effecting devastating mudflows from eroded foothills. Present cop-ing strategies are commuting of men in labour age and out migration of youth, as anindividual adaptation is hardly possible.Facilitated by participatory research, local communities in three villages overcametheir deep rooted fatalistic acquiescence in the tragedy of the commons leading fore-seeable to an environment that cannot sustain livelihoods anymore. Local populationis now ready to introduce new collective governance systems including share of tasksand benefits, enforcement of rules and management tools in common rangelands andon foothills. Villages developed a common purpose to collectively rehabilitate their

ecosystems. Results from two participatory socio-economic research projects in dif-ferent areas of Uzbekistan are presented. One village decided to introduce spatialplanning, reforest foothills, stop free grazing, start collective forage production onrangelands based on social fencing and start alternative income options. Two othervillages decided to establish pastoral user groups, fenced seed isles and seasonal graz-ing on limited rangelands based on strictly prohibited free grazing. In these two vil-lages during last 15 years rangeland degradation had induced a shift from collectiveuse of rangelands for small ruminants towards individual cattle rearing based on for-age production on up to 80 % of the household plot. This will be terminated by climate

change induced severe future water scarcity. Now villagers try to shift back to collec-tive rangeland use for sheep and towards diversification on their household plots.The findings show (1) critical importance of an integrated ecosystems research anddevelopment approach with clear focus on collective landscape governance, (2) re-markable self-help-potential of local communities if it is addressed adequately, (3) im-portance of a process of social learning over some period.

Keywords:Climate change adaptation, fenced seed isles, pastoral user group

Contact Address:Stefanie Christmann, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas(ICARDA), ICARDA-CAC (Regional Program for Central Asia and the Caucasus), Tashkent, Uzbek-istan, e-mail:[email protected]

18


19/527

Pastoralism and rangelands Oral Presentations

Nomadic Pastoralism in Southern Iran

HAMIDREZ AANSARI-RENANI1, BARBARAR ISCHKOWSKY2, JOAQUINMUELLER3 , SEYEDMOJTABASEYEDMOUMEN1, SEPEHRMORADI1

1Animal Science Research Institute, Animal By-product, Iran2International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria3National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Animal Production, Argentina

The nomadic pastoralist system in Baft district, Kerman province, is well known inIran for producing cashmere from Raeini goats. However, there is little informationon the production system. Interviews were carried out with 30 Siahjel nomad fami-lies of Raen origin in proximity of about 20 km to Baft in 2010 to characterize theproduction system considering family labour force, work sharing, livestock numbers,management and marketing practices, and diseases. The nomads move their livestockover large distances within the rangelands of the region from May to November andthe majority migrates to the South during winter and early spring. 87 % of nomad fam-ilies stay and manage their animals together with one or more other related families.All household heads are males, and only 17 % at maximum 30 years old. All fam-ily members are involved in raising livestock; male family members and hired labourdominate the physically harder jobs like shepherding and breeding, and women are in-volved in milking and caring. 80 % of the animals are owned by adult or young males,none by daughters. Siahjel nomads mainly rely on goats and average proportion of

goats, sheep and monodactyl per family are 89 %, 8 % and 3 %, respectively. Adultbreeding females constituted with 44 % the largest group within the goat herds, fe-male yearlings, bucks and male yearlings constituted 12 %, 8 % and 7 %, respectively.The rationale for keeping a high number of males may be related to their higher pro-duction of cashmere. Diseases accounted for 57 % of adult and 88 % of young animaldeaths. The most prevalent diseases were enterotoxaemia, foot and mouth disease,pneumonia, agalactia and diarrhoea. Animal sales, meat, cashmere and milk produc-tion are the major reasons for keeping goats. Nomads sell their animals directly toabattoirs or butchers whenever cash is needed. While 41 % and 32 % of nomad farm-

ers receive cashmere marketing information from traders and neighbouring farms,14 % and 13 % of farmers receive their information from livestock associations andmarkets, respectively. Rangeland is the main source of feeding (85 %), the remaining15 % are provided by stubble grazing.

Keywords:Livestock, herd management, nomads, products, rangelands

Contact Address:Hamid Reza Ansari-Renani, Animal Science Research Institute, Animal By-product,Dehghaniviall St., 31585-1483 Karadj, Iran, e-mail:[email protected]

19


20/527

Animals

Collective Management on Communal Grazing Lands: Its Impacton Herbage Production and Land Degradation in the Upper Blue

Nile Basin, Northwestern Ethiopia

MENGISTUALEMAYEHU1, TILAHUNAMEDE2, MICHAELBHME3,KURT-JOHANNESPETERS1

1Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Crops and Livestock Sciences, Germany2International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ethiopia3Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Horticultural Plant Systems, Germany

Collective action on communal grazing land has evolved in the highlands of north-western Ethiopia to mitigate the critical problem of land degradation caused by over-grazing and to ensure sustainable production of natural pasture mainly for draught

oxen feeding. However, large portions of the communal grazing lands are still man-aged under free grazing which has been practised continuously in the past. This studywas undertaken to assess impacts of three different types of grazing land management(GLM) viz. a) freely open communal GLM, b) traditional collective management ofcommunal grazing land locally named as yebere sar GLM and c) private holdingGLM. These were coupled with two slope gradients (


21/527

Pastoralism and rangelands Oral Presentations

Responses of Communities Plant Functional Traits Along GrazingGradients on South African Rangelands

CRISTIANANBALMORENOGARCA1, JRGENSCHELLBERG1, FRANK

EWERT1, ANJA L INSTDTER2, JAN RUPPERT2, SUSANAB. PERELMAN31University of Bonn, Inst. Crop Sci. and Res. Conserv. (INRES), Germany2University of Cologne, Range Ecology and Range Management, Germany3Universidad de Buenos Aires, Institute for Agricultural Plant Physiology and Ecology

(IFEVA), Argentina

Vegetation communities fulfill certain tasks in the ecosystem which can be expressedby their plant functional traits. By representing species of plant communities withtheir trait attributes rather than by species names, one can focus on the ecological

functions and on the adopted plant strategies of communities which success underimposed conditions of the environment. In rangelands of South Africa we studiedthe response of Community Plant Functional Traits (CPFT) to grazing gradients ontransects which started at the water point on grazing land. One transect per farmwas established and along each transect, six plots (5 m 5 m) were placed at equaldistances.We found that the trait-line sampling, a taxon-free method, was appropriate to record15 CPFT in both standing biomass and on the regrowth. Close to water points graz-ing was more intense. Here, plant communities exhibited higher specific leaf area

and higher leaf nitrogen content suggesting a higher photosynthetic capacity. Fur-thermore, communities close to water points exhibited less cell wall components (cel-lulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) similarly favoring capture of photosyntheticallyactive radiation. Communities exposed to intense and frequent grazing are successfulby possessing quick-return strategy of nutrients invested into leaf tissues via higherrates of light capture.We conclude that in these so-called sacrifice areas on livestock farms (or piosphere)there is an ecological niche for vegetation communities with quick-return strategieswhich are not only well adapted to intense and frequent grazing but also provide

forage of high quality to the benefit of animal husbandry.Keywords:Piosphere, plant strategies, taxon-free method, vegetation communities

Contact Address: Cristian Anbal Moreno Garca, University of Bonn, Inst. Crop Sci. and Res. Con-serv. (INRES), Katzenburgweg 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

21


22/527

Animals

Strategies of El-Kababish Camel Herders to Cope with AdverseClimate Conditions in Sudan

OME RABDELHADI1, SALIHBABIKER2 , IBRAHIMBUSHARA3, AHMEDIDRIS4,

BERNARDFAYE5, CLAUDIAKIJORA61University of Kordofan, Animal Science, Sudan2University of Khartoum, Meat Production, Sudan3Dalanj University, Dept. of Animal Production, Sudan4Peace University, Animal Production and Range, Sudan5Centre de Coop. Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement

(CIRAD), France6Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Dept. of Animal Breeding in the Tropics and Subtrop-

ics, Germany

The study aimed to study strategies of El-Kababish camel herders to cope with ad-verse climate conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan. A total of 122 farmersowing 10,386 heads were randomly selected and a semi-structured questionnaire wasapplied in 4 different areas (Sodary, Jabra, Umgrfa and Almuwelih) dominated bycamel herders. The results indicated that 59 % of camel farmers were owners, while41 % were shepherds. Illiteracy among camel owners and shepherd was 49 % and56 %, respectively. Camel herders divided their camels in small herds with an averagesize of 85 37.2 heads which were distributed into different regions as a mean of

avoiding diseases and nutritional crises. Herders tended to keep high percentages ofbreeding females (74.2 %) while breeding males amounted for 25.2 % in the differentherds. The majority of herders (49.2 %) were found to rear camels only while someherders raised sheep and goats separately besides camels. Seasonal migration to thenorthern and southern parts of the state lasted on average 6 1.2 months, dependingon the availability of water and pasture. The watering interval was long during winterand short during summer which enabled wide utilisation of rangeland. Castration ofmales was practised for fattening purposes by 40 % of the farmers. The intervieweesreported the presence of twelve camel diseases, and local knowledge was extensively

practised to combat diseases.Keywords:Camel, slimate conditions, El-Kababish herders, seasonal migration

Contact Address: Omer Abdelhadi, University of Kordofan, Animal Science, 716 Khartoum, Sudan,e-mail:[email protected]

22


23/527

Pastoralism and rangelands Posters

Can an Improved Dual Purpose Groundnut Cultivar IncreaseMilk Production in Crop-Livestock Systems in India?

THANAMMALRAVICHANDRAN1 , NILS TEUFEL1, MICHAELBLMMEL1, ANDR

MARKEMANN2, ANNEVALLEZRATE21International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), India2University of Hohenheim, Dept. of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics,

Germany

Groundnut is an important crop in dry areas of South Asia where it is grown foroil production. In addition, it also serves as valuable source of livestock fodder. InAnantapur, one of the poorest districts in southern India, groundnuts occupy 70-80 %of the cropped area. A new groundnut cultivar ICGV 91114, developed by scientists

from ICRISAT1 and ILRI2, with superior grain and fodder traits, was introduced tothis district in 2003. The present study was designed to capture the impact of this newcultivar on milk production on farm compared to the dominant traditional cultivarTMV 2.Two participatory feeding trials were conducted with 52 farmers from 4 villages, an-imals with average milk yield of 2-5 l day-1. First, 17 dairy animals were fed withgroundnut fodder harvested in the rainy season (July to November) together othercommon feeds (rice straw, rice bran, broken rice etc.). The animals were offered onegroundnut fodder variety for 10 days and then fed with the other groundnut fodder

variety for the following 10 days, keeping the overall feeding regime constant. Sub-sequently, a similar experiment was conducted with 37 animals and groundnut haulmsharvested during the winter season (January to April). Milk yields and feed amountswere recorded daily. Milk composition was analysed locally while feed samples wereanalysed by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectography at ILRI.The results show no significant effect on milk yield of groundnut cultivars based onkharif fodder. However, for winter fodder a significant increase in milk yield (400 g)can be attributed to feeding ICGV91114. This is supported by the laboratory analysiswhich for this season shows higher levels of nitrogen, metabolisable energy and lower

lignin and fibre content compared to the traditional cultivar. In contrast, the quality ofhaulms from both cultivars harvested in the rainy season was poor, possibly becauseof rain damage. The results highlight the potential of including the nutritional qualityof crop residues in crop breeding programmes. However, the results of the presentstudy may not be generalised due to the small scale of the trials.

Keywords:Dual purpose crop, feeding trial, groundnut, mixed farming

Contact Address: Thanammal Ravichandran, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), In-ternational Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 904 Aggarwal Corporate Tower Rajendra Place,110008 New Delhi, India, e-mail:[email protected]

23


24/527

Animals

Effects of Management Practices on Carbon Allocation in theSemi-Arid Savannahs of the Borana Region, Ethiopia

LENARATHJEN, JAN PFISTER, FOLKARDASC HUniversity of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and

Subtropics, Germany

Grassland systems cover 3.9 billion ha, 25 % of the earths terrestrial area, and could,according to FAO (2009), sequester up to 2 GT CO2 equivalents worldwide if ap-propriate management of vegetation and soil resources would be applied. Carbon isstored in different pools: dead and alive biomass like plant roots in the soil, and livingbiomass (grasses, shrubs and trees) and litter aboveground.Livestock production has been a major source of income generation and food security

in the semi-arid savannahs of the Borana region, Ethiopia, ever since. The dependencyon traditional livestock-based pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods under ecologicaland economic pressures (droughts, population growth, overgrazing, etc.) is no longersufficient to sustain food security. To overcome vulnerability of these communities,diversification of income is of crucial importance. Payment for environmental ser-vices (PES) based on reduction of carbon emissions and carbon allocation linked tolivestock production could be one tool to diversify income of the vulnerable group ofBorana pastoralists. Range and herd management may have exceptional impacts oncarbon fluxes in the grass- and bush-land savannahs of southern Ethiopia.

Four vegetation types; namely grassland, tree savannah, bush land and tree-grass-bushsavannah, have been distinguished in the research area. The pastoralists differentiatebetween year-round and seasonal grazing by installing enclosures. Seasonal grazingpatterns were found in grass and tree savannah. Therefore, five 900 m2 plots each werelocated in year-round grazed and seasonally-used grass and tree land. Soil sampleswere taken in four different depths up to 100 cm to analyse for total carbon, soilorganic matter and soil organic carbon content as well as to examine bulk density, pHand texture of the soil. Aboveground biomass was harvested and tree biomass wascalculated by using allometric equations. A regression analysis was run to portray

changes in organic carbon pools and allocation across vegetation type, managementpractice and soil depth.The results will help to evaluate the impact of management practices on carbon fluxesin the soil and on aboveground biomass production. Carbon allocation processes willbe better understood and information can be used to improve these grazing systemstowards higher sustainability and crisis resilience.

Keywords:Carbon allocation, enclosure, grazing, savannah, vegetation type

Contact Address: Lena Rathjen, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production and Agroecol-ogy in the Tropics and Subtropics, Garbenstrae 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

24
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/[email protected]


25/527


Mammalian Herbivores as Designers of African SavannahEcosystems

SABINEBAUMGARTNER1 , ANNAC. TREYDTE1, RINAGRANT2

1University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and

Subtropics, Germany2Scientific Services, South Africa

African savannahs support a large proportion of the worlds human population, heav-ily relying on resources provided by an intact savannah. Mammalian herbivory is oneof the major factors regulating savannah ecosystems. However, research quantifyingand comparing the impact of domestic and wild mammalian herbivore assemblagesand their densities on the vegetation is rare. In the Kruger National Park (KNP) and

adjacent communal grazing lands we assessed the vegetation under different grazingand browsing regimes in a close-to-natural savannah versus communal grazing land.We studied woody plant species composition and structure under browser presenceand absence. We additionally analysed herbaceous vegetation and soil properties tounderstand the role of grazer densities and assemblage types.We found that herbaceous species richness was higher on communal farmlands com-pared to protected areas inside Kruger Park, as was forb cover. The lowest Shan-non Wiener diversity index was found under mono-specific grazing at wildlife andlivestock sites. Grass leaf nutrient content was significantly higher and annual grass

species were less abundant under multi-species wildlife and livestock herbivory. In-side KNP, the mono-specific site showed with 311 trees ha-1 and 140 trees ha-1 thehighest density of bushes and small trees. In contrast, bush density at the livestocksites was found to be higher under multi-species herbivory, whereas small tree densitywas significantly lower there.Our research showed that certain grass species were strongly resistant against highmono-specific grazing pressure. Multi-species herbivory in contrast decreased pres-sure on herbaceous vegetation, enhanced biodiversity and improved grass quality.Bush and small tree growth could efficiently be suppressed by multi-species her-

bivory. Different herbivore assemblages show strong impacts on vegetation and soilconditions, thus, play an important role as designers of savannah ecosystems.

Keywords:Biodiversity, bush encroachement, herbaceous community, herbivore as-semblage, savannah

Contact Address: Sabine Baumgartner, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production andAgroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail: [email protected]

25


26/527

Animals

Comparative Analysis of Ruminant Grazing Itineraries andForaging Behaviour Across Three Agro-ecological Zones of

Burkina Faso

NOUHOUNZAMPALIGR, EVASCHLECHTUniversity of Kassel / Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Animal Husbandry in the

Tropics and Subtropics, Germany

Mobility is key for livestock production in the agro-pastoral systems of West Africa.Population growth and increased climatic risk of crop failure lead to cropland expan-sion which affects herd mobility and access to forage resources to varying degreesacross agro-ecological zones. Therefore we studied the spatio-temporal variation inthe use of grazing areas and the foraging time of ruminants in the southern Sahelian,

northern and southern Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso by monitoring three herds eachof cattle, goats and sheep in three village territories during a one-year cycle. Grazingroutes were tracked using a Global Positioning System; coordinates logged at 10 sintervals were overlaid on land use maps from where time and activity on differentland units was derived.Maximum itinerary lengths (km/d) were observed in the hot dry season (March-May);they were longer for sheep (18.8) and cattle (17.4) than for goats (10.5, p


27/527


Cattle and Sheep Foraging Behaviour in a HeterogeneousSubtropical Grassland

ESTANISLAO DAZ FAL 1, MIGUELNGELBRIZUELA2, DITMARBERNARDO

KURTZ3, MARCUSG IESE1, FOLKARDASC H11University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and

Subtropics, Germany2University of Mar del Plata, Dept. of Animal Production, Argentina3National Institute of Agricultural Research, Corrientes Experimental Station, Argentina

Analysis of foraging behaviour is central to understand grazing distribution and tooptimise grassland management. Our objective was to analyse the effects of environ-mental variables upon foraging behaviour of cattle and sheep co-grazing heteroge-

neous grasslands of tall and short grasses. Three cows and ewes grazing in a 130 hapaddock of north-eastern Argentina (INTA Mercedes) were fitted with GPS collarsduring 6 consecutive days in fall, winter, spring and summer 2009. Stocking ratewas 0.67 AU ha-1 (cattle:sheep ratio = 3:1). Foraging behaviour was assessed by dailyforaging time, speed, sinuosity and daily displacement. Climate and vegetation werealso characterised. Behavioural variables were analysed by ANOVA, and its relation-ships with environmental covariates were explored. Daily foraging time was similarfor cattle and sheep in all seasons (10.9 1.5 hours). Cattle moved faster than sheepin spring and summer (7.8 1.8 vs. 4.5 1.8m min1), showing similar speeds

in fall and winter (6.4 1.2 and 5.7 1.7 m min1

). Displacements were predom-inantly straight, irrespective of speed. Daily displacements were higher for cattleduring spring and summer (5439 1979 vs. 3114 1090m day1), being simi-lar between herbivores in fall and winter (4122 770 and 3611 896m day1).Since there were no variations in daily foraging time, the displacements were a con-sequence of the speed, which was confirmed by its positive correlation (rcattle = 0.77,rsheep = 0.71). Cattle walked faster when soil vegetation cover of the tall grasseswas 90 %, decreasing above and below this value. On the other hand, sheep walkedfaster when standing dead biomass of short grasses increased. This could suggest that

both herbivores increased their speed tending to increase the encounter rate of thepreferred forage as it becomes less abundant. For cattle, lower speeds when soil veg-etation cover decreased below 90 % could reflect a threshold where speed incrementsare not enough to efficiently graze preferred forage, probably causing changes in dietselection to sustain the daily intake. Our results may help to develop criteria based onseasonal herbivores foraging behaviour to optimise grazing management.

Keywords:Argentina, GPS collars, grazing distribution, mixed grazing

Contact Address: Estanislao Daz Fal, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Plant Production andAgroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

27


28/527

Animals

Ecological and Economical Aspects of the Intensity of SheepGrazing in the Inner Mongolian Steppe

BRITTAM. BSING, UTAD ICKHOEFER, JUN HAO, LIJUNL IN , KATRIN

MLLER, CHENGJIEWANG, THOMASGLINDEMANN, ANDREASSUSENBETHChristian-Albrechts-Universitt zu Kiel, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,

Germany

An increasing human population and the growing demand for food of animal originintensified sheep production and lead to widespread overgrazing of the grassland inInner Mongolia, China. Hence, strategies for a sustainable livestock husbandry thatprotect the steppe vegetation and at the same time, satisfy farmers economic interestsare strongly needed. We therefore analysed the effects of different grazing intensities

(GI) on herbage organic matter intake (OMi) and liveweight gain (LWG) of grazingsheep.During July to September 20052010, a grazing experiment was conducted in theXilin River Basin (E 11642; N 4338) using 15-months-old, female sheep (31.5 2.0 kg liveweight). Six GIs were tested on two plots each. Plots were alternatelyused for grazing and hay-making year-by-year. Stocking rates ranged from very light(GI1: 1.9 0.3sheepha-1) to very heavy grazing (GI6: 9.7 1.6sheepha-1) and weremonthly adjusted to maintain similar herbage allowances. In six animals per plot(20092010: 4 animals plot-1) titanium dioxide was used to determine fecal excre-

tion, while digestibility of ingested organic matter was estimated from fecal crudeprotein concentrations. Feces samples were collected on 5 d each in July, August, andSeptember every year. Sheep were monthly weighed to determine their LWG.Daily OMI ranged between 68 and 89gkg-0.75 liveweight and was not affected byGI (p= 0.120). Nevertheless, LWG decreased from GI1 (101 g d-1) to GI6 (70 g d-1;p


29/527


Effects of AlternatingversusContinuous Grazing on Feed Intakeand Performance of Sheep in the Inner Mongolian Steppe, China

JUN HAO, BRITTAM. BSING, LIJUNL IN, ANDREASSUSENBETH, UTA

DICKHOEFERChristian-Albrechts-Universitt zu Kiel, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology,

Germany

Many studies evaluated the effects of different grazing management systems (GS) onbiomass production and the nutritional quality of the rangeland vegetation. Less workhas been done on their effects on feed intake and performance of grazing animals. Wetherefore analysed the effects of two GS on digestibility of ingested organic matter(dOM), organic matter intake (OMI), and liveweight gain (LWG) of sheep in the Inner

Mongolian steppe and whether they may differ between grazing intensities (GI) dueto differences in the amount and quality of herbage on offer.A grazing experiment was established in the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia(E 116 42; N 4338) in 2005 that tested two different GS and six different GI fromvery light to very heavy grazing. While in the alternating grazing system, grazing andhay-making were alternated annually between two adjacent plots, sheep grazed thesame plots every year in the continuous grazing system. In July, August, and Septem-ber 2009 and 2010, four sheep per plot were selected to determine feces excretion on5 d per month using the external marker titanium dioxide, while dOM was estimated

from fecal crude protein concentrations. Sheep were weighed at the beginning of eachmonth to determine their LWG.Across both study years, GS did not affect dOM (p= 0.101), OMI (p= 0.381), andLWG of sheep (p = 0.701). However, LWG of sheep decreased with increasing GI(p= 0.014). Nevertheless, there were no significant interactions between GS and GIfor all measured parameters (p>0.05), indicating that differences between GS weresimilar at all GI and/or that alternating grazing was not able to compensate for thenegative effects of very high GI on animal performance.In summary, our study showed that despite positive effects on herbage, alternating

grazing does not increase dOM, OMI, and hence, LWG of sheep irrespective of GI.Keywords:Feed intake, grazing system, growth rates, ruminant

Contact Address: Uta Dickhoefer, University of Hohenheim, Livestock Nutrition and RangelandManagement in the Tropics and Subtropics, Fruwirthstr. 31, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

29


30/527

Animals

Variety, Harvest Date after Planting, and Fraction of Napier GrassInfluencein vitroGas Production

TERRYANSAH1 , HANNEHELENEHANSEN2, EMMANUELL. K. OSAFO3, IDAK.

HINDERICHSEN21Harper Adams University College, Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences

Department, United Kingdom2University of Copenhagen, Dept. of Large Animal Sciences, Denmark3Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Animal Science, Ghana

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of variety (V), harvest date (HD)and plant fraction (PF) onin vitrogas production (IVGP) of Napier grass cultivatedand harvested in the humid zone of Ghana. The varieties were Local, 16798, 16786

and 16840. Except for the Local variety, all were improved varieties from ILCA(now ILRI). The HD was at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting and leaf and stemfractionswere tested separately. A randomised 4*3*2 factorial design was used toevaluate the amount and rate of IVGP using the automated AnkomRF system.The results from IVGP showed multi-phasic curves indicating differential microbialdegradation rates. Therefore the results were separated into three phases (07, 7.524.5 and 2548 hours) based on the mean rate of gas production. Effects of V, HDand PF and interactions on amount and rate of IVGP were tested with linear models(significance: p 90>120). The differencein absolute IVGP was significant for HD after 48 hours. There was a significantdifference in the rate of IVGP for PF in all 3 phases. The rate of IVGP was higher for

stem in phase I and II, with the leaf taking over in phase III. The overall IVGP for thePF was higher for the leaf but the difference was not significant.The study revealed that improved and local varieties degraded differentially with largedifferences in PF and HD and could potentially provide complementary fermentationsubstrate throughout 48 hours.

Keywords: AnkomRF gas production system, mean rate of gas production, napiergrass variety

Contact Address: Terry Ansah, Harper Adams University College, Animal Production, Welfareand Veterinary Sciences Department, Edgmond, Newport-Shropshire, United Kingdom, e-mail:[email protected]

30


31/527


NIRS Prediction of Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD)of Tropical Forages

MARTHALUCAMOLANO1, MARIALUISACORTEZ2, PATRICIAAVILA2,

SIRIWANMARTENS2, LUZ STELLAMUOZ11National University of Colombia (UNAL), Dept. of Animal Science, Colombia2International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, Colombia

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a method to obtain rapidly informa-tion on plant compounds at low cost. It is environmentally friendly as it avoids the useof chemical reagents for analysis. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) is usedto estimate energy content of feedstuffs and also as an important criterion in foragebreeding. Thus the aim of this work was to develop a NIRS calibration equation for

NDFD of tropical forages as a necessary step towards a quick tool for decision makingin breeding and in diet formulation to increase productivity on farm. The study wasconducted with 238 forage samples (154 grasses and 84 legumes, of which 42 wereherbaceous and 42 shrubs). Different plant parts were collected with different cuttingages, vegetative stage and from varying localities forming a group with a high hetero-geneity (CV of 36.63 %). They were then scanned and subject to standard laboratoryanalysis. The groups were analysed by the mathematical treatment 2,4,4,1, completewavelength, and the mathematical model MPLS (Modified Partial Least Squares).The results of the equation shows an R2 of 0.95, error of 2.1, 3.2 and 3.6, for standard

error of the calibration (SEC), standard error of cross validation (SECV) and standarderror for prediction (SEPcalibration) and the RPD (ratio of performance deviation)of 4.4 meaning a high predictive ability. This is associated with a correlation coef-ficient of 0.96 with a P


32/527

Animals

Issues and Challenges of Current Agricultural Patterns in India:A Step Towards Sustainability

ITISHREEPATTNAIK, JHARNAPATHAKGujarat Institute of Development Research, India

The gains of the green revolution in India of the late sixties, which led to a phenomenalincrease in crop yield, are slowly losing ground. Intensive agriculture under the greenrevolution led to depletion of soil productivity, water logging, salinity and groundwater degradation. High-valued crop production and diversification with commercialvalue chains, particularly by large farmers, especially for export markets, may alsoundermine resource sustainability. With the recent spurt in food prices in the wakeof other uncertainties arising out of declining growth in global food production, fi-

nancial and economic slowdown, climatic variability besides massive land grabbingin parts of the developing world, the challenge is to provide for the food security of75105 million new poor globally without depleting land or water resources. In thiscontext, this paper tries to analyse the negative externalities of intensive agriculturein the face of promoting food security to the ever growing population. The study willexamine various approaches to meet these challenges. One such method would beintegrated farming systems, which are pro-poor, pro-environment and believed to en-sure economically beneficial and environmentally friendly agriculture. The study willexamine organic farming as an approach to address these challenges. There are ample

evidences in the literature to suggest that this would be adopted as an approach topromote economically profitable and environmental friendly agriculture. Using em-pirical studies already carried out by scholars in India, this paper aims to understandhow far such an intervention would promote higher yield and ecologically sustainableagriculture. It also highlights the need for empowering agriculture extension servicesto promote scientific knowledge to farmers blended with their traditional wisdom.

Keywords:Integrated farming, organic farming, sustainable agriculture

Contact Address:Itishree Pattnaik, Gujarat Institute of Development Research, GIDR, In front of Voda-fone Tower, 380060 Ahmedabad, India, e-mail:[email protected]

32


33/527


Rangelands Ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau: their CurrentStatus and Sustainable Development Strategies

SHANGZHANHUAN, R.J. LONG, L.M. DING , X.S. GUOLanzhou University, China

Rangelands on the Tibetan plateau support a unique society and culture on the roof ofworld. Climate change is predicted to worsen the already hars environmental condi-tions on the Tibetan plateau. Kobresia meadow is the dominant vegetation on Tibetanplateau, and yak is the key livestock species. Already today, degradation of range-lands and deterioration of livelihoods lead to herders out-migration. Livestock num-bers have increased over the last 60 years, though stagnated during the last 10 years;especially yak numbers decreased due to warming and degradation effects. Rangeland

degradation is expected to increase with global warming effects, especially in winter.Spots of barren land provoke heavy carbon losses from top-soil: the conversion of1 ha alpine meadow to barren land result in a loss of 10 cm top soil and about 2046tons of soil organic carbon (SOC). It is estimated that close to 5 Mio hectares bar-ren land exist in the headwater region of the Yangtze and Yellow river on the Tibetanplateau, which are estimated to have lost around 247 Mio tons SOC. In consequence ofthe above, ecological restoration is of first importance to improve Tibetan livelihood.Seed banks for rangeland species and active re-sowing of barren land is important torestore degraded areas. In addition, the pastoral value chain must be integrated, and

large, privately managed areas should be dedicated to forage production. Supplyingenough and nutritious feed and enhancing the value of livestock products is expectedto enable a reduction of livestock numbers and increase herders income. In addition,fostering the development of biological control of rangeland pests (e.g., grasshoppers)and keeping the ecosystem in balance is needed as well. Overall, the philosophy ofsustainable development needs to be incorporated into the regional policy and becomeas important as economic development. In particular, more bottom-up programs andapproaches need to be applied for the improvement of livestock and rangeland man-agement, to ensure the effectiveness of government investments in maintaining the

productivity of the Tibetan rangelands.Keywords: Alpine meadow, degradation, restoration, sustainable development, ti-betan plateau

Contact Address: Shang Zhanhuan, Lanzhou University, No. 768 Jiayuguan West Road,730020 Lanzhou, China, e-mail:[email protected]

33


34/527

Animals

34


35/527

Animal breeding and health

Oral Presentations 37

SAMUELMBUKU, ALEXANDERKAHI, ISAACSANGAKOSGEY:Management Strategies for Small Ruminants among Pastoral-ists in Semi-Arid Kenya: Do They Lead to Genetic Progress? 37

ANNE FISCHER, BET H SHAPIRO, ANN E MURIUKI, MARTINHELLER, CHRISTIANE SCHNEE, ERI K BONGCAM-RUDLOFF,EDYV ILEI, JOACHIMFRE Y, JOERGJORES:The Origin of the Mycoplasma mycoidesCluster Coincideswith Domestication of Ruminants 38

CHARLESMOSESLYIMO, ANNETTWEIGEND, ULRIKEJANSSEN-TAPKEN, PETERLAWRENCEMSOFFE, STEFFENWEIGEND:Assessing Genetic Diversity of Five Tanzanian Chicken Eco-types Using Microsatellite Markers and Mitochondrial DNA

D-loop Sequencing 39

T.O. OKENO, ALEXANDERKAH I, KURT-JOHANNESPETERS:Genetic and Economic Evaluation of Alternative BreedingObjectives for Adoption in the Smallholder Indigenous ChickenImprovement Programme 40

ERICKOUM AMUNGUBE, MALONZIOKA:Effect of Deltamethrin onArgas persicusin Selected ClustersWithin Machakos and Kitui Counties, Kenya 41

JOHNILUKOR:Analysis of Animal Health Service Delivery in Uganda: AnApplication of the Social Network Approach 42

Posters 43

THOMASKAINGAMUASYA, KURT-JOHANNESPETERS, ALEXAN-DE RKAH I:Genetic Similarity and Environmental Sensitivity for Milkand Fertility Traits in Holstein-Friesian by Herd Hierarchy 43

EVANSD. ILATSIA, ALICEWARUKIRAMURAGE:Determinants of Access to Breeding Services by SmallholderDairy Farmers in Kenya 44

35


36/527

Animals

AZAGE TEGEGNE, AWOT ESTIFANOS, ASRAT TER A, DIRKHOEKSTRA:Technological Options and Approaches to Improve SmallholderAccess to Desirable Animal Genetic Material for Dairy De-velopment: Experience with Hormonal Oestrus Synchroni-sation and Mass Insemination in Ethiopia 45

MUHAMMADTARIQ, ABDULBASITKHAN, MUHAMMADYOUNAS,EVASCHLECHT:Body Measurements and Body Condition Scoring as Param-eters for Estimation of Live-Weight in Nilli Ravi Buffalo 46

BADAR A. AL-QAMASHOUI, STEFFEN WEIGEND, HENNERSIMIANER, OSMANMAHGOUB:Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of

Omani Local Chicken Using 29 Microsatellites 47ITIDALABDALLAHBUSHARAH, MUS AT IBINMUS A:Botulism in Livestock in North Darfur State 48

NASREENOME RMUS A, KAMALELDINHASSANALIELTOM,SALAHM. ELAWAD, AHMEDA. GAMEEL:Causes of Condemnations of Sheep Carcasses in Abattoirs atKhartoum 49

MUHAMMADASI FRAZ A, EVASCHLECHT, MUHAMMADYOUNAS:Comparativein vitroEfficacy of Selected Medical Plants fromCholistan Against Gastrointestinal Helminthes of Sheep andGoats 50

LOK NATHPAUDEL, UDO TERMEULEN, CLEMENSWOLLNY,MATTHIASGAULY:Livestock Bio-diversity vis--visFood and Nutritional Secu-rity: Pertinent Issues in Livestock Development in Nepal 51

36


37/527

Animal breeding and health Oral Presentations

Management Strategies for Small Ruminants among Pastoralistsin Semi-Arid Kenya: Do They Lead to Genetic Progress?

SAMUELMBUKU1 , ALEXANDERKAHI2, ISAACSANGAKOSGEY2

1Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Beef Research Centre, Kenya2Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Kenya

This study was carried out in Marsabit County of northern Kenya among the Rendilleand Gabra communities, and aimed at characterising management strategies in orderto optimise and expand community-based breeding programmes for small ruminants.Qualitative information on milking, watering and feeding strategies were categorisedthrough identification of various themes each answering the specific research ques-tions, and organised into coherent categories for inference. Quantitative data gener-

ated from the survey, which included livestock ownership patterns and flock sizes,were numerically coded for the purpose of computer entry and subjected to GeneralLinear Model Procedure (PROC GLM) of SAS for statistical analyses. Further, at-tempts were made to predict genetic gain in traits perceived by the pastoralists tobe important, namely, live weight (LW) and milk yield (MY) using selection in-dex procedures. The results showed that the herders owned and kept small stocksin multispecies herds. However, the average flock sizes differed between the Rendille(sheep, 141; goats, 225) and the Gabra (sheep, 88; goats, 98). Additionally, herdershad elaborate feeding and watering regimes that were essential in the management of

the pastoral rangelands, especially during the present times of unprecedented climatevariability. Genetic gains in LW and MY were higher in the sires to breed sires (SS)than in the dams to breed sires (DS) pathway. The projected population size (3000does) in the nucleus would be attained in the 7th year after the start of the breed-ing programme. In conclusion, the herders intricate knowledge on management ofimportant genotypes was critical and should be incorporated with conventional ap-proaches in planning and executing any community-based sheep and/ or goat geneticimprovement initiatives.

Keywords:Breeding programmes, genetic gain, herders, traits

Contact Address:Samuel Mbuku, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Beef Research Cen-tre, 3840 20100, Nakuru, Kenya, e-mail:[email protected]

37


38/527

Animals

The Origin of the Mycoplasma mycoidesCluster Coincides withDomestication of Ruminants

ANNEFISCHER1,7, BET HSHAPIRO2, ANNEMURIUKI3 , MARTINHELLER4 ,

CHRISTIANESCHNEE4, ERI KBONGCAM-RUDLOFF5, EDYV ILEI6 , JOACHIMFRE Y6, JOERGJORES7

1ICIPE, Research Center, Kenya2Pennsylvania State University, Dept. of Biology, United States of America3Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Horticultural Research Center, Kenya4Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany5Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics,

Sweden6University of Bern, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Switzerland

7International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya

The Mycoplasma mycoidescluster comprises the ruminant pathogens Mycoplasmamycoides subsp.mycoides, the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia(CBPP),Mycoplasma capricolumsubsp. capripneumoniaethe agent of contagiouscaprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP),Mycoplasma capricolumsubsp. capricolum,My-coplasma leachiiandMycoplasma mycoidessubsp. capri. These pathogens are obli-gate parasites of goats, sheep and cattle and cause diseases characterised by clinicalsymptoms including pneumonia, mastitis, septicaemia, meningitis, wound infections,

and arthritis. CBPP and CCPP are major livestock diseases and impact the agriculturalsector especially in developing countries through reduced food-supply (animal losses)and international trade restrictions. In addition, these diseases are a threat to disease-free countries. Several studies have attempted to resolve the evolutionary relation-ships between the members of the M. mycoidescluster or to infer the evolutionaryhistory of single members within the cluster. However, a comprehensive overviewof the evolutionary history of the M. mycoidescluster and genetic relationship be-tween populations is still lacking. We used a multilocus sequence typing (MLST)approach to gain insights into the demographic history of and phylogenetic relation-

ships among the members of the M. mycoidescluster. We partially sequenced sevenhousekeeping genes representing a total of 3,816 base pairs from 118 members of theM. mycoidescluster as well as five strains isolated from wild Caprinae, spanningtheir geographic distribution and isolated over the last 100 years. Strikingly, the ori-gin of the M. mycoidescluster dates to about 10,000 years ago, suggesting that theestablishment and spread of the cluster coincided with livestock domestication. Inaddition, we show that hybridisation and recombination may be important factors inthe evolutionary history of the cluster.

Keywords:Capricolum, hybridisation, recombination, mulfilocus sequence typingContact Address:Anne Fischer, ICIPE, Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya, e-mail:[email protected]

38


39/527


Assessing Genetic Diversity of Five Tanzanian Chicken EcotypesUsing Microsatellite Markers and Mitochondrial DNA D-loop

Sequencing

CHARLESMOSESLYIMO1, ANNETTWEIGEND1 , ULRIKEJANSSEN-TAPKEN1 ,PETERLAWRENCEMSOFFE2 , STEFFENWEIGEND1

1Institute of Farm Animal Genetics of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Breeding and Ge-

netic Resources, Germany2Sokoine University of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Tanzania

The study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of Tanzanian chicken populations throughphylogenetic relationship, and to trace the history of Tanzanian indigenous chickens. A totalof 196 individuals of five ecotypes of Tanzanian local chicken (Chingwekwe, Kuchi, Moro-goro Medium, Pembaand Unguja) from eight different regions (Mwanza, Geita, Shinyanga,Tabora, Tanga, Morogoro, Unguja and Pemba) were used. The diversity study was based onmorphological measurements,i.e. wing length, shank length, shank thickness, keel length andbody weight, and 29 microsatellite markers proposed by ISAG/FAO advisory group for ani-mal genetic diversity. Additionally, the degree of shared mtDNA haplotypes from the D-loopregion was analysed to disclose likely maternal origin of Tanzanian indigenous chicken. APrincipal Component Analysis of morphological measures distinguished individuals most bylimb size and body weight. Morogoro Medium, Pembaand Ungujagrouped together, whileChingwekwestood out due to their unproportional short shanks. Kuchi formed an indepen-dent group due to their comparably long limbs. Microsatellite analysis revealed three clusters

of Tanzanian chicken populations: Chingwekweclustered together with Morogoro medium,Ungujaand Pembaecotypes made up a common cluster distinct from Morogoro mediumandChingwekwecluster, while Kuchiecotype formed an independent cluster. According to ref-erence mtDNA haplotypes, previously described in the literature by Liu and colleagues, thesampled Tanzanian chickens encompassed two haplogroups of different genealogical origins,i.e. the respective haplogroups D and E which originated from Southeast Asia and Indiansubcontinent. The majority (95.2 %) ofKuchiwere found in haplogroup E, and in particularclustering with the E1 haplotype (76.2 %). Latter is identical to haplotype A3 described by Okaand colleagues that contained Shamo game birds sampled from Shikoku Island of Japan in theKochi Prefecture. In all three analyses,Kuchiformed an outstanding group from the other four

Tanzanian chicken ecotypes. The overlap with haplotypes from Shamo in Japan and the nameKuchi which is very similar to the Prefecture Kochi implies thatKuchimight be imported toTanzania from Japan. Haplotype network analysis of mtDNA suggests that Tanzanian chickenoriginated from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, respectively.

Keywords:Genetic diversity, indigenous chickens, East Africa

Contact Address: Steffen Weigend, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany,e-mail:[email protected]

39


40/527

Animals

Genetic and Economic Evaluation of Alternative BreedingObjectives for Adoption in the Smallholder Indigenous Chicken

Improvement Programme

T.O. OKENO1 , ALEXANDERKAHI2, KURT-JOHANNESPETERS11Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Dept. of Crops and Livestock Sciences, Germany2Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Kenya

The aim of this study was to genetically and economically evaluate the breeding ob-jectives for adoption in the smallholder indigenous chicken (IC) breeding programmein Kenya. A closed three-tier nucleus breeding programme with three breeding ob-

jectives targeting within breed selection was simulated. The breeding objectives dif-fered based on the end marketable products. They included IC dual-purpose (ICD)

representing the smallholder IC producers breeding goal for both eggs and meat pro-duction, IC layer (ICL), and broiler (ICB) simulating alternative breeding objectivesfor IC egg and meat pure lines, respectively. A flock size of 48,000 breeding henswith 1 %, 29 % and 70 % in nucleus, multiplier and commercial flock, respectively,was modelled using deterministic approach to assess the genetic and economic meritof each breeding objective. The results indicated that cocks were the main contrib-utors of genetic gains compared to hens reflecting their ability to transmit superiorgenes faster within the population than hens. The genetic response after one round ofselection for individual traits differed between the breeding objectives. The highestgenetic gains for egg number (2.71 eggs) and growth traits (average daily gain, 1.74 g,and live weight at 16 weeks, 58.0 g) were realised in ICL and ICB, respectively. Thegenetic responses for age at first egg were desirable in all the breeding objectiveswhile that for fertility and hatchability were only favourable in ICD and ICL. Faecalegg count had low but desirable response to selection compared to antibody responsewhich had negative genetic gains. The ICD reported the highest increase in feedintake (0.19gd-1) while ICL had the least (0.12 g d-1). The ICB was the most prof-itable breeding objective while ICL was the least. The alternative breeding objectives

ICL and ICB were found to be superior in genetic improvement for egg productionand growth traits, respectively, compared to smallholder farmers breeding objective(ICD). Adoption of the breeding objective targeting improvement of IC for meat pro-duction was recommended. However, this must be accompanied by improving theproduction environment realise high profitability.

Keywords: Breeding programme, three-tier nucleus breeding, dual-purpose, layer,broiler, Kenya

Contact Address:T.O. Okeno, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Dept. of Crops and Livestock Sciences,Philippstrae 13 Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

40


41/527


Effect of Deltamethrin onArgas persicusin Selected ClustersWithin Machakos and Kitui Counties, Kenya

ERICKOUMAMUNGUBE, MAL ONZIOKAKenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Animal Production Research Division,

Kenya

A study on prevalence of argasid ticks and their response to deltamethrin treatmentwas undertaken in 4 purposively selected farmer groups (2 each for Katangi andMunyumbuni cluster) between March to December 2009. The groups were sensi-tized before the pre-control argasid tick populations were established. Two syntheticpyrethroids, deltamethrin (Ectomin, UltraVetis, Animal health) and deltamethrin(Decatix, Coopers Ltd, Kenya), both effective acaricides, were used to spray on

chicken houses where birds were separately housed. This was after randomising theinsecticide by group. Decatix was used on the chicken houses belonging to membersof the Nzewani women group in Kithito and Wikwatyo group in Munyumbuni, whileEctomin was used on houses of Ngwate Ngukwate group of Kithito and Mituki yaIveti group of Munyumbuni. Since both Ectomin and Decatix have concentrations of5% w/v, a double strength solution of 2 ml (0.1 mg) of acaricide in 10 lites of waterwas used instead of the recommended dilution of 1ml (0.05 mg) for every 10 litresof water used for spraying animals. The insecticide was then sprayed on the chickenhousing units using a knapsack sprayer in the morning before temperature rise dur-

ing the day. Initial spraying was done weekly for the first month, biweekly regimenswere adopted after the soft tick population dropped substantially. Two of the groupswere purely women groups while the other two had mixed membership. A total of39 members participated in the study, each owning between 10 to 40 chickens. Theargasid tick population on chicken houses was high and ranged between 0 to 80 withparticipants in the Katangi cluster having slightly higher tick populations than thosein the Munyumbuni cluster. The commencement of spraying Ectomin and Decatixresulted in a significant drop in argasid population in the participating households aswas revealed during the monitoring visits. However the ticks were never eradicated

owing to their unique biology. The study showed that synthetic pyrethroids are quiteeffective against argasid ticks and efforts should be made to synchronise soft tickcontrol with that of hard ticks.

Keywords:Argasid ticks, indigenous chickens, tick control

Contact Address: Erick Ouma Mungube, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Animal Health Re-search Division, Kari Katumani Research Centre P.O. Box 340-90100, 90100 Machakos, Kenya,e-mail:[email protected]

41


42/527

Animals

Analysis of Animal Health Service Delivery in Uganda: AnApplication of the Social Network Approach

JOHNILUKORUniversity of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the

Tropics and Subtropics, Germany

As a result of continued fiscal challenges from late 1980s to date, most developingcountries liberalised the provision of most of the animal health services. Clinicalservices are provided by the private sector while preventive services like vaccinationand disease surveillance are being provided by public and community sector (NGOs)without coordination. As a result, many actors of varying capacities, interests andrelevance are involved in providing animal health services. With resurgence of infec-

tious diseases, increased economic and health risks especially to the rural poor, thereis need to understand relational patterns of actors to ensure good governance in the an-imal health sector so as to address emerging and re-emerging animal diseases risks ingiven political environment. This paper applies social network analytical tools to mapout actors involved in delivery of both clinical and preventive veterinary services inboth pastoral and intensive livestock productions systems, rank their influence levels,and elicit governance challenges. Preliminary results reveal that the important socialrelations in animal health service delivery are: cooperation of the private veterinariansand paravets, private veterinarians and government veterinarians in intensive produc-

tion systems, while in pastoral areas it is the cooperative effort of NGOs, governmentveterinarians, and community based animal health workers (CAHWs). However, lowlevel of education among CAHWs, absence of government staff, and poor marketinfrastructure in pastoral areas, and absence of relevant incentives and policies tostrengthen the existing workable social relations are limiting factors to service deliv-ery. At local government level, staff absenteeism and corruption are major threatsto animal health service delivery. At national level, conflicts between technical staffand administrative staff of the ministry of agriculture, conflict between agriculturalministry and the national agricultural advisory services have greatly affected animal

health service delivery. We argue that the government intervention should focus onincreasing staff in pastoral areas by recruiting diploma staff other than degree staff,improve on personnel management, invest in infrastructure and pass policy governingthe veterinary and para-veterinary relations.

Keywords:Curative services, preventive services, social network analysis, veterinar-ians, paravets

Contact Address:John Ilukor, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Economics and SocialSciences in the Tropics and Subtropics, Wollgrasweg 43, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany, e-mail: [email protected]

42


43/527

Animal breeding and health Posters

Genetic Similarity and Environmental Sensitivity for Milk andFertility Traits in Holstein-Friesian by Herd Hierarchy

THOMASKAINGAMUASYA1, KURT-JOHANNESPETERS1 , ALEXANDERKAH I2

1Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Dept. of Crops and Livestock Sciences, Germany2Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Kenya

Population wide progeny test schemes in dairy cattle are being modified towards test-ing in selected contract herds. This approach is advantageous due to lower cost andability to record many more traits because the environment is controlled. However,apart from achieving accurate differentiation of superior genotypes in superior envi-ronments, genotype by environment interaction between the selection and productionenvironment should be considered. Milk yield and fertility traits records of 5,468

cows, daughters of 251 sires, born between 1990 and 2005 were used to analyse ge-netic similarity, environmental sensitivity, rank and additive genetic correlation in theHolstein-Friesian population in Kenya for 305-day milk yield, age at first calving andcalving interval between the two environments. The genetic link between selectionenvironment and production environment was 0.49. Sire rank and additive geneticcorrelations ranged from 0.160.45 and 0.150.46, respectively. Top ten commonsires in the two environments from environment specific and joint genetic analysiswere 2, 3, 1, and 4, 5, 6, respectively, for age at first calving, calving interval and 305-day milk yield. Genetic change in the production environment as a result of selection

in the nucleus was 0.17 days, 0.74 days and 0.21 kg for age at first calving, calvinginterval and milk yield, respectively. The low genetic and sire rank correlations ledto few common top ten bulls due to severe sire re-ranking across the environments.Genetic evaluation based on pooled data resulted in a higher proportion of top tencommon sires that ranked highly in the selection and production environments. In de-veloping countries where population wide recording and testing is not possible due tofinancial and infrastructure constraints, successful implementation of progeny testingin selected contract herds requires the breeding objective of the selection environmentto be defined for the farmers in the production environment. The existence of strong

genetic links between the selection and production environment can form the basis toevaluate the compatibility of the breeding objective of the selection environment withneeds of farmers in the production environment.

Keywords:Compatibility, contract herds, correlated response, selection differential

Contact Address:Thomas Kainga Muasya, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Dept. of Crops and Live-stock Sciences, Philippstrae 13 Haus 9, D-10115 Berlin, Germany, e-mail:[email protected]

43


44/527

Animals

Determinants of Access to Breeding Services by Smallholder DairyFarmers in Kenya

EVANSD. ILATSIA1, ALICEWARUKIRAMURAGE2

1Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), National Animal Husbandry Research

Centre, Kenya2Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Agricultural Economics, Kenya

Smallholder dairy farming is considered one of the most important activities in theagricultural sector in Kenya. It is a source of income and livelihood for up to 800,000smallholder farmers who supply for more than 50 % of the total milk output. Thereare several factors that influence farmers access to various livestock services. It istherefore important to isolate these factors and identify intervention strategies that

enhance service accessibility. The objective of this study was therefore to examinet

Date post:	01-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ilyas
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Tropentag_2012.pdf

Documents